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In this review paper efforts are made to present the Impact of COVID-19 on various economic activities like production, consumption and distribution. This is known to everyone that COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease) spreadout in December 2019 from Wuhan in China and effected a lot of countries resulting in death of many. Therefore, to minimise the risk, many countries opted lockdown as a precaution to control its spread which effected the lives of ordinary people as well as the economy as a whole, GDP, Functions of Economy and a lot of activities were effected very badly. It had a huge impact on the consumption pattern of population as well as supply chains and production of various goods and services were also impacted as transportation was at halt and movement of people, products, services etc. was not possible from one place to another. There was a heavy down in employment, production, distribution and other activities as well. Hence, this paper will help the readers know the collective impact along with the sector wise effect of COVID-19 on various economic activities. For better understanding we have taken three major economic activities that is Production, Consumption and distribution. Along with these the basic introduction of COVID-19, lockdown and its impact on economy is stated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic expansion has caused increasingly serious land resource problems, and the decoupling of urban industrial land expansion from economic development has become a big topic for intensive development. The current research has mainly concerned industrial land efficiency, a single, static indicator, compared to a decoupling model, which takes into account two variables and gives a full expression of the spatio-temporal dynamic characteristics. However, little attention has been paid to the relationship between industrial land expansion and economic development in China from the perspective of decoupling. Based on a combination of Tapio's decoupling model and spatial analysis methods, this paper investigates the decoupling relationship between industrial land expansion and economic development in Chinese cities from 2010 to 2019. On that basis, we divided the study area into three policy zones and made differentiated policy recommendations. In addition, based on the decoupling model, we obtained the decoupling indices of the cities and grouped the cities into eight decoupling types. After the spatial autocorrelation analysis, we further verified the spillover effect of decoupling with the results of urban spatial differentiation. This paper draws the following conclusions: (1) Urban industrial land expansion and economic development exhibit marked and increasingly significant spatial heterogeneity and agglomeration. (2) Industry and economy are in weak decoupling in most cities, but there are a growing number of cities in negative decoupling. (3) Decoupled cities are shifting from the southeast coast to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River, while negatively decoupled cities keep spreading from northeast and south China to their periphery, with clear signs of re-coupling. (4) It is necessary to develop urban industrial land supply and supervision policies according to local actuality and to implement differentiated control of industrial land for cities and industrial sectors with different decoupling types. To some extent, this paper reveals the evolution dynamics, performances, and strategies of industrial land, providing a decision basis for industrial land management policies and industrial planning in China and other countries at similar stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy plays a significant role in achieving energy savings and emission reduction. As a sustainable and environmental friendly renewable energy power technology, concentrated solar power (CSP) integrates power generation and energy storage to ensure the smooth operation of the power system. However, the cost of CSP is an obstacle hampering the commercialization of this emerging industry, so the paper studies the technical characteristics, economic analysis, and policy implications of CSP. This paper sorts out the relevant policies of CSP and uses the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) model by considering financial parameters, investment parameters, operation and maintenance parameters, tax parameters, capacity parameters, etc., to analyze the economics of CSP. The model parameters are set by the actual situation of CSP projects. The economic evaluation of different technology types of parabolic trough (PT), solar tower (ST), secondary reflection ST, and linear Fresnel reflector (LFR) is carried out. The LCOE of PT project is 1.11 RMB/kWh (0.17 US$/kWh), the ST project is 0.93 RMB/kWh (0.14 US$/kWh), the secondary reflection ST project is 0.97 RMB/kWh (0.15 US$/kWh), and the LFR project is 0.92 RMB/kWh (0.14 US$/kWh). The results show that the grid parity era of CSP in China is within reach, and ST is the most potential technology type. Based on the results of economic analysis and the problems faced by CSP in China, this paper puts forward policy implications by preferential loans, tax incentives, and R&D fund support to promote the development of CSP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Climate change is directly linked to a broad array of changes because of disorganized activities within the economic system and human intervention. Climate change affects the well-being status of both non-living and living things. Relevant policies to mitigate and adapt to climate change conditions concentrate on solutions that intend to use renewable energy instead of fossil fuels or other conventional energy sources. This study aims to process a review focused on how renewables advance environmental quality and create relevant benefits within severe economic activities. This study elaborates on the case of China for two main reasons. First, China has a pivotal role in the economic system worldwide. Second, China is making serious attempts to transition into a low-carbon economy. An integrative review was processed to receive selected publications. The advantage of this process is that it considers empirical and non-empirical studies, policy papers, and conceptual frameworks. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to retrieve the final number of publications. Review results from 39 well-acknowledged Journals provided 180 selected publications categorized into seven study groups: data analyses, model optimization studies, market issues, renewable energy technology publications, nuclear energy publications, ocean energy publications, and policy-related studies. Policy implications concern China's efforts to accelerate the integration of renewables in the energy mix. Hence, the country should increase energy efficiency in consumption and process investment plans based on robust research and development efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the deepening implementation of the energy revolution and the advent of the era in which renewable energy will be grid parity, China's offshore wind power projects have gradually taking steps to shape a large-scale development. This paper reviews the relevant policies for offshore wind power, adopting the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) model to conduct an economic evaluation of offshore wind power projects in six typical provinces in China. Among the six provinces studied in this paper, Hebei Province has the highest LCOE value of 0.87 yuan/kWh, and Fujian Province has the lowest LCOE value of 0.71 yuan/kWh; the LCOE results of offshore wind power projects in Hebei and Guangdong provinces are higher than the policy guidance price by 8.75% and 6.25% respectively; the LCOE value of the offshore wind power projects in the other four provinces are lower than the guidance price, and the average profit is considerable; the expected annual utilization hours and unit cost have varied impact on the LCOE value in different provinces. The results show that with the upcoming offshore wind power on-grid price bidding era, China's offshore wind power grid parity era is just around the corner. Finally, this paper puts forward relevant policy suggestions, hoping to provide practical guidance for the promotion