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Copyright of Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü - Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Karadeniz Technical University, Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to investigate the possible impact of foreign direct investment inflows (FDI) on environmental pollution and to test the validity of the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) in the case of Turkey over the period 1970–2020. For this purpose, we apply the Fourier approximation to determine stochastic properties of the variables that are FDI, economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions used in empirical analysis and the relationship between them. The advantage of the Fourier approximation is capable of capturing possible structural breaks in unknown forms and numbers in the series. According to Fourier KPSS and Fourier FADF tests, all series are stationary at order one, I (1). Fourier Shin and Fourier ADL cointegration tests put forth evidence of the existence of a long-term relationship between CO2, GDP, EC, and FDI. FMOLS expanded with Fourier terms suggesting that FDI has relatively little but a positive impact on CO2 emissions, so we conclude that PHH is valid for Turkey. The other finding reveals that there exists an inverted U-shape relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions. According to this result, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for Turkey is also supported. Another remark of this paper is that energy consumption significantly increases environmental degradation in Turkey. These findings also are supported by Fourier Toda and Yamamoto causality test. There is a causality relationship from GDP, EC, and FDI to CO2 emissions. These findings offer useful recommendations for policymakers: the FDI, which uses new and clean technology, should be encouraged and implemented energy policies should be energy intensity reducer and efficiency increaser for reducing environmental pollution in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apart from business considerations stemming from the marketplace, businesses, individuals, and the economy at large, political decisions also play a role on environmental quality. Governments make a series of policies that impact private businesses, sectors, the environment, and the economy at large. In this paper, we test the asymmetric role of political risk on CO2 emissions, while controlling for renewable energy, non-renewable energy, and real income: policy toward environmental sustainability objectives in the context of Turkey. To realize the motive of this study, we capture the asymmetric effect of the regressors by adopting the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag method (NARDL). This research adds to the environmental literature in terms of methodological and empirical. Methodologically, the study shows that a nonlinear relationship exists among the variables, and it has a significant impact on environmental sustainability targets. The outcome of the NARDL indicates that the increasing political risk, non-renewable energy, and economic growth follow a trajectory trend on carbon emissions, which is unsustainable in Turkey, but renewable energy is sustainable. Moreover, decreasing real income and non-renewable energy decreases carbon emissions. This research also deployed the frequency domain test to capture the causal association of the concerned variables and the outcome indicates political risk, renewable energy, non-renewable energy use, and real income are predictors of CO2 in Turkey. From this result, policies geared toward promoting a sustainable environment were formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Th e link between energy consumption and CO2 emissions has received a signifi - cant research attention in the last few decades in the case of Turkey. Th e authors in general agree on the positive link between these two macroeconomic terms. However, the link between electricity generation and CO2 emissions did not receive much attention what was the motivation to conduct this study. Th us, this paper aims to provide empirical evidence on the link between these two variables while controlling for the role of the population growth. Th e time-series data are collected at annual basis in the period between 1974 and 2016. Our results reveal a bidirectional causal link between electricity generation and population growth. Th ese fi ndings imply that population growth stimulates the electricity generation. In addition, electricity generation tends to stimulate the population growth. Th is is since some of the countries in the World have big problems with electricity supply. It infl uences negatively the manufacturing sector, educational sector as well as many other sectors. Moreover, a bidirectional link between population growth and CO2 emissions are recorded. More population is expected to demand more working place, and fi rms especially those in industry sector are known as signifi cant energy gluttons. Th e empirical evidence of this paper can serve as an important insight for decision makers. At fi rst, it suggests the necessity to think of the possibilities to develop renewable energy in Turkey. Th is is since Turkey has a great potential in the fi elds of renewable energy. In this light, Turkey may solve the problem of the great reliance on the imported energy. Moreover, the business climate should be more favorable for investors tending to support the projects in the fi elds of renewable energy. Apart from these, it is of great importance to make a necessary eff ort to increase the energy effi ciency which will reduce the current energy consumption and CO2 emission consequently. At last, it would be necessary to educate both, the private and public sector, on the benefi ts of renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the impact of renewable energy consumption, total factor productivity (TFP), income, imports, and exports on consumption-based CO2 emissions in Turkey from 1990 to 2019, utilizing the Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) method. The findings indicated that the use of renewable energy, total factor productivity and exports negatively influence CO2 emissions. On the other hand, the positive impact of income and imports on CO2 