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The article discusses a study which examines the sulfur content, bacterial content and level of sulfur and nitrogen leaching for commercial insulating papers. It explores the experimental method used such as sulfur analysis, bacteria analysis and leaching analysis. The study uses insulating electrical papers from well-known manufacturers and evaluates their Kraft and thermally upgraded qualities. It is concluded that different insulating papers contain significant amounts of sulfur which showed little migration. The increase of nitrogen content in oil exposed to thermally upgraded paper is said to suggest that migration from a transformer paper contributes to the amount of nitrogen-containing substances found in transformer oil.

The traction transformer of a high-speed railway is long-term subjected to the effects of impulse traction loads, such that the aging status of a multilayer insulation paper between high and low voltage windings is non-uniformly distributed due to the non?uniform distribution of temperature. To enhance the use of the frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy (FDS) method in engineering, this paper studies the effects of non-uniform thermal aging on the frequency domain dielectric spectrum of multilayer insulation paper. Based on the experimental designs and preparation of experimental materials, the frequency domain dielectric spectrum of a multilayer insulation paper with uniform and non-uniform thermal aging distribution was tested. Afterwards, the effects of non-uniform thermal aging on the frequency domain dielectric spectrum of multilayer insulation paper were discussed and analyzed based on the tested results. The results show that: 1) The effects of the non-uniform distribution of DP (cellulose structure) can be ignored. The non-uniform distribution of the aging byproducts (except moisture) has limited effects on the tested results, which is far less than the effects of moisture. The non-uniform distribution of moisture is the dominant factor and affects the results. 2) In terms of insulation paper with a defined aging status, its order in the multilayer insulation paper does not affect the tested results. 3) The tested results of the insulation samples with a non-uniform aging distribution can no longer reflect the moisture content of the wettest section, and the evaluated moisture content is slightly higher than the average moisture content of the multilayer insulation paper. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Power & Electrical Engineering is the property of RTU Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This document discusses the increasing demand for high-efficient isolated DC/DC converters in renewable energy applications. It presents seventeen papers that cover various topics such as reducing switch count and current balancing, addressing voltage ringing issues, solving current unbalance problems, and optimizing converter design. The papers provide experimental results and propose innovative methods to improve the efficiency and performance of DC/DC converters in renewable energy applications. The document also includes three research papers related to power converters, including one on a prototype for NanoGrid applications, one on a new DC-DC bipolar resonance converter, and one on enhancing the stability of a DCMG cluster. The text also includes acknowledgments and biographies of the guest editors. [Extracted from the article]

The papers address the following key areas: ' B I Applications of IoT and digital twin in electrical power systems: A comprehensive survey i b ': This research paper reviews the applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) and digital twin technology in electrical power systems. With the growth of Internet of Things (IoT) techniques, applications have become smarter, and linked gadgets allow them to be used in many parts of power systems. ' B I A new low-cost and low-power industrial Internet of Things infrastructure for effective integration of distributed and isolated systems with smart grids i b ': This research paper provides an Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure solution based on a newly designed low-cost microcontroller-based IoT remote terminal unit (RTU) to integrate new, old, and conventional sites of existing grids with smart grids. [Extracted from the article]

The text describes the organization of a Special Issue in the Sensors journal titled "Recent Trends and Advances in Telecommunications and Sensing." The Special Issue was based on papers presented at the 17th International Conference on Telecommunications (ConTEL) held at Graz University of Technology in Austria. The conference covered various topics related to telecommunications, including optical communications, satellite communications, IoT, and security. Nine papers were accepted for publication in the Special Issue, covering subjects such as network experimentation, optical camera communications in healthcare, and anomaly detection in firewall logs. The authors of the text are Erich Leitgeb, Maja Matijašević, Wilfried Gappmair, and Mario Kušek. [Extracted from the article]