of offshore wind power technology in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper comprehensively evaluates the dynamic effects on China's environment and economy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results show that the COVID-19 lockdown resulted in a temporary improvement in air quality. Furthermore, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels in the atmosphere in China were 36% lower than in the week after last year's Lunar New Year holiday, but this also led to an economic downturn. Moreover, the aerosol optical depth (AOD) decreased significantly. During the back-to-work period, the economy recovered and there was an increase in energy consumption, and CO2, NO2 emissions sharply increased to pre-lockdown levels. In the post-lockdown period, the AOD was lower than that of the same period last year. This study can provide reference for environmental policy making, as it demonstrates to what extent the control of pollution sources can improve air quality. Precise emission reduction and regional joint prevention and control are important and effective means for the prevention and control of O3 pollution. The health and economic benefits of COVID-19 pandemic control measures are incalculable. And this can provide an effective scientific basis and theoretical support for the prevention and control of air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the implications of China's ascension as a global power and analyzes whether China's rise presents opportunities or threats to the international community. It explores China's economic growth, military expansion, and increasing influence in global affairs. The article delves into the potential economic benefits for other nations through trade and investment opportunities, while also discussing concerns regarding China's assertive foreign policies and human rights issues. The paper highlights the need for a nuanced understanding of China's rise, acknowledging both the potential benefits and challenges it poses. Ultimately, the abstract calls for a balanced and cooperative approach in engaging with China to harness opportunities and address potential threats for a stable and prosperous global order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic began in March 2020 and China has since been under public scrutiny for neglecting the first signs of this global health challenge and for its lockdown strategy. Although lockdowns have not lasted for long, China needs to confront the political, social, and economic implications for its national security. The paper aims to fill a gap in the knowledge and investigate aspects of China’s national security in light of the pandemic. The study is based on desk research using secondary data and statistical and comparative analysis. It also employs an inductive method to build general theorems. The Chinese government can be seen as successful in dealing with the pandemic because of a low death toll and minimal economic losses. By early February 2022, only 106,863 Chinese had been diagnosed, and 4,636 had died from the virus. China also achieved enviable economic success and, its output grew by 18.3% year on year in the first quarter of 2021, the fastest rate since the 1990s, and it was the first major economy to withdraw its pandemic stimulus. China consolidated its position in low-income countries and improved its image as a global leader in trade by supplying vaccines, masks and ventilators, and strengthened its geopolitical standing. It will face threats from other countries working on a joint approach to the challenges posed by Beijing and while the aftereffects of the crisis can be seen, it also fears that they might further affect China’s national security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the establishment of "friendly and cooperative relations' in 1992, relations between South Korea and China have been continuously elevated almost every 5 years. The two countries have achieved great advancements in expanding civil exchanges, bringing economic relations closer, finding common ground in foreign policy and security and elevation of political relations. Despite the honeymoon period that the two countries experienced after they established diplomatic relations, however, conflict is now arising due to differences in opinion and interests in various fields such politics, economy, society, culture, diplomacy, and security. This paper will examine Sino-South Korean relations using the four factor model, which is based on four approaches, starting with economic relations, followed by perception and emotions, diplomacy and security and lastly, these factors" influence on domestic politics. Following this analysis, this paper will argue that despite their continuous but rocky developments, Sino-South Korean relations will sustainably maintain their development. Considering the synergy effect of bilateral relations, two countries are standing on the opportunity to build a New Type of Sino-South Korean relations which would allow for resolution of conflicts and misunderstandings through dialogue and communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the development of China's economic ties with Southeast Asia over the last two decades, culminating in the inauguration of the ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) in 2010. Particular reference is made to China's trade ties with Indonesia. Although two-way trade between China and Indonesia has grown rapidly since 2000, Indonesian exports to China are dominated by primary products, while imports from China are dominated by manufactures. While this pattern might reflect short-term comparative advantage in both economies, it is causing some concern in Indonesia. The paper assesses these concerns, and possible political reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental Science & Technology (10036504) is the property of Editorial Board of Environmental Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to achieve a sustainable development of economy and ecological environment, starting from the systemic thinking and systemic approach, this paper regards China's economic development and ecological environment protection as a whole system. Firstly, the negative index of M2 is introduced to correct the GDP bubble, and constructed the architecture model of the economy-ecological environment system. Then, this research establishes an evaluation index system using the analytic hierarchy process and Yaahp software and obtains its comprehensive evaluation value. After that, this research builds the Lotka-Volterra coordination degree model and uses the China data from 1997–2016 to analyze the mutual influencing factors and coupling coordination degree, and carries out the empirical and experimental tests to obtain the overall coordination relationship between economy and ecological environment systems. The results of the study show that the trend of economy-ecological environment coordination degree in China has changed from relatively coordinated to moderately uncoordinated in the latter 20 years; the coordination degree decreased from 0.8996 to 0.4842. Although, the situation has a rebound in the latter 2 years, the situation is still not optimistic. In addition, even the modified model of economic subsystem plus M2 did not change the original changing trend, and only changed the magnitude of the gap, thus revealing that the imbalance of economic development is much more serious than the impact of overissue currency on the ecological environment. This study provides a new basis for research decisions such as the adjustment of the economic growth rate and the optimization of ecological environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy structure transformation is of significant practical importance as it ensures energy security, accomplishes the "dual carbon" goal and realizes high-quality economic growth. In order to explore the impact exerted by energy structure transformation on the coordinated development of economic and environmental systems, this paper employs the coupled coordination degree model to measure the coupling degree of economic and environmental systems across 30 provinces in China from 2000 to 2021. Additionally, on the basis of theoretical analysis, it adopts the fixed effect model and the mediated effect model to provide a systematic explanation of the impact energy