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Abstract: The surface structure of the commercial carbon paper (CP) has been modified through thermal treatment, and then MnO2 was electrodeposited on the thermally-treated carbon paper (TTCP) by cyclic voltammetry (CV) method in the phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 9.18) containing KMnO4. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron energy spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the phase of the obtained MnO2 was amorphous, and that the morphology of the MnO2 deposited on the substrates was influenced strongly by the substrates. The capacitive properties of MnO2 deposited on the carbon substrates were investigated by CV, galvanostatic charge/discharge, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique. It was found that the specific capacitance of MnO2 deposited on the optimum TTCP can reach to 749Fg−1 based on the charge/discharge measurement, which was far larger than that on the CP (345Fg−1). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Carbonless copy paper has been used extensively in many fields in China since 1990s. Document examiners were often requested to confirm the authenticity of questioned carbonless copy documents. Estimating the age of carbonless copy documents could be an effective method to confirm the authenticity of such documents. Estimating age is an important and difficult problem, and is also an important task that forensic document examiners should confront. In this paper, a fading rate method was successfully employed to estimate the relative age of carbonless copy documents by comparing fading rates. Using extensive tests, butanol proved to be a suitable solvent and was used to dissolve and fade the dye of carbonless copy line strokes made at different times. The relative age of the line strokes was estimated by means of changing rate of gray value. As preliminary findings of this study, curves were created to indicate the relationship between the fading rate (changing rate of gray value) of line strokes and the age of carbonless copy documents. It was also determined that the amount of solvent, brands of carbonless copy paper and thickness of carbonless copy line strokes had varying impacts on estimating the dates of carbonless copy line strokes. Experimental results showed that the fading rate method was applicable for finding the relative age of questioned carbonless copy documents in some cases where the strokes were produced on the document within 43 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents instructions for contributors to the journal "Sociology." Contributions should be typed on quarto sheets, using double spacing, on one side of each page. Authors should submit the top copy and retain a carbon copy. The pages should be numbered serially. The title of the article, the author's name, and a biographical note on him should be typed on a flysheet which can readily be detached from the body of the article. A contributor should also supply an abstract of 100-200 words summarizing the article in such a way that the abstract can be read independently. Contributors are especially requested to ensure that all necessary details are provided in their references. Titles of journals and monograph series may be abbreviated according to the system used in International Bibliography of the Social Sciences. The notes should be typed on a separate page or pages from the text, as should the bibliography. Figures and maps should be drawn in opaque black ink on Bristol board, tracing film, or graph paper with faint blue ruling.

The article focuses on five companion papers on the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements Consortium (ENCODE) which were published in the periodical "Nature." S. Neph and colleagues used DNaseI footprinting to study regulatory factor binding sites in 41 types of cells and tissues. R. E. Thurman and colleagues found out unexpected relations among chromatin accessibility, proliferative potential and patterns of human variation. Dekker and colleagues used chromosome conformation capture carbon copy (5C).

The issue of trust has increasingly attracted attention in the business ethics literature. Our aim is to contribute further to this literature by examining how the use of the carbon copy (cc) function in email communication influences felt trust. We develop the argument that the use of cc enhances transparency—representing an important characteristic of workplace ethics—and hence promotes trust. We further argue that a downside of the cc option may be that it can also be experienced as a control mechanism, which may therefore negatively affect trust. The results of our first study showed that the use of cc indeed enhances perceived transparency, but at the same time also leads to the experience of increased control. Building upon this insight, the findings of five subsequent studies consistently revealed that the use of cc negatively influences felt trust. More precisely, employees felt trusted the least when the supervisor was always included in cc (Studies 2 and 3). This effect on felt trust also negatively influenced how trustworthy the organizational climate was perceived (Study 4). We further replicated these results in two field surveys, which showed that the negative effect of cc on felt trust lowered perceptions of psychological safety (Study 5) and contributed to a culture of fear (Study 6). Taken together, our findings suggest that when transparency in email communications is experienced as a control mechanism, its use is perceived as unethical, rather than as ethical. Implications and recommendations for future business ethics research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In view of the fact that the phosphorus atom in its low co-ordination state (coordination numbers 1 and 2) has been termed as the carbon copy, there have been attempts to investigate, theoretically as well as experimentally, the effect of the exchange(s) of CH- moiety with phosphorus atom(s) (CH/P) on the structural and other aspects of the classical carbocyclic and heterocyclic systems. Tropylium ion is a well-known non-benzenoid aromatic system and has been studied extensively for its aromatic