Main insulation of windings connected with valves in high voltage direct current (HVDC) convert transformers withstands pulsating DC voltages. This paper presents breakdown properties of oil-impregnated paper under pulsating DC voltages at different temperatures. Progressive stress tests were carried out to obtain breakdown voltages of oil-impregnated paper with thickness of 0.2 mm under pulsating DC voltages at different temperatures. Constant stress tests were executed to measure time to breakdown of the oil-paper specimens. Both types of the experiments were also undertaken under either AC or DC voltages. An electrical aging lifetime model was proposed for the oil-impregnated paper, and parameters of the electrical aging lifetime model were presented. Experiments and analysis results show that the breakdown voltages and time to breakdown of oilpaper insulation are influenced by temperature significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Electrical equipment supplying and distributing energy is used in every pulp and paper industrial process. Many components made of various metallic and dielectric materials are vulnerable to corrosive atmospheres often present in the pulp and paper industrial facilities. Corrosion of electrical conductors may result in fast and irreversible deterioration, causing production loss and safety hazards. The paper reviews the most severe corrosion problems effecting conductivity of electrical contacts that result in overheating of electrical equipment used in this industry. A number of various protecting means are suggested to slow down corrosion of silver and copper and other metals most often used in electrical equipment. The paper discusses implementations and the value of various condition-monitoring techniques to provide timely maintenance of electrical equipment exposed to corrosive environments in the pulp and paper facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A generalization of the problem of writing on dirty paper is considered in which one transmitter sends a common message to multiple receivers. Each receiver experiences on its link an additive interference (in addition to the additive noise), which is known noncausally to the transmitter but not to any of the receivers. Applications range from wireless multiple-antenna multicasting to robust dirty paper coding. We develop results for memoryless channels in Gaussian and binary special cases. In most cases, we observe that the availability of side information at the transmitter increases capacity relative to systems without such side information, and that the lack of side information at the receivers decreases capacity relative to systems with such side information. For the noiseless binary case, we establish the capacity when there are two receivers. When there are many receivers, we show that the transmitter side information provides a vanishingly small benefit. When the interference is large and independent across the users, we show that time sharing is optimal. For the Gaussian case, we present a coding scheme and establish its optimality in the high signal-to-interference-plus-noise limit when there are two receivers. When the interference power is large and independent across all the receivers, we show that time-sharing is again optimal. Connections to the problem of robust dirty paper coding are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power capacitors are highly reliable due to their completely enclosed configuration. They are relatively trouble-free over the long term. However, their dielectric strength can be reduced due to some stresses, including overvoltage application or thermal degradation of the insulation material during long periods of operation; these events can result in dielectric breakdown of capacitors in extreme cases. Since almost all power capacitors with oil-impregnated paper have been operated for more than twenty years, some kind of failure should be expected. To prevent these incipient accidents, it is important to examine the insulation deterioration mechanism and evaluate the degree of deterioration before capacitor breakdown. To establish a diagnostic method of deterioration of the capacitors with oil-impregnated paper, we have conducted thermally and electrically accelerated deterioration tests and investigated the changes of their characteristics. Based on the experimental results we obtained, it can be concluded that the behavior of the oil-dissolved gases can be used as a useful index to diagnose the insulator deterioration of these capacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a guest editorial from the journal IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution. It emphasizes the need to improve the reliability and resilience of modern power systems in the face of various threats. The editorial highlights the importance of modeling, assessing, and enhancing the reliability and resilience of power grids that are increasingly incorporating grid-edge resources. The document also provides a summary of the papers included in a special issue of the journal, which cover topics such as planning reliable energy systems, analyzing power grid operations, and enhancing service restoration and grid-support load response. Additionally, the text discusses the issue of equity in power distribution system restoration processes and proposes a model called the equity-aware power distribution system restoration model. The model aims to balance equity and resilience in restoring power after outages by focusing on fair distribution of energy resources while maintaining operational efficiency. The text also includes brief biographies of several authors who have contributed to the field of power electronics and power system reliability. [Extracted from the article]