structure transformation exerts on the coordinated development of the economic and environmental systems, as well as the underlying mechanisms. The results reveal that China's structural transformation of energy consumption significantly promotes the coordinated development of the economic and environmental systems, a conclusion that remains robust even after consideration of the explanatory variable substitutions, municipality exclusion, and tail reduction. From the perspective of heterogeneity, regions with better economic development show a more obvious dividend effect of energy structural transformation on the coordinated development of the economy and the environmental system; energy structural transformation imposes a positive impact on the coordinated development of the economy and the environmental system only in regions characterized by high levels of human capital and urbanization. In terms of the mechanism of action, energy structural transformation can facilitate of industrial structure upgrading and then drive the coordinated development of economic and environmental systems. The study proposes several policy recommendations: transform the traditional fossil energy consumption mode, reduce the proportion of traditional fossil energy, introduce corresponding subsidy policies, encourage enterprises to invest in clean energy, boost investor confidence, and enhance employment quality and income level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pneumonia outbreak was primarily reported in the fall of 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, with the identity SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus. It quickly grew from a local epidemic to a global pandemic and was declared a public health emergency by the WHO. A total of three prominent waves were identified across the globe, with a slight temporal variability as per the geographical locations, and has impacted several sectors which connect the world. By March 2022, the coronavirus had infected 444.12 million people and claimed 6.01 million human lives worldwide, and these numbers have not yet stabilized. Our paper enlightens readers on the seven strains of human coronaviruses, with special emphasis on the three severe deadliest outbreaks (SARS-2002, MERS-2012, and COVID-19). This work attempts a comprehensive understanding of the coronavirus and its impact on the possible sectors that link the world through the economic chain, climate conditions, SDGs, recycling of the event, and mitigations. There are many points that are raised by the authors in the possible sectors, which are emerging or are as yet unnoticed and thus have not been taken into consideration. This comprehension will leave sets of new challenges and opportunities for the researchers in various streams, especially in earth sciences. Science-integrated research may help to prevent upcoming disasters as a by-product of (existing) epidemics in the form of coronavirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the continuous increase in the proportion of renewable energy connected to the grid in China and the increasing peak-to-valley difference in electricity demand on the power grid, this paper proposes a high-temperature thermal-storage combined-cycle power-generation system. Using Thermoflex thermal simulation analysis software, a high-temperature thermal-storage combined-cycle simulation analysis system model was established, and the influence of different initial temperatures and pressure ratios on the combined-cycle system was analysed. Sensitivity analysis of factors such as electricity cost, annual operating hours, initial equipment investment, unit efficiency and other factors that affect the net income of the system was carried out. According to the current power-peak-shaving auxiliary service market in China, it is pointed out that high-temperature thermal-storage combined-cycle projects must be profitable and obtain good economic benefits. The results obtained, on the one hand, provide suggestions for the flexibility and transformation of current gas-fired steam generators for peak shaving and, on the other hand, provide references for the subsequent development of high-temperature thermal-storage combined-cycle demonstration projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In July 2021, the Chinese government released the "Opinions on Further Reducing the Burden of Homework and Off-campus Training for Students in Compulsory Education" (hereinafter referred to as "Double Reduction" policy) at all levels of schooling in compulsory education system - including high schools, and offcampus education and training institutions - which were strictly implemented according to the policy. This paper briefly describes the impact of China's recent double reduction policy on the educational economic and evaluates its implementation process from macroeconomic perspective, by analyzing the private after-school and smart education industry, and by gaining an insight into the purpose and impact of the China's intention on private tutoring firms. It concludes that the "double reduction" policy has a complex and far-reaching impact on China's educational economy and on the related job market, as well as on the distribution of the family income and on education-relevant expenses, which is mainly reflected in family education costs. The findings also demonstrate that the smart education industry has rapidly grown after the launch of the policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural production is accompanied by a large amount of water consumption, nonpoint source pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. However, the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of associated impacts on regional water, the environment, and the economy caused by variations in agricultural distribution is insufficient. This paper evaluates the evolution of grain production distribution and its effects on water resources, the economy, and the environment in China by using virtual water theory. The results show that the grain production area located in northern China is characterized by scarce water resources and a less developed economy. Due to the imbalance between grain supply and demand, virtual water embedded in grain will transfer among regions. These flows have formed a pattern where virtual water transfers from the water‐scarce northern region to the water‐rich southern region, increasing from 72.99 Gm3 in 1997 to 124.64 Gm3 in 2014. Evolution of grain production distribution changes the spatial pattern of grain production and consumption, and it exacerbates water resource pressure, the gray water footprint, and greenhouse gas emissions in the area that exports grain virtual water. The gray water footprint and carbon emissions in the grain export area increased by 10.66% and 31.06% during the study period, respectively. Meanwhile, the distribution of regional grain production influences the allocation of water resources in agriculture and other industries. Due to the difference between the economic benefits created by industry and agriculture, grain virtual water flow will have effects on the regional economic development. Key Points: Grain virtual water flow (VWF) dynamics along with the variations in the grain planting distribution from long time series are exploredThe associated impacts on regional water, the environment, and the economy caused by grain virtual water flow are evaluatedA framework to evaluate economic impact of VWF is established by scenario analysis regarding industrial structure and water reallocation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The financial and ecological viability of power from pyrolysis oil is assessed. • The process has high oil yield and power generation potential. • The project is economically feasible and profitable in China. • Power generation from the project contributes to global warming. • Consumption of power from the project reduces coal usage and global warming. The increased plastic waste generation worldwide poses ponderous issues for public health and the environment. China is the highest generator of plastic waste around the world. The current treatment process (incineration) of the increased plastic waste causes dangerous environmental consequences. Pyrolysis has recently surfaced as an ecologically friendly technique for energy and material recovery from