emissions was found. The negative impact of renewable energy consumption and total factor productivity highlights the importance of implementing environmentally friendly measures in the energy sector (particularly raising the proportion of renewable energy in overall energy consumption) and technological innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is an indispensable requirement for the sustainable development of countries. Turkey has been trying to increase the use of renewable sources in electricity energy production with the policies it has implemented recently. This study investigates the effect of disaggregate energy consumption on economic growth in Turkey via the Augmented ARDL. Robust results are obtained by Augmented ARDL in econometric analysis. In this context, it is to examine the impact of renewable energy, natural gas, and coal consumption. Considering the 2001 crisis in Turkey, we add a dummy variable to the cointegration equation. The paper employs the recently developed augmented ARDL approach in the presence of one structural break to investigate annual time series data during the period 1988–2018. The results obtained in this study showed that all variables were statistically significant eventually. Long-term estimation results suggest that among the energy sources examined in the study, on economic growth has a positive effect coal consumption, natural gas consumption, and renewable energy. Moreover, empirical results indicated that economic growth and energy consumption also contribute to environmental damage. On the contrary, natural gas both increases economic growth and is effective in increasing environmental quality. The fact that the positive effect of renewable energy sources on economic growth eventually is greater than natural gas is the most striking finding of the study. In line with these results, it can be said that Turkey can reduce its energy dependence by increasing the use of domestic and renewable energy sources and providing sustainable economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research article uses simultaneous equation modelling approach to investigate the three-way linkages between economic growth, energy consumption, and environmental quality in Turkey for the 1970 to 2014 period. Further, the study uses physical capital stock, labour force, manufacturing value added, trade openness, credit to private sector, and urbanisation as control variables. The paper employs generalised method of moments (GMM) technique that ensures consistent and efficient estimates of the long-run relationship. The econometric approach controls for nonstationarity, endogeneity, cross-error correlation, and heteroscedasticity problems. Further, robustness of the results is checked by using three-stage least squares (3SLS) estimator. The statistical results of the paper support the existence of bidirectional causality between energy consumption and economic growth, CO2 emissions and economic growth, and CO2 emissions and energy consumption. Moreover, the results indicate existence of a monotonically increasing relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth implying non-existence of Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in Turkey during the sample period. The findings of the present study are of particular interest to policymakers as they help pursue economic policies to achieve sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the regions where Cynara cardunculus L. is cultivated in Turkey are revealed, with data obtained from several locations in Turkey. Furthermore, the installation of active biogas plants in these regions has been identified, and the utilization of Cynara cardunculus L. residues as a biomass source, particularly in Izmir biogas plants, has been investigated. To begin, the amount of Cynara cardunculus L. cultivated in the world and Turkey has been determined. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)'s recent data for 2019, approximately 1.6 million tons of Cynara cardunculus L. were produced globally, with Turkey accounting for nearly 2.5% of this quantity. The data from the Biomass Energy Potential Map for Turkey (BEPA) was reviewed, and it was calculated that approximately 40 thousand tons of Cynara cardunculus L. are produced in Turkey each year. Furthermore, the agricultural production of this crop in Turkey generates roughly 225 thousand tons of residues. In comparison to other regions, the Izmir region generates 32.5% of Turkey's Cynara cardunculus L. residues. However, no research on the evaluation of this residue potential and the utilization of Cynara cardunculus L. residues in biogas production has been conducted to date. As a result, it was aimed at the residual potential of Cynara cardunculus L. in various regions of Turkey, as well as its potential utilization as a biomass resource for biogas plants in these areas. It has been calculated that 1.65% of the Izmir population could supply its energy demands by utilizing the energy equivalent of the Izmir region's wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates whether the carbon dioxide (CO2) intensity of GDP matters for environmental degradation in an emerging country, namely, Turkey, over the period of 1990–2018 while controlling economic growth, foreign direct investment, and renewable energy consumption. The present study uses both linear and nonlinear time series estimators, namely, the Gregory and Hansen cointegration test, bounds test, nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model, fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), and canonical cointegrating regressions (CCR), to encapsulate the possible effect of CO2 intensity of GDP, economic growth, foreign direct investment, and renewable energy consumption on environmental degradation in Turkey. The empirical finding of the present study reveals that the CO2 intensity of GDP is an important factor to determine environmental degradation in Turkey and the declining CO2 intensity of GDP reduces environmental degradation. Moreover, economic growth is the primary environmental sustainability factor in Turkey. The result is vital for policymaking and can perhaps be applied to take decisive policy actions to mitigate environmental issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that Turkey has recently committed itself for