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El presente trabajo analiza las condiciones y costes del transporte terrestre en tiempos de Felipe II en el ámbito de las relaciones comerciales entre Castilla y el espacio atlántico septentrional, a partir de la información proporcionada por las cartas comerciales del mercader Simón Ruiz. Los datos nos indican que las dificultades geográficas no fueron tan determinantes para el tráfico a través de la Cordillera Cantábrica como se había pensado hasta ahora. El artículo también aborda la cuestión de los costes que comportaban las operaciones de traslado de mercancías desde los puertos a los mercados del interior peninsular. Las fuentes nos permiten un detallado análisis de los mismos así como un cálculo de su cuantía en proporción a la suma total de la operación, relativizando la importancia de los mismos, lo que favorecería los traslados de mercancías por vía terrestre para distancias relativamente grandes.This paper analyzes the conditions and cost of ground transportation in times of Felipe II in the field of commercial between Castile and the North Atlantic area, based on information provided by the business letters belonging the merchant Simón Ruiz. The data indicate that the geographical difficulties were not as decisive for the traffic through the Cantabrian Mountains range as it had been thought so far. The article also deals with the subject of the costs that moving goods from ports to inland markets entailed. The sources make it possible a detailed analysis of those cost as well as an estimate of the amount in proportion to the total sum of the operation, giving less importance to them, which would help ground transportation of goods for relatively long distances.

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In Fall 2020, all universities in Alberta went with remote delivery of classes due to COVID-19 restrictions. This provided not only teaching challenges, but also opportunities. Professors at three Canadian universities teaching similar undergraduate courses in international political economy decided to use the challenges/opportunities of COVID-19 restrictions to experiment with a World Trade Organization (WTO) simulation across three campuses through remote delivery. Simulations are frequently used for teaching in political science, but what was unusual was doing it through remote delivery. This paper assesses the effectiveness of the experiment. It traces the origins/evolution of the idea, learning objectives for the students, preparation by the professors to design the WTO simulation, and the experience of the actual simulation. It also addresses the challenges (technological, timing, assignments, grading, student anxiety, etc.). In addition, it identifies the steps that were taken to reduce and mitigate the challenges. It also acknowledges the mistakes that were made by the professors in designing and implementing the assignment. These observations and reflections are informed by the materials that the professors prepared, their thoughts on the experience, and the feedback from participating students (through official student evaluations as well as a special survey instrument). It provides lessons for future online simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper addresses the theme of communications between the province of Mato Grosso and the Atlantic through the territory of the province of Paraná, using as sources, preferably, the reports of the presidents of the two provinces, and having as a background the concerns of the Brazilian national state due to the remote and border condition of Mato Grosso. It is shown that the routes sought were initially terrestrial-fluvial and, later, rail-fluvial, and that the leaders of Paraná had a greater interest in such communications than their counterparts in Mato Grosso. In addition to envisioning the possibility of Paraná becoming the "emporium" of Mato Grosso commerce, those leaders also sought the benefits brought to their province by the central government's investments in roads to Mato Grosso. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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There have been major geopolitical changes on the international landscape over the last three years, not to mention the consolidation of other transformations with deeper roots. To what extent, and how, does this new international context reframe the prospects of firming up the "agreement in principle" between the European Union (EU) and Mercosur approved in 2019? Working from an eclectic theoretical framework, which combines geopolitical and geoeconomic approaches with consideration of the impact of material and ideational factors, this paper takes a longitudinal view, drawing on a wide variety of sources, to try to shed light on the chances and prospects of an agreement of this type in the new global settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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India's coastal cities have been playing a pivotal role in international relations through culture, commerce, and connectivity since the hoary past. In modern times, coastal cities such as Mumbai (formerly Bombay) on the Arabian Coast and Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) on the Bay of Bengal have been active actors in international affairs. While Mumbai has been the hub of international trade and commerce, Kolkata has been the junction of cultural bonhomie with Bangladesh and Southeast Asian countries, which gained more traction due to cross-border movements of technology, information, education, trade and finance, and artistic tools bolstered by the New Economic Policy beginning in the early 1990s. Indian states and metropolitan cities are enhancing their positions in international affairs with tangible gains. Mumbai is referred to as India's financial capital and the home to the headquarters of great global business houses and financial organisations. Similarly, Kolkata is known as the cultural capital of India (Sri Aurobindo, Tagore, Shanti Niketan, Bengali folk art and culture etc.) and a destination for foreign tourists, artists and curious researchers. This paper examines the growth and impact of city diplomacy in India through the prism of federalism in advancing local interests in international politics. It attempts to assess the role of Indian cities from a comparative perspective in the conduct of city diplomacy from economic and cultural aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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