plastic waste. The present study assesses the financial and ecological viability of power production from oil derived from the pyrolysis of mixed plastic wastes in China from 2009 to 2028. The prominent findings show that the amount of plastic waste collected in 2020 (24.16 Mt) increased by 53.19% in 2028.The pyrolysis of mixed plastic wastes during the project period yielded 359.29 Mt oil, which has a power potential of 1,060.86 GWh. The economic analysis indicated the project is viable and profitable with a positive net present value (US$8.80 million) and profitability index (1.26) greater than 1. The project has 10.6 y payback period, US$0.0752/kWh levelized cost of energy, 22.5% return on investment, and 13.0% internal rate of return. The life cycle assessment results show that conversion of mixed plastic waste to pyrolysis oil for electricity generation during the project period has a total global warming potential (GWP) of 1,311.4 kt CO 2 eq. The GWP is mainly from conversion of pyrolysis oil to electricity (73.42%), pyrolysis oil production (15.01%) and upgrading of pyrolysis oil (11.38%). The consumption of power from the project could avoid the combustion of 2,659.0 t coal, minimizing global warming by 11,278.8 kt CO 2 eq. Sensitivity analysis, which examines the influence of variation in sensitive factors on the success of the project, is presented. This paper provides scientific strategies for optimal investment and decision-making on the environmental sustainability of plastic waste-to-energy pyrolysis projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the divergence in global governance, human rights, and rulesbased international order, the Brussels-Beijing ties have switched from the natural, strategic partnership to strategic rivalry. In 2003, the EU initiated a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership with an effort to bring their bilateral relations from the mutual enmity to mutual empathy. In connection to this, the CNBC reported a survey of the European Council of Foreign Relations, on September 20, 2019, in which it referred to China’s trade practices as aggressive and a threat to the EU’s economy. The report also showed that in Asia, China is among the EU’s competitive and cooperative partners. The EU and China are dubbed as second and third-largest economies at the global level in nominal terms. The former considers the latter as its second-biggest trading partner, whereas China puts the EU as its biggest trading partner. This article draws on the qualitative research in which the secondary sources of data are applied. It aims to explore a growing concern in the EU, about whether to contain or cooperate with China in the current geopolitical environment. This paper suggests that cooperation, not containment could be the wise strategy of the EU towards China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the features of Chinese political culture and its current structure, which consists of the socialist, Chinese traditional feudal and borrowed Western capitalist political cultures. However, despite the availability of a considerable amount of research, there are many disputes regarding the generalization, classification of political and cultural phenomena. Therefore, the study of the features of China`s political and cultural structure is relevant. The purpose of the study is to explain the existing political and cultural phenomena in China, to determine the content of Chinese political culture, to understand its structure and to divide it according to Chinese characteristics. It has made a progress on its own; it was influenced by Western capitalism and socialism as well, which made it different from the Western model. It is also important to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the political and cultural structure that will enhance the understanding of Chinese historical traditions and cultural experiences. Methodology of the research. The paper uses an analytical method to investigate the transformation of China`s political culture and its components that combine traditional Confucianism and Western political influences. The structural principle has been applied in the grouping and presentation of factual material, its analysis and use. Systematic and functional methods have been used to consider policy of the People`s Republic of China (the PRC) as a coherent, self-regulating mechanism to carry out the contemporary social changes, local economic factors, which have become primary motive of political and cultural upgrades. The study is also based on comparative and behavioral principles, which allowed to identify the research problem of uneven market development in China and to understand the mechanisms of cause of rapid changes in Chinese society that given up the ideological on behalf of economic growth and liberties. It is proved that at the present stage of development, Chinese political culture has undergone radical changes. There is a meddling of Western political culture in traditional Chinese one, which formed a dual value system (traditional and Western), and the formation of a socialist political culture with Chinese specificity, resulting in the emergence of a triple value system. Therefore, due to the revival of traditional values and the influence of Western popular culture, the three-vectored PRC`s development is in a strengthened position where each of the components of Chinese traditional, socialist, and Western political cultures do not conflict with each other but interact, contributing to the most intense development of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sakarya Üniversitesi Türk Akademi Dergisi is the property of Sakarya Universitesi Turk Akademi Dergisi (SAUTAD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Beginning in 2016, all couples in China were allowed to have two children without any restrictions. This paper provides population and economic projections under five shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) and three fertility policies. By replacing the one‐child policy with the two‐child policy, the population is predicted to continue growing until 2025–2035, with a peak of approximately 1.39–1.42 billion, and then to decline under four SSPs, with the exception of the fragmented world SSP3. As a result, the two‐child policy will lead to mitigation of the pressure from labor shortages and aging problems to a certain extent. In addition, an increase in working‐age people with higher education level relative to projections based on the one‐child policy will lead to an increase in gross domestic product by approximately 38.1–43.9% in the late 21st century. However, labor shortages and aging problems are inevitable, and the proportion of elderly in China will be greater than 14% and 21% by approximately 2025 and 2035, respectively. Full liberalization of fertility is expected to reduce the share of elderly people by 0.7–1.0% and to lead to an increase in gross domestic product by 5.3–6.7% relative to the two‐child policy in the late 21st century. The full liberalization of fertility policies is recommended, supplemented by increases in pension and child‐rearing funds, improvement in the quality of health services for females and children, and extension of compulsory education to meet the needs of an aged society. Plain Language Summary: The one‐child policy in China has been replaced by the two‐child policy since 2016. What might the population and economy change if the one‐child policy is continued in the 21st century? What can China benefit from the fertility policy changes? Is it necessary to allow people to choose their family size in China? We conducted multipopulation policies and multisocioeconomic development pathways combined analysis to explore the effects of fertility policy changes on population and economy in China. We found that population size by the late 21st century might be 28% less than that in 2010 at the one‐child policy, and share of elderly (aged 65+) might be 49%. The implementation of the two‐child policy can mitigate the labor shortages and aging problems to a certain extent, and the increased working‐age population with higher education level can lead to a 38.1–43.9% increase in gross domestic product in the late 21st century. A further 0.7–1.0% reduction in elderly share of the total population and 5.3–6.7% increase in gross domestic product is projected