Acid catalyzed ageing of oil impregnated kraft paper has been studied experimentally. Five different carboxylic acids (formic, acetic, laevulinic, stearic and naphtenic acid) have been added to mineral oil to arrive at a neutralization value of 0,4 mg KOH/g. Thereafter, kraft paper of two different humidities has been allowed to equilibrate with the oil. The results show that the lower the molecular weight of the carboxylic acids is the more is absorbed by the paper. Furthermore, a clear synergy for the paper ageing rates between moisture and the lower molecular weight acids is found, while for the higher molecular weight acids almost no effects were found. It is concluded that present techniques for measuring acidity of oils do not reflect these detailed conditions. It is suggested to introduce a new measuring technique for neutralization value where water rinsing is used to identify the content of low molecular weight, water soluble acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  This paper describes the theoretical modeling for the prediction of slippage onset condition between the paper web and steel roller with experimental verifications. For the first step of modeling, the occurrence of slippage is observed for the cases of uncoated paper (newsprint) and coated paper, and the relation between the slip ratio and roller velocity is measured by changing web tension. Two kinds of theoretical model are proposed, and the applicability of the models is confirmed experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aim of preparing paper-based writing electronics, a kind of conductive pen was made with nano-silver ink as the conductive component and a rollerball pen as the writing implement. This was used to direct-write conductive patterns on Epson photo paper. In order to decrease the sintering temperature, pressure was introduced to enhance the driving forces for sintering. Compared with hot sintering without pressure, hot-pressure can effectively improve the conductivity of silver coatings, reduce the sintering time and thus improve productivity. Importantly, pressure can achieve a more uniform and denser microstructure, which increases the connection strength of the silver coating. At the optimum hot-pressure condition (sintering temperature 120 °C/sintering pressure 25 MPa/sintering time 15 min), a typical measured resistivity value was 1.43 × 10-7 Ω m, nine greater than that of bulk silver. This heat treatment process is compatible with paper and does not cause any damage to the paper substrates. Even after several thousand bending cycles, the resistivity values of writing tracks by hot-pressure sintering stay almost the same (from 1.43 × 10-7 to 1.57 × 10-7 Ω m). The stability and flexibility of the writing circuits are good, which demonstrates the promising future of writing electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have been carried out on the failure processes of low voltage distribution cables. This is mainly due to their excellent track record of high reliability, and their use of traditional technologies. Growing quantities of aged cable within the network now make management of these assets an important issue. This paper describes measurements of leakage current, partial discharges and arc formation within 400 V oil-impregnated paper insulated cable structures which have been artificially wetted by immersion in bulk water. A generic picture is produced to show the gradual evolution from a leakage current through discharge growth to final catastrophic failure. Rapid changes to the core temperature of a wet cable are shown to produce transient, high levels of leakage current. It is also shown that by increasing the core temperature more slowly these high levels can be reduced. It is suggested that the characteristics of individual arcs within successive half cycles may provide a basis for predicting whether an incipient fault will lead to failure in the short term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge about moisture content in oil impregnated paper insulation is essential when estimating remaining lifetime of power transformers. Direct evaluation of moisture content is rarely possible due to inaccessibility of the internal insulation system in transformers. Therefore, various indirect estimation techniques are utilized. Frequency domain spectroscopy (FDS) measurements of transformer insulation belong to this group. To perform high quality interpretation of results of FDS measurements a good knowledge on dielectric responses in oil impregnated pressboard and paper is required, especially as it refers to their variation with water content and temperature. The aim of this paper is to provide an open access to the frequency domain spectra of oil impregnated paper and pressboard samples, which can then be used in modeling of the results of diagnostic measurements in power transformers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bushing of a transformer is one part of the transformer system, but is as vital as the transformer itself because it forms a part of the main circuit. Deterioration and abnormal condition of the bushing possibly cause its destruction, shortage of the main circuit to the Earth, and fire in the systems, so that diagnosis of the bushings is thus very important. At present, mainly visual inspection from outside of the bushing is carried out. Inspection of the inside condition of the bushing by dissolved gas analysis of the inside oil is done only as sampling for selected bushings because it is difficult due to the sealed construction of the bushings. Therefore, a simple diagnostic method for bushings has been expected for a long time. In Eastern Europe, the RVM (Return Voltage Measurement) method based on scanning the polarization spectra was applied to the oil–paper insulation systems inside the transformer as a diagnostic method. In this paper we investigate theoretically the principle of the RVM method applied to bushings with the same oil–paper insulation systems as the transformer by using the equivalent circuit, and the possibility of using this novel diagnostic method for condenser-type bushings is demonstrated by a model experiment. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 130(1): 21–29, 2000 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article abstract contains maximum of 150 words and is written in the language of the article. The abstract should reflect the content of the article as precisely as possible. TECHNICAL JOURNAL is a trade journal that publishes scientific and professional papers from the domain(s) of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, civil engineering, multimedia, logistics, etc., and their boundary areas. This document must be used as the template for writing articles so that all the articles have the same layout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A. Montisci, S. Cargangiu, G. Sias, B. Cannas and A. Fanni, in [[16]], present a real time bolometer tomographic reconstruction algorithm in nuclear fusion reactors based on the combination of highly correlated grid elements to yield a square coefficient matrix with sufficiently low condition number. The procedure was derived from the polynomial reproduction properties satisfied by the Hermite splines without requiring the explicit construction/evaluation of the basic functions. The paper authored by Y.E. Shao and S.C. Lin [[1]] presents an innovative time-delay neural network-based classifier to diagnose the quality variables that cause out-of-control signals for a normal multivariate process with variance shifts. It is now clear that cooperation between academia and industries is crucial for social, cultural, technological and economic progress and innovation. [Extracted from the article]

This paper discusses a practical approach to allow personnel safe access to switchgear while maintaining pulp and paper mill processes, specifically in existing electrical distribution system unit substation installations where a main breaker was not incorporated into the original design. Various component configurations were evaluated prior to a final solution being implemented. Modernization of existing equipment was determined to be the most efficient and cost-effective solution, allowing mill personnel to work safely on switchgear during periods of mill production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though theoretical knowledge is essential, there is a growing belief that when teaching applied sciences, particularly engineering, a great emphasis should be placed on the development of students’ practical skills. Therefore, some courses and curricula need to be revised to enhance the current state of education in this field. This can be achieved through the introduction of project-based learning (PBL). The PBL approach is ideal for teaching engineering disciplines because its framework promotes critical thinking and problem-solving skills, which are essential for a professional engineering career. This paper explains the implementation and comparative analysis of the PBL method in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering at King Faisal University. The challenges faced in this implementation include incorporating the PBL approach into the departments’ overall instructional technique, defining the roles of PBL coordinators, and addressing the characteristics of the PBL problems that arise in the courses offered. Furthermore, the implementation of PBL projects is evaluated based on the common courses offered in both departments. It is taken as an example and assessed based on problem-solving, teamwork skills, and the outcomes of accreditation board for engineering and technology. The results of this implementation are reported in this paper. Furthermore, we actively shared our experience managing course projects remotely during the fall semester, which COVID-19 impacted. Recommendations for future work are discussed, emphasizing the importance of having sufficient resources and fostering collaboration with industry and researchers from diverse disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Swedish (Karolinska Institute) epidemiology investigation, which has been carried out on cancers in children residing near high-voltage power lines in and outside Stockholm county during 1960 to 1985, makes the conclusion that there is a significant association between the historical magnetic fields calculated and childhood leukemia. Employing the results of the stratum-specific analyses, and assuming that the relative risk of childhood leukemia is significant whenever the lower limit of its 95% confidence interval is above unity, we learn that the association is seen for children diagnosed during 1975 to 1985 residing outside Stockholm county, while it is not seen for those diagnosed 1960–1974 residing in and outside Stockholm county. We thus conclude that the association is not a causal relation, because consistency of association was not always seen throughout the areas and periods investigated. Therefore, we have no alternative but to consider that the conclusion which suggests that the same association is to be observed in every area and during every period is not valid. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 129(4): 39–44, 1999 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extensive revision of the IEEE C37.011 ‘Application Guide for TRV for AC High-Voltage circuit Breakers’ has been in process for the last four years. The main aim was to introduce the two- and the four- parameter description of the transient recovery voltage (TRV) as used in IEC Switchgear standards that have been introduced in the revisions of Standards C37.04 and C37.06. These two standards are being concurrently revised, but IEEE C37.011 provides the necessary explanations on TRV characteristic in advance. Non-specialist engineer users of the guide will better understand these standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method of actuating liquid metal using capillary action via paper media is presented. This actuation method uses no electrical power and is capable of moving a liquid-metal slug up to 3 mm/s. A microstrip transmission line switch was fabricated to demonstrate this new actuation method. This switch has >40 dB isolation and <2 dB insertion loss across a 5-GHz span. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In practical applications, the accuracy of domain terminology translation is an important criterion for the performance evaluation of domain machine translation models. Aiming at the problem of phrase mismatch and improper translation caused by word-by-word translation of English terminology phrases, this paper constructs a dictionary of terminology phrases in the field of electrical engineering and proposes three schemes to integrate the dictionary knowledge into the translation model. Scheme 1 replaces the terminology phrases of the source language. Scheme 2 uses the residual connection at the encoder end after the terminology phrase is replaced. Scheme 3 uses a segmentation method of combining character segmentation and terminology segmentation for the target language and uses an additional loss module in the training process. The results show that all three schemes are superior to the baseline model in two aspects: BLEU value and correct translation rate of terminology words. In the test set, the highest accuracy of terminology words was 48.3% higher than that of the baseline model. The BLEU value is up to 3.6 higher than the baseline model. The phenomenon is also analyzed and discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These instructions give guidelines for preparing papers for the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS. The downloaded template must be used. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the field of electrical engineering, there is an increasing concern among managers and operators about the secure and cost-efficient operation of smart power systems in response to disturbances caused by physical cyber attacks and natural disasters. This paper introduces an innovative framework for the hybrid, coordinated control of Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFCs) and Power System Stabilizers (PSSs) within a power system. The primary objective of this framework is to enhance the system's security metrics, including stability and resilience, while also considering the operational costs associated with defending against cyber-physical attacks. The main novelty of this paper lies in the introduction of a real-time online framework that optimally coordinates a power system stabilizer, power oscillation damper, and unified power flow controller to enhance the power system's resilience against transient disturbances caused by cyber-physical attacks. The proposed approach considers technical performance indicators of power systems, such as voltage fluctuations and losses, in addition to economic objectives, when determining the optimal dynamic coordination of UPFCs and PSSs—aspects that have been neglected in previous modern research. To address the optimization problem, a novel multi-objective search algorithm inspired by Harris hawks, known as the Multi-Objective Harris Hawks (MOHH) algorithm, was developed. This algorithm is crucial in identifying the optimal controller coefficient settings. The proposed methodology was tested using standard IEEE9-bus and IEEE39-bus test systems. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of this approach in achieving optimal system recovery, both technically and economically, in the face of cyber-physical attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nippon Paper Group is planning to introduce power generation plants running primarily on new energy such as biomass fuel at four of its subsidiaries under an ¥31 billion investment programme. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The GaAs MESFET is a light-sensitive device. For normal microwave applications this is considered an undesirable property, and device manufacturers attempt to minimize it. In the last decade researchers discovered ways of utilizing this effect. In this article we present briefly the optical detection properties of the MESFET and describe some typical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the influence of hydrostatic pressure on the discharge along the oil-paper interface under AC voltage, especially for the normal operating condition and breakdown. In this paper, an experimental platform was set up to record the partial discharge (PD) parameters of the test sample under different hydrostatic pressures, while the applied AC voltage was increased to final flashover voltage step by step. Experimental results showed that higher hydrostatic pressure had different effects on PD under different voltages. Higher pressure decreased the PD energy and increased the flashover voltage. Furthermore, under higher hydrostatic pressure, discharge traces (white mark) were found on the surface of the samples after intense discharging on the oil-paper interfaces, indicating that the hydrostatic pressure can affect the gas generation and dissipation process underneath the surface of the pressboards. Finally, the mechanism of how hydrostatic pressure influences the PD, flashover voltage, and white mark was interpreted based on the bubble theory. The results derived in this paper can be helpful for an optimal design and reasonable operation of oil-paper insulation systems, especially for power transformers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These instructions give guidelines for preparing papers for this publication. Presents information for authors publishing in this journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These instructions give guidelines for preparing papers for this publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Properties of oil and paper in a transformer degrade primarily due to thermal ageing and moisture ingress. Dielectric diagnostic tests, such as Recovery Voltage (RV), and Polarizations and Depolarization Current (PDC) measurement are currently being explored as potential tools for insulation condition assessment. A modern chemical analysis tool for paper molecular weight (MW) measurement, Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) or the more accurately described Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) promises to be useful in assessing ageing condition. However, the issue of separately assessing the impacts of ageing and moisture on oil and paper has been a key issue for many years. In the current research project, a series of experiments have been performed under controlled laboratory conditions with preset moisture content, and at controlled high temperature ageing. Whereas RV and PDC measurement results were found to be more sensitive to the moisture content of the oil and paper insulation, the MW distribution measurement by SEC provided a trend of insulation thermal ageing. This paper first provides a brief description of RVM, PDC and SEC procedures followed by a description of the experimental techniques adopted. Results are then analysed with the view of separately understanding the impacts of thermal ageing and moisture on the condition of oil and paper insulation in a transformer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication skills, especially academic writing skills in English, are vital for a successful career in the global scientific community. Finnish engineering students, however, seem to encounter problems when preparing their scientific publications in English as a second language (ESL) for international forums. Thus, these skills should be enhanced at all levels of academic education to promote students' development as experts in their field. The paper describes challenges faced by engineering students in academic writing and seeks solutions to promote students' learning process. In addition to communication issues, the paper enlightens the environment and conditions in which the engineering students operate. By an interpretive study, the paper examines texts written by Finnish engineering students. The qualitative textual analysis is based on Systemic Functional Linguistics. Further, the paper discusses learning of academic writing from the perspective of situated learning. Based on the textual analysis, the paper identifies challenges and problems in academic writing, namely unfamiliarity with publication practices, grammar and terminology problems, unawareness of academic discourse strategies, such as hedging and the use of cohesive devices, and challenges with handling feedback. To enhance students' competences in academic communication within their discipline, guidance and training of communication skills should be integrated into relevant technical and academic contexts throughout the engineering studies. Thus, in addition to thesis writing, argumentation and writing skills and the use of databases can be enhanced for instance by writing course reports in the form of academic papers. Individual consultation also plays a key role in the situated learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These instructions give guidelines for preparing papers for the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS. The downloaded template must be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The table of contents for the February 2013 issue of the journal "Proceedings of the IEEE" is presented.

A call for papers on engineering works is presented.

With the growing movement of using direct current (DC) load demands, as well as DC distribution generations (DGs), the distribution system has undergone significant changes on the production and demand side. Due to alternating current (AC) and DC generators and load demands, it is not costeffective to continue in the AC distribution system. Therefore, AC/DC hybrid distribution system planning is economical despite various demands and generations. On the other hand, uncertainty in load demand and output power of DGs cause the possible behavior of the distribution system. This behavior leads to risk in the distribution system. In this paper, the AC/DC distribution system planning is discussed by considering the risk. The planning problem in the matrix laboratory and general algebraic modeling system (MATLAB/GAMS) hybrid space has been formulated and solved. Using the K-means algorithm, the uncertainty related to renewable DG output power and load demand has been modeled. To verify the proposed method, it was implemented in a sample distribution system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new neural machine translation model of electrical engineering that combines a transformer with gated recurrent unit (GRU) networks. By fusing global information and memory information, the model effectively improves the performance of low-resource neural machine translation. Unlike traditional transformers, our proposed model includes two different encoders: one is the global information encoder, which focuses on contextual information, and the other is the memory encoder, which is responsible for capturing recurrent memory information. The model with these two types of attention can encode both global and memory information and learn richer semantic knowledge. Because transformers require global attention calculation for each word position, the time and space complexity are both squared with the length of the source language sequence. When the length of the source language sequence becomes too long, the performance of the transformer will sharply decline. Therefore, we propose a memory information encoder based on the GRU to improve this drawback. The model proposed in this paper has a maximum improvement of 2.04 BLEU points over the baseline model in the field of electrical engineering with low resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]