character. We have now investigated the effect of mono- and poly-CH/P exchange(s) on the aromaticity of the tropylium ion. For this purpose, the parameters based on the geometry and magnetic properties, namely bond equalization, aromatic stabilization energies (ASE), Nucleus-Independent Chemical Shift (NICS) values, (NICS(0), NICS(1), NICS(1)zz), proton nucleus magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) chemical shifts, magnetic susceptibility exaltation and magnetic anisotropic values of mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-phosphatropylium ions have been determined at the Density Functional Theory (DFT) (B3LYP/6-31+G(d)) level. Geometry optimization reveals bond length equalization. ASEs range from -46.3 kcal/mol to -6.2 kcal/mol in mono- and diphospha-analogues which are planar. However, the ions having three and four phosphorus atoms lose planarity and their ASE values approach the values typical for non-aromatic structures. Of the three NICS values, the NICS(1)zz is consistently negative showing aromatic character of all the systems studied. It is also supported by the magnetic susceptibility exaltations and magnetic anisotropic values. Furthermore, 1H-NMR chemical shifts also fall in the aromatic region. The conclusion that mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-phosphatropylium ions are aromatic in nature has been further corroborated by determining the energy gap between the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) (HOMO - LUMO gap), which falls in the range, ca. 3 × 10-19-9 × 10-19 J. The systems having more than four phosphorus atoms are not able to sustain their monocyclic structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a framework in which a group of agents communicates by means of emails, with the possibility of replies, forwards and blind carbon copies (BCC). We study the epistemic consequences of such email exchanges by introducing an appropriate epistemic language and semantics. This allows us to find out what agents learn from the emails they receive and to determine when a group of agents acquires common knowledge of the fact that an email was sent. We also show that in our framework from the epistemic point of view the BCC feature of emails cannot be simulated using messages without BCC recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphaalkenes (RP=CR 2) and diphosphenes (RP=PR) are main group analogues of alkenes (R2C=CR 2). Molecules featuring such multiply bonded phosphorus functionalities often display structural features and chemical reactivities that mimic their purely organic counterparts, lending credence to the claim that these compounds are "carbon copies". We have been expanding this analogy to include oligomers and polymers with extended conjugation that directly involve P=C and P=P units. Many of these materials, however, display little or no photoluminescence (PL). This article summarizes our efforts to understand P=C and P=P photobehavior and to produce materials having significant PL that mimic or "photocopy" the PL properties of the phosphorus-free systems. Recent materials based on benz - oxaphospholes (BOPs), benzobisoxaphospholes (BBOPs), and higher analogues having significant fluorescence quantum yields are covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vast non-coding portion of the human genome is full of functional elements and disease-causing regulatory variants. The principles defining the relationships between these elements and distal target genes remain unknown. Promoters and distal elements can engage in looping interactions that have been implicated in gene regulation. Here we have applied chromosome conformation capture carbon copy (5C) to interrogate comprehensively interactions between transcription start sites (TSSs) and distal elements in 1% of the human genome representing the ENCODE pilot project regions. 5C maps were generated for GM12878, K562 and HeLa-S3 cells and results were integrated with data from the ENCODE consortium. In each cell line we discovered >1,000 long-range interactions between promoters and distal sites that include elements resembling enhancers, promoters and CTCF-bound sites. We observed significant correlations between gene expression, promoter-enhancer interactions and the presence of enhancer RNAs. Long-range interactions show marked asymmetry with a bias for interactions with elements located ?120 kilobases upstream of the TSS. Long-range interactions are often not blocked by sites bound by CTCF and cohesin, indicating that many of these sites do not demarcate physically insulated gene domains. Furthermore, only ?7% of looping interactions are with the nearest gene, indicating that genomic proximity is not a simple predictor for long-range interactions. Finally, promoters and distal elements are engaged in multiple long-range interactions to form complex networks. Our results start to place genes and regulatory elements in three-dimensional context, revealing their functional relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preschool children listened to a children's storybook about an animal character, with reading being terminated prior to, or after, problem resolution. The children's empathic understanding of how the animal character felt was assessed, and they were then asked to draw, with strength of pressure on the page (as evident on attached carbon copies) serving as the index of arousal. Children then responded how another child or they themselves would feel in response to three short, aversive vignettes. As compared to their control level of arousal, children hearing the storybook evidenced increased arousal when the story was terminated prior to problem resolution; this increase was primarily evident in those children who expressed empathic understanding of the affective reactions of the animal character in the storybook. Children who evidenced empathic understanding also indicated that they and other children would feel bad in the aversive vignettes, but they expected other children to experience more negative affect than they themselves would experience. The results were discussed in terms of children's emergent understanding of fiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]