in the late 21st century at the "full relaxation" policy. We believe that introduction of effects from fertility policy changes on socioeconomy can deliver useful information to decision makers. Key Points: The integrated effects of population policies and socioeconomic pathways on the population structure and economy are exploredThe population bust in China caused by the one‐child policy will be relieved after the two‐child policy, as indicated by all the SSPsFull relaxation of fertility control is recommended with the simultaneous implementation of other social policies (e.g., pension funds) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to study the maritime disputes amongst China and various nations of the East Asian region. The paper explores the drivers, which compel the states astride the East China Sea to establish control over the maritime and island territories. This is followed by a discussion on the dangers associated with these disputes e.g. costs of the political and military escalation, and the competition for maritime resources. There is a risk of escalation and conflict at sea. China's interests and objectives in the region are analyzed with a view to the Chinese aspiration to be the global super power by acquiring and controlling the territories around the East China Sea. While sovereignty claims in the East China Sea are not new, China's rising diplomatic, economic, as well as military influence is increasing China's capacity to pursue its interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Back-door' migration refers to the entry of overseas-born New Zealand citizens to Australia. Many New Zealand Chinese migrants from the People's Republic of China ( PRC) are within this migration flow. Based on a detailed analysis on the permanent and long-term arrival and departure data from Statistics New Zealand and an online survey conducted by the author, this paper examines the trans- Tasman migration of New Zealand's PRC migrants. The result shows that compared with New Zealand-born citizens, the trans- Tasman migration of China-born New Zealand citizens is not large in number. The 2001 Australia immigration policy change of the welfare provisions to New Zealand citizens discouraged 'back-door' migration of the PRC migrants in the short term only. Australia still remains a favoured destination for many of them. Economic consideration is the main factor drawing these migrants to Australia. This paper also reveals a circulatory feature of the PRC migrants' trans- Tasman migratory movements, as evidenced by a significant number of respondents who had migrated from New Zealand to Australia indicating that they would come back to New Zealand at some future time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Asia-Pacific region, India and China have spectacular role in promoting software industry. India is a leading destination for Information Technology (IT) software, while China is strong in the hardware segment. Unfortunately, the bilateral engagements between the two countries have been limited. This paper traces the immense opportunity available for strengthening the diasporic relations in the Indo-China software market. The paper identifies the important difference between the Chinese and Indian software with respect to the usage and the determinants of software development in both countries. Both diasporas are privileged to have their human resources that can play an important role through software outsourcing. The paper throws light on the SWOT analysis of both the economies in the area of the trends and patterns of software export and domestic market, factor inputs and the role of policy instruments, institutions and market forces needed for the promotion of the software industry. It also identifies the collaboration between companies from the point of view of the Indo-China economies that will be a win-win situation for competing and capturing the world market, if India's strength in software could be meshed with China's prowess in hardware. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the age of risk and uncertainty, countries and companies are competing in a turbulent global environment. In this respect, they have to face a plethora of different challenges, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, disruptive technologies, demographic explosion, or climate change. A highly interconnected global economy imposes countries to compete not only for resources and markets but also to seek to hold a better place in this huge world economic network. The aim of the paper is to present the evolution of the world's largest economies in the period 2017-2020 by taking into account their gross domestic product. The methodology was based on a quantitative research method. Starting from a comprehensive literature review, it demonstrates that the hierarchy of the world's ten biggest economies by GDP was dominated by two countries, the United States of America and China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Myanmar is among the world's oldest oil-producing countries, Chinese oil and gas companies did not start their oil and gas exploration projects there until recently. The most recent and significant China- Myanmar energy cooperation project is the oil and gas pipelines which got started in 2009. This paper will discuss the reasons and driving forces for this pipeline project and its broader objectives, and testify whether pipelines can deepen regional economic integration and strengthen bilateral relations. This paper concludes by saying that China might use the China- Myanmar pipeline construction as an opportunity to play a more constructive role in Myanmar's domestic reforms, thus improving its image in Southeast Asia and strengthening its relations with Myanmar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There was one mega C&E center (over 50,000 square meters of indoor space) in China in 1992, totaling 160,000 square meters. By 2003, there were 16 mega centers, totaling 1,288,000 square meters-a growth of 805% in 11 years (Table 1). This paper records the history of the convention and exhibition (C&E) industry in China and examines the prevailing optimistic view of its prospects. The profit criterion and motives behind the establishment of C&E centers in China are explored. Potential developments are discussed and future research directions are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world politics has been dominated by the US-led West since the Second World War and particularly after the demise of the Soviet Union at the end of a protracted Cold War. However, the balance of power seems to be shifting from the West to the East led by rising China. This geopolitical shift has been accelerated by the Covid-19 pandemic. Pandemics have been known to affect great powers and global politics in the past. The “Black death’, the ‘Plague of Athens’ and ‘Antonine plague’ are some of the examples from history, which resulted in the decline of great empires. Although Corona virus reportedly originated in Wuhan and later spread to the entire world, China was able to mobilize its resources in time and managed to control the disease in a very short time. On the other hand, the West and particularly the US was slow in taking appropriate measures resulting in death and misery to the people. US like many other countries, is still struggling with the pandemic that has caused a severe blow to not only its economy but also its standing as a world leader. While China has emerged as a more suitable candidate for the world’s leadership and steadily on the path of economic and technological primacy. The paper studies in detail how the virus has affected the global politics, particularly comparing the performance of the two rivals during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, state-owned monopoly on multiproduct pipeline network leads to low energy efficiency, expensive logistics costs and high greenhouse gas emissions in the downstream oil supply chain. In response to increasing pressures applied by the conflict between supply and demand and the need for emission mitigation, the government has promoted pipeline network reform for years. However, the selection of an appropriate reform scheme is controversial, and no researcher has conducted quantitative analysis on this issue. This paper quantifies the impacts of pipeline network reform on the