the first time to reducing its CO2 emissions in the interest of sustainable growth in not only Turkey but also the world as a whole, this paper examines the relationship between energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic growth in Turkey for the period 1960–2014. In view of the different findings concerning causality and the character of the relationships between these variables revealed in our review of past studies (in most cases using quite different methods), this paper utilizes several different but related methodological approaches for identifying causal relationships. These include both the Toda and Yamamoto (1995) approach, the Fourier Toda-Yamamoto for Cumulative Frequency approach developed by Nazlioglu et al. (2016), vector error correction model (VECM) methodology, and the asymmetric Granger causality test proposed by Hatemi-J (Empir Econ 43:447–456, Hatemi-j 2012). Our results show that, when we apply the popular Toda-Yamamoto model, causality in these relationships is not confirmed even among any of the relevant variables in Turkey. Yet, when the Fourier Toda-Yamamoto tests for cumulative frequency are employed, we find unidirectional causality running from GDP per capita to emissions of CO2 per capita. Moreover, when we utilize the VECM methodology, the results show that long-run causality exists from GDP per capita and energy to CO2 emissions. When we apply the asymmetric causality tests, the results provide even stronger evidence for a unidirectional causal relationship from GDP per capita to CO2 emissions. As a result, the latter sets of results, based on more realistic conditions, suggest very strongly that, if Turkey is to meet the objectives of its ambitious Climate Change Action Plan commitment to the United Nations to reduce its CO2 per capita emissions relative to its past trends by up to 21% over the coming 2021–2030 decade, it is going to get very serious about the best way to do this as soon as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy consumption efficiency is gaining momentum due to climate change, increased carbon emissions by firms, and paucity of fossil fuels. Energy management systems (EMS) and environmental awareness came into the spotlight few decades ago and are said to improve energy efficiency of firms. The purpose of this paper is to unveil the association and serial mediation between EMS and firm performance through pro-environmental energy consumption (PEC) and pro-environmental energy consumption performance (PECP), and the moderating role of environmental awareness (EA). The obtained data from industrial Turkish firms (n = 189) were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique. Results revealed that (1) EMS exerts a significant impact on PEC, (2) EMS impact on PECP is not significant, (3) PEC exerts a significant impact on PECP, (4) PECP exerts a significant impact on firm performance, (5) PEC and PECP serially mediated the association between EMS and firm performance, and (6) EA moderated the association between EMS and PECP, such that the association became stronger when EA is high compare to when it is low. Implications for theory and practice are discussed alongside future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Forestry Faculty of Kastamonu University is the property of Kastamonu University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wind power has become one of the cost-effective options for improving the energy mix, while the wind farm installations reach higher shares by new capacity additions in Turkey, similar to many other countries, in order to support the sustainable development targets. Various methodologies are implemented and applied for planning and optimizing energy systems of countries, taking into consideration the energy, economy, and ecology aspects as a whole. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the implications of "2023 energy targets" policy in terms of wind power. A futuristic scenario was tailored and applied to a comprehensive energy model for the energy system of Turkey. The official wind energy vision and goal of Turkey were analyzed by applying a scenario based on 20,000 MW wind power capacity installation by the year 2023. The results indicated that, if applied, this action will increase the share of wind power utilization to the level of 16% in the total renewables while the installed wind capacity will reach 18%. Finally, the total cost of this strategic target which doubles the installed capacity and electricity generation by wind power, including the respective investment costs and subsidizations results, were calculated as $24.78 billion on the analysis horizon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular Economy has emerged in need of an alternative economic model to reduce the environmental hazard and improve sustainability. This study analyzed four different indicators of Circular Economy, namely: resource productivity, renewable energy consumption, domestic material consumption and the generation of municipal waste based on secondary data to depict the volume of circular practices in Turkey in a frame of Circular Economy and environmental performance. Main findings of the paper show that Turkey is lagging behind the EU average regarding circular economy practices and environmental performance. On the other hand, increased levels of Renewable Energy Consumption may help to reduce CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to explore the role of globalization on ecological footprint in Turkey while controlling energy consumption, economic growth, and trade openness. To achieve this objective, we employ dual adjustment approach. The main novelty of the dual adjustment approach is that the method offers another path to the cointegration analysis by relaxing the implicit assumption of the singular adjustment in cointegration analysis. The findings clearly reveal that (i) in the long run, globalization impacts ecological footprint positively and (ii) trade openness reduces ecological footprint in the short run, while ecological footprint is negatively affected by GDP growth in both the short and the long run. In terms of policy implications, this study suggests that in order to improve the environmental quality, Turkey should adopt such policies that encourage energy consumers to shift toward renewable