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We provide an updated survey for Sri Lanka of species of Graphis sensu Staiger, recently divided into Graphis s. str. and Allographa , including brief descriptions and a key to all 124 species currently known. Six new species are described: Allographa bambusicola Weerakoon, Lücking & Aptroot, a bambusicolous Allographa with entire labia, a laterally carbonized excipulum, 80–100 × 15–17 µm large, muriform ascospores and a rather thick, irregularly verrucose lateral thalline margin of the lirellae; A. weerasooriyana Weerakoon, Arachchige & Lücking, a corticolous Allographa resembling A. rustica Kremp. in overall anatomy and chemistry, but with a verrucose thalline margin of the lirellae and labia not distinctly raised above the thalline margin; Graphis flosculifera Weerakoon, Lücking & Aptroot, a corticolous Graphis resembling G. insulana but differing in the unique disposition of the lirellae and the slightly more elongate ascospores; G. rajapakshana Weerakoon, Lücking & Aptroot, a corticolous Graphis resembling G. desquamescens , including in ascospore size, but with lirellae with a distinct lateral thalline margin; G. rimosothallina Weerakoon, Lücking & Aptroot, a corticolous Graphis with a thick, uneven, rimose thallus and Fissurina -like lirellae, a completely carbonized excipulum and transversely 7-septate ascospores, 32–37 × 8–10 µm; and G. thunsinhalayensis Weerakoon, Arachchige & Lücking, a corticolous Graphis resembling G. subalbostriata but with smaller ascospores and lacking white lines between the striae of the labia. We also validate the name G. verrucoserpens Lücking. A total of 106 species are reported here for the first time from Sri Lanka. A biogeographical comparison with two other well-sampled countries (Costa Rica and Thailand) revealed a significantly higher similarity in species composition with Costa Rica than between Thailand and Costa Rica, suggesting a potential signature of the 'biotic ferry' hypothesis, that is the migration of lineages from Gondwana (partly corresponding to the modern Neotropics) via the north-eastwards drifting Indian subcontinent and subsequent interchange with Laurasia (partly corresponding to the modern eastern Paleotropics). However, the evolutionary timeline of the clades involved does not support this hypothesis and suggests an alternative explanation of geologically more recent mid- to long-distance dispersal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty-one taxa of Gyalideopsis and its recent segregates (Ferraroa, Jamesiella, Lithogyalideopsis) are reported in a first assessment of the group from Costa Rica. Six species are described as new, all originating from perhumid montane rainforest: Gyalideopsis altamirensis Lücking & Umaña, with broadly sessile, brown apothecia and single-spored asci with muriform ascospores (hyphophores unknown); G. macarthurii Lücking, Umaña & Aptroot, with dark greyish brown apothecia having their margin covered by triangular thalline lobules and shortly bristle-shaped hyphophores producing moniliform diahyphae; G. pseudoactinoplaca Lücking & Chaves, with sessile, globose diahyphal bunches similar to those of Actinoplaca and resembling isidia (apothecia unknown), G. wesselsii Lücking, Sipman & Chaves, with verrucose thallus, dark greyish brown, applanate apothecia with single-spored asci producing muriform ascospores, and minutely spathulate, dark brown hyphophores with moniliform diahyphae, and Jamesiella chaverriae Chaves, Umaña & Lucking, with isidioid hyphophores (‘thlasidia’) which are flask-shaped and apically thinly ciliate (apothecia unknown). A further species, Gyalideopsis sp., with distinctly stipitate, umbelliform hyphophores, is not formally described due to the lack of apothecia and hyphophores. A further nine species are reported as new to Costa Rica: G. buckei, G. capitata, G. confluens, G. giganteoides, G. megalospora, G. napoensis, G. nepalensis, G. palmata, and Lithogyalideopsis zeylandica. A world-wide key to all presently known 94 taxa of Gyalideopsis and its recent segregates is presented, as well as a checklist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]