downstream oil supply chain of China so as to provide policy implications. An integrated evaluation framework is established by coupling a mathematical programming technique with the energy-economy-environment (3E) assessment method. Five future scenarios are designed including the baseline (BAU) and four types of reform policies: third-party access (TPA), pipeline network integration (PNI), business cooperation (BC) and third-party access combined with business cooperation (TPA-BC). The results indicate that (i) all reform schemes have significant benefits for aspects of 3E; (ii) the scenarios can be ranked by 3E performance as follows: TPA-BC > BC > PNI > TPA > BAU; and (iii) only when the pipeline networks need to reserve a high capacity margin can the advantages of PNI compared to TPA be revealed; otherwise, the gap between them is small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Constructed China's sustainable development index based on SDGs. • Evaluated the trend of China's sustainable development level. • Discussed the ladder differentiation of China's sustainable development. • Found the characteristic national conditions index shape. • Ranked the sustainable development degree of typical cities. To evaluate China's sustainable development level, it is necessary to integrate the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG S) into the indicators reflecting the development issues with Chinese characteristics after localization. Based on China's national conditions, the SDG S are specified in the Chinese context, and integrated into the indicators reflecting the development problems with Chinese characteristics to evaluate the degree of sustainable development in China. Results show that: first, the overall trend of China's sustainable development level is positive, but mainly increased by the system development degree and system coordination degree. The system sustainability degree decline sent a danger signal to the future of China's sustainable development. Second, the development pace of China's sustainable development in different regions is quite different, and overall, there is a step-type differentiation between the east regions, central regions, and west regions. Beijing and Shenzhen are with the highest degree of China's sustainable development. Third, the line of the characteristic national conditions index is "U" shaped. As for a series of accompanying problems in the construction of socialism with characteristics, China's attention to them and its ability to solve them have changed qualitatively around 2007. Based on this, the paper puts forward different suggestions for the sustainable development of different regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The huge cost (economic cost and environmental cost) of treating municipal sludge has caused enormous pressure on China. How to balance economic cost and environmental benefits in China's sludge treatment industry is an important issue that the government urgently needs to address. This article selects 9 types of municipal sludge treatment plants (MSTP) that can represent different treatment methods and scales in China, and attempts to help all provinces in China find the optimal solution for maximizing sludge treatment benefits (economic benefits and environmental benefits) under different constraints (economic constraints and environmental constraints). Firstly, this paper analyzes the economic and environmental costs and return of 9 types of MSTP. Secondly, we use the unguided Super-SBM model to combine the costs and return of 9 types of MSTP to measure the benefits of each plant. It has been found that under ideal conditions, medium Incineration treatment (IT) and large building material (BM) utilization are the most beneficial options for sludge treatment in China. Finally, we use a simple linear programming model to establish a constrained linear programming model for the environment and economy, substituting provinces that are divided into four categories under different constraint conditions into the model, and finding the optimal ratio for each type of province to build MSTP, in order to maximize benefits. Research has found that after adding constraints, the future development trend of municipal sludge treatment in China will mainly focus on small BM utilization and medium LA. This research result has universal applicability. As long as the constraints of this article are met, any country or province can adjust the construction proportion of municipal sludge treatment plants according to the research results of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single municipal solid waste treatment technique may not be adequate to effectively treat the municipal solid waste (MSW) produced across the globe. This is due to the different composition and physical characteristics of the MSW. This has changed China's waste management strategy to integrated waste management systems since the 13th Five-Year-Plan in 2016. Therefore, the present study evaluates the electricity generation potential, economic feasibility, and the environmental impact of integrated waste-to-energy technologies in China, taking the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as a case study. The study considers the integration of anaerobic digestion and landfill gas to energy (AD/LFGTE), anaerobic digestion and incineration (AD/INC), and incineration and landfill gas to energy (INC/LFGTE). The prominent findings show that AD/LFGTE has the highest electricity generation potential during the project period. It was found that AD/LFGTE contributed 24.52% to the region's electricity needs, while AD/INC and INC/LFGTE contributed 22.68% and 1.88%, respectively. According to the economic analysis, all the projects are viable in the area and have a positive net present value. The AD/LFGTE project was found to be more economical with a lower levelized cost of energy (US$0.0915/kWh), shorter investment payback period (9.1 years), and higher profit (US$1,331.19 million) on investment. It was observed that the integrated systems could avoid a considerable amount of coal consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, with AD/LFGTE having the highest saving ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of China's apparel has undergone tremendous changes in the past 70 years. In order to investigate the transition in the design of Chinese apparel over these years, progress with three phases of apparel design in the past 70 years have been described in terms of the silhouette, color, materials, and details of apparel design by employing the expert panel method. Further, a quantitative model of the random forest was proposed to link the transition of apparel design and its determinants, including economy, aesthetics, science and technology, and globalization. The importance weight for each of these determinants had also been determined. In doing so, this study offers insights for apparel designers regarding ways of strategically designing apparel under the transition dynamics in China to follow the mainstream of the transition, and meet consumers' satisfaction towards apparel design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global pandemic caused by the outbreak of COVID-19 has posed significant risks to our health. Preventive measures such as closed management have greatly affected the economies, environments and societies of various countries. Economy, air pollution and income are three important interconnected aspects of sustainable development. However, current research lacks systematic quantitative analysis of their relationships. To fill the gap, this study adopts monthly data from January 2016 to April 2022 and constructs both a Simultaneous Equation Model (SEM) and a Time Varying Parameter Stochastic Volatility Vector Autoregressive (TVP-SV-VAR) model to empirically analyze the impact of COVID-19 on China's economy, air pollution and income. This study finds that the COVID-19 has a negative impact on China's economy and income, and a positive impact on air pollution, and the impact of the COVID-19 is systematic. In addition, there is an inverted-U shaped relationship between air pollution and economics, and a positive correlation between economic and income. The impact of COVID-19 on the economy, air pollution and income show a process of sharp fluctuations to gradual stabilization that gradually stabilized over time. This process is time-varying in the short-term, medium-term and long-term. The impacts are persistent at three different time points (before, during and after the outbreak of COVID-19), but the negative impact on the economy and income is persistent, while the positive impact on air pollution is limited. This study provides a more systematic and dynamic understanding of the COVID-19 preventive and mitigation measures in China and even the world, which helps to provide insights into the formulation of more comprehensive planning strategies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geothermal energy is a key clean energy in China that can be applied in heating, hot springs and aquaculture. However, the recovery of geothermal energy depends heavily on electricity, the market is narrow and the initial investment is very high. Focusing on the geothermal energy development in Beijing, China, this paper applies the game theory to analyze the economy of complex geothermal energy and designs the economic incentive system for geothermal energy. Specifically, the energy analysis and thermoeconomic analysis methods were designed for geothermal energy system, in the light of the thermodynamic laws. The investment cost, specific negative entropy cost and comparable irreversible cost of geothermal energy recovery were examined in details, revealing that the recovery of geothermal resources needs the least investment in Miyun, Haidian and Fangshan, and that Changping has the smallest relative cost difference and energy economics factor in Beijing. In addition, economic incentive measures were put forward, including both tax incentive and financial subsidy. The research findings lay the theoretical basis for expanding the development and utilization of geothermal energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This emergy-based urban economic account provided a historical portrait of the urban economy and its structures to understand the overload of the biosphere‘s assimilative capacity. The basic situation of the urban economy, involving the indigenous resources base, emergy consumption patterns, emergy exports and imports, was investigated, accounted and discussed. Using a series of ratios and indices arising from emergy analysis, including emergy intensity, environmental load ratio and environmental sustainability, this paper analyzed the economic development in Beijing during the years of 1999 to 2006 and the heavy pressure it has put on the environment. Results showed that the development of economy in Beijing was closely correlated with the consumption of the non-renewable resources and it was exerting rising loads on the environment. Of the total emergy use by the economic system, the imported non-renewable resources from other provinces contributed most with increasing use from imported nonrenewable resources. Emergy intensity kept rising during the periods, with the increase of the environmental loads. The pressure of environmental protection, which was caused by the over-heated investments in Beijing, could be released after the completion of the infrastructure construction. On the whole, the results of this paper outlined a frame of reference towards how the urban metabolic analysis could drive the economic policies and sustainability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

As an efficient measure to protect the environment and reduce energy consumption, promoting prefabricated buildings can lead to the sustainable development of the world economy and long-term economic benefits for society. Nevertheless, for China, it is immature because of the high cost and difficulties in the promotion. The government's strategies in economy and management are crucial to promoting prefabricated building policies. This paper establishes a quadripartite evolutionary game model composed of construction units, property developers, homebuyers, and government departments under the government supervision system by analyzing the entire interest chain of prefabricated buildings projects. It aims to study the impact of government management and economic strategies on promoting prefabricated building policies. The results show that: (1) The government should ensure the construction safety of projects through mature supervision systems to reduce citizens' resistant moods caused by project quality problems; (2) The government should improve the reward and punishment mechanism to motivate construction units and developers; (3) The government should invite supervision consulting companies to increase information transparency, avoiding the economic losses of the people and the obstruction of policy implementation caused by information imbalance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Western countries' relations with China are characterised by a dichotomy of partnership and conflict, of rapprochement and demarcation. To date, research lacks longitudinal studies that examine how these economic and political tendencies become manifest in the image of China conveyed by Western media. Taking Germany as an example, this study aims to shed light on the development of China coverage in print media between 2000 and 2019. Following a triangulating mixed-method approach, the results of computational topic 1 modelling (N = 55,893) are complemented by semi-standardised interviews with China correspondents. A framing analysis shows that China was depicted as a valuable economic partner until a rivalry frame started to become dominant in 2016/17. This shift was accompanied by a significant increase in media interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic & Political Thought / Myśl Ekonomiczna & Polityczna is the property of Lazarski University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Eco-efficiency is a hot issue at home and abroad these years. This paper analyzes the eco-efficiency of China by the material flow and studies the theory of the eco-efficiency and the method of the material flow. Economic development is showed by GDP, the material input and the environmental stress are done by the resource investment. The social economy system was studied by quantifying GDP, the gross industrial output value, the tertiary industry output value, the fossil fuels, metals, food and the import items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed at characterizing private higher education institutions (HEI) there are in the People's Republic of China. Their emergence and reemergence in the eighties, their impact on political and economic changes, and their prospects for development are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Review of International Affairs (04866096) is the property of Institute of International Politics & Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The rise in plastic waste production and its mismanagement poses huge environmental issues. Thermochemical techniques can minimize the amount of plastic waste discarded in landfills, reduce carbon footprints, increase conversion efficiency, and be cost-effective. Studies that compare the economic feasibility and environmental impact of treatment of mixed plastic waste for power generation via thermochemical methods are limited. The present study compares the electricity generation potential, economic feasibility, and environmental performance of plasma gasification and incineration of mixed plastic waste in China. The prominent findings show that plasma gasification's total power generation potential is 4378.6 GWh, while incineration is 491.2 GWh. The economic feasibility analysis shows that both projects are feasible with a positive net present value. Plasma gasification is highly beneficial with a higher net present value ($309.1 million), return on investment (32.1%), internal rate of return (27%), lower payback period (5.3 years), and levelized cost of energy ($0.230/kWh). The environmental assessment indicates that compared to the environmental impact, the environmental benefits of both projects are little. Relative to incineration, the environmental performance of plasma gasification is promising. This paper can give scientific guidance for optimal investment and decision-making on the environmental sustainability of mixed plastic waste treatment. • Thermochemical treatment techniques of plastic waste were compared. • Plasma gasification generated higher electricity than incineration. • Plasma gasification is economically beneficial than incineration technology. • The environmental impact of incineration is higher than plasma gasification. • Plasma gasification has promising environmental advantages than incineration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Given the scarcity of data during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in China, the decision-making for non-pharmaceutical policies was mostly based on insufficient evidence. The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of these policies, such as lockdown and government subsidies, on rural households and identify policy implications for China and other countries in dealing with pandemics. Design/methodology/approach: The authors survey 2,408 rural households by telephone from 101 counties across 17 provinces in China during the first stage of the pandemic (March 2020). The authors use the ordered probit model and linear regression model to study the overall impact of policies and then use the quantile regression model and sub-sample regression method to study the heterogeneity of the effects of government policies. Findings: The authors find that logistics disruption due to lockdown negatively affected rural households. Obstructed logistics is associated with a more significant loss for high-income households, while its impact on the loss expectation of low-income households is more severe. Breeding and other industries such as transport and sales suffer more from logistics than cultivation. The impact of logistics on intensive agricultural entities is more serious than that on professional farms. The government subsidy is more effective at reducing loss for low-income households. Lockdown and government subsidies have shown heterogeneous impacts on rural households. Practical implications: The overall economic losses experienced by rural households in the early stages of the pandemic are controllable. The government policies of logistics and subsidies should target specific groups. Originality/value: The authors evaluate the economic impacts of lockdown and government subsidies on rural households and show their heterogeneity among different groups. The authors further demonstrate the policy effectiveness in supporting rural households during the early stages of the pandemic and provide future policy guidance on major public health event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the connection between international politics that characterized the outbreak of COVID-19, mainly between the United States of America and China and the devastating impact of the second wave outbreak on the Nigerian economy. At the initial stage of the pandemic on the Chinese mainland, the economy of China experienced a significant decline. The efficacy of China's response to COVID-19 led to a fractional economic recovery during the pandemic. However, the internationalization of COVID-19 was greeted with a second wave in most advanced countries, such as the United States of America, Italy, and the United Kingdom, among others. The low level of preparedness and poor responses were comparably low in second-wave countries compared to China. It also examines the failure of the United States of America and China to develop a global health framework against COVID-19, as well as the Blame Game Politics that eventually played out. The politics of shifting blame between the United States of America and China, coupled with poor responses against COVID-19 in most Western countries, culminated in a devastating outbreak in low-income countries. Nigeria's COVID-19 experience severely affected the critical sectors of the economy. However, this awkward situation has heightened Nigeria's status as a major economic victim of the pandemic in Africa. The study utilized primary and secondary sources of data. The primary data were generated through the utility of Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and the secondary data were generated from textbooks, journal articles, and web-based materials. The data generated were analyzed using the logic induction method and thematic analysis. The study recommends rejigging the Nigerian economic framework and improving revenues through an Agrobased economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has adversely impacted the globally interconnected economy and brought the tourism sector to a temporary standstill. As such, this study aimed to investigate the spillover effect of industrial sectors by emphasizing the tourism sector. The study data was gathered from China and The United States (US) between 2019 and 2020 (pandemic period) using the Multivariate Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic-Dynamic Conditional Correlation (MGARCH-DCC) and Wavelet Coherence Transform (CWT) techniques to analyse the investment holding period. Country-wise, the sectoral return volatility in China was significantly higher than the US counterpart. Additionally, the intra-sector correlation analyses demonstrated that Chinese sectors successfully mitigated the intra-sector correction in the last quarter of 2019. A short-term holding period was also suggested for investors in China while a long-term counterpart was recommended for investors in the US. Regarding the Chinese and US industrial sectors in the first quarter of 2020, it was mutually concluded that both country stocks reflected high volatility. The tourism sector was also negatively affected throughout the pandemic period (between 2019 and 2020). Essentially, this study offered practical contributions to investors, mutual fund holders, and brokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capital investment stimulates a sizable portion of petroleum consumption, especially in emerging economies. However, investment-embedded petroleum consumption (IEPC) and the socioeconomic factors that influence it are not well studied. Our study's objective is to close this research gap. Our article estimates the effects of petroleum intensity, technology, investment structure, and economic development on China's IEPC using input–output and bipolar structural decomposition analysis. Additionally, our article develops a previously mostly unknown index of investment intensity. The findings indicated that, on average, between 1990 and 2016, investment induced nearly 30% of China's total final demand-embedded petroleum consumption. On average, petroleum intensity had the most significant decreasing effect on the Chinese IEPC. Averagely, technology had a positive impact, but from 2010 to 2016, it had a noticeable negative impact (− 1.51 exajoule). Both investment intensity and economic development had a significant upward effect. The impact of investment intensity was the smallest of all the factors. Disaggregation of the effects of socio-economic factors at the sectoral level revealed distinct patterns. Thus, by focusing on the socioeconomic dynamics of key sectors, the factors' current decreasing effects can be maximized, and their increasing effects minimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has committed to ambitious targets to reduce its carbon emissions in the next decades, in order to combat climate change and improve the environment. The realization of the targets depends on the fair and effective mitigation plans of all provinces. However, with varying ecological and environmental conditions and social-economic development, it is a critical issue to quantify the provinces' efforts equally. This paper proposed a comprehensive fE index in coordinating ecology, equity and economy, by accounting for carbon emissions and sinks to characterize provincial carbon emission status in China, from 2000 to 2017, which shows a spatial pattern of "boundary high, central low". The provinces with higher fE value (>1.5) in boundary areas can be seen as "relative equality" provinces with good ecology circulation, equity and economic efficiency. The provinces with lower fE value (<0.7) in central areas around Bohai Bay are regarded as "severe inequality" provinces, and are identified as the hot-spot provinces, which have emitted more CO2 than their equity share by occupying the carbon emission space of other provinces in recent decades. These results could provide a reference for a provincial guide for carbon reduction and sustainable development of the low-carbon economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]