energy. Moreover, the government should take necessary steps to diversify the overall energy mix toward renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the non-linear causality from energy consumption and economic growth to ecological footprint for the case of Turkey by employing ARDL Models and ECM-Based Granger Causality over the period from 1961 to 2016. The major contribution of the article to the literature is that (i) the data period of the empirical analysis of the study is much longer than the one of the other studies for the case of Turkey; (ii) ecological footprint, which has been rarely used in the studies for the same case is taken as a sophisticated proxy of environmental degradation; (iii) it is found that the sophisticated key term 'awareness' needs much more multidisciplinary attention and wider mind maps as the causality from energy consumption to ecological footprint has U-shape; (iv) the non-linear causality is investigated and the complicated puzzle is discussed in the framework of a wide and coherent mind map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policies on sustainability of buildings have been progressively gaining importance throughout the world. Turkey is a part of such international movements and is now striving to address its energy performance, by reducing emissions of contaminants derived from energy consumption of buildings, and through the protection of the environment. The present paper links these two elements of development, through the revision of building policies and strategies that take place in Turkey while contextualising worldwide sustainability targets and key trends. This is demonstrated with the aim of identifying the environment and energy goals that underpin the construction sector. As a result, specific actions, regarding policy and implementation arise. These could enable the reduction of energy usage and emission of pollutants, partially through the increase of renewable energy use and the promotion of building certification, as dictated by existing legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Research in Economics is the property of Journal of Research in Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to explore the impact of real interest rates (RIN), income, trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), and energy consumption on Turkey's carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) over the period from 1980 to 2014. This study differs from the existing literature by introducing a new discussion in the determination of environmental degradation, namely real interest rate. Hatemi-J (HJ) cointegration with two structural breaks and the newly developed Bayer–Hanck (BH) combined cointegration tests are used to enhance and support the robustness of the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test. The Granger causality test within the vector error correction model (VECM) is employed to examine the causality direction among the variables in both the short and long run. The empirical results demonstrate that RIN negatively effects CO2 emissions. This impact is also supported through energy, income, and FDI channels. It is suggested that policy makers should promote the stability of the real interest rates channel to reduce CO2 emissions and encourage the renewable energy investment through the production of electricity using renewable sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impacts of (non-renewable and renewable) energy consumption and trade on environmental pollution in an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) setting in Turkey for the 1965–2016 period.Design/methodology/approach Besides conventionally used unit root tests, Zivot–Andrews unit-root test is also employed to account for a possible structural break. To investigate the interrelationships among the variables, the autoregressive distributed lag and the vector error correction methodologies are employed.Findings The results verify the EKC hypothesis. Moreover, increases in trade and non-renewable energy consumption rise carbon emissions in long run, while renewable energy consumption reduces it in both short- and long-run. The causality analysis reveals that there are bi-directional long-run causalities between non-renewable energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, and between trade and carbon dioxide emissions. Additionally, the neutrality hypothesis is valid for the renewable energy consumption-income nexus in both short- and long-run. For the non-renewable energy consumption-income nexus, the neutrality hypothesis holds only in short-run and the conservation hypothesis holds only in long-run.Originality/value This is the first study which incorporates both renewable energy consumption and trade into its environmental pollution model for Turkey. Moreover, by investigating short- and long-run causalities among the employed variables, more robust policy implications are put forward. Lastly, this study employs a longer sample period and considers a structural break in its models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aim at analyzing the influence of incentive policies on renewable energy deployment in European Union countries and Turkey over the 2000–2018 period. Applying both panel fixed effect and the dynamic panel estimation methods, we compared the results of these two different techniques. Moreover, we included "net metering" that has not been analyzed before, in our policy toolkit, that includes a large number of incentives. Our data cover longer time series than the previous studies in the literature, and it provides new results of different renewable energy policies and drivers for analyzed countries. Empirical findings show that while grants, Research and Development, tax, certification, and policy support have positive and statistically significant impacts on the renewable energy capacity, direct investments, loan, and net metering instruments have no stimulating effect on the renewable energy deployment. These results indicate the deterrent impact of regulations and direct investments on capacity of electricity generated from renewable energy. Moreover, our estimation results reveal that fossil energy consumption, nuclear energy, and GDP are important drivers of renewable energy deployment while net import (energy security) and CO2 emissions are not. Our study highlights the importance of research and development activities, tax incentives, and efficient policy design in transition to green economy in the countries analyzed. Following the detailed discussion of the results, possible policy implications are presented at the end of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to investigate the short-run and long-run relationship and causality between energy consumption and economic growth during 1960-2006 period for Turkey. Johansen and Juselius cointegration method and vector error correction model (VECM) have been employed to examine this issue. After finding cointegration among variables, a VECM is estimated and the Granger causality tests were carried out based on a VECM. The results have shown that there is no short-run causality in both energy consumption and GDP models. The results also confirmed that there is unidirectional long-run causality among variables of interest and the direction of long-run causality is running from per capita GDP to per capita energy consumption. As a result, conservation hypothesis which postulates unidirectional causality from economic growth to energy consumption is confirmed for Turkey. Taken together, these empirical findings involve valuable information for policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil price hikes can have disruptive effects on the current account balances of oil-importing developing countries, which largely depend on external energy sources for domestic output. Nonetheless, the relation between oil prices and current account has been analyzed only in a limited number of studies for the developing countries. This paper contributes to the literature by examining the dynamics of how oil prices impact the current account in Turkey for the period between 2004 and 2015. For this purpose, a rolling window analysis using an advanced resampling technique, namely maximum entropy boot-strap (meboot), for strongly dependent time series data was performed. The empirical results reveal that oil price fluctuations have considerable effects on Turkey's current account balance. In order to curtail the current account deficit, it is crucial that Turkey redesigns its energy policies and seeks alternative energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, biomass sources were investigated. In recent years, many attempts have been made to utilize biomass, such as wood, hazelnut shell, agricultural waste residues, waste paper and wheat straw, tea waste, and olive husk. The amount of annual biomass potential of Turkey is approximately 32 million tons of oil equivalent (mtoe) and domestic energy consumption accounts for about 37% of total energy consumption. Of this, about 52% are from biomass-based fuels. The amount of usable biomass potential of Turkey is approximately 17 Mtoe. Electrical production from usable biomass has a net impact of $4.4 billion in personal and corporate income and represented more than 160,000 jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Turkey has experienced rapid economic and population growth coupled with both an equally rapid increase in energy consumption and a vast disparity in welfare between socioeconomic groups and regions. In turn, these pressures have accelerated the destruction of productive, assimilative, and regenerative capacities of the ecosystems, which are essential for the well-being of the people and the economy. This paper describes the structure and function of major ecosystem types in Turkey and discusses the underlying causes of environmental degradation in the framework of economy, energy, environment, and ethics. From a national perspective, this paper suggests three sustainability-based policies necessary for Turkey's long-term interests that balance economic, environmental, and energy goals: (1) decoupling economic growth from energy consumption growth through the development of energy-efficient and renewable energy technologies; (2) linking economic efficiency and distributive justice of wealth and power through distributive and participatory public policies; and (3) integrating the economic and ecological systems through the internalization of externalities and ecosystem rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey’s rapid economic growth followed by increasing gap between domestic energy production and consumption signifies the large-scale integration of low-carbon and renewable resources into energy system. Turkey’s energy demand is increasing and supplying fossil energies such as oil and gas is becoming more challenging due to the lack of domestic hydrocarbon resources. The country is facing two main issues; first, maintaining energy balance and second, handling environmental issues. Nevertheless, Turkey has substantial renewable and low-carbon energy resources with co-benefits for the country’s fast growing economy and environmental sustainability. This paper aims to present a comprehensive update on Turkey’s renewable and low-carbon energy sector. It reviews not only the current status of the technology, policy and economy, but also provides an insight into the social aspects as well. From a policy point of view, the paper critically discusses Turkey’s energy strategy and perspectives and from the social point of view, the paper argues that there is a research gap in recent literature regarding public awareness and social acceptance of low-carbon energy technologies. Also, the future challenges for promoting low-carbon society in Turkey are discussed in terms of sustainable development and socio-environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the forecasting of Turkey’s electricity domestic consumption using hybrid algorithm, which bases on Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Iterated Local Search (ILS) algorithms. The approximation forecasting of an important energy source like electric for countries such as Turkey, which greatly imported energy sources, is so vital. In this paper, electricity domestic consumption model is first proposed by hybrid approach of ACO and ILS. Both techniques are quite simple and powerful stochastic local search method. ACO uses pheromone update mechanism to escape the local optimum. ILS applies iteratively local search to an initial solution until finding a local optimum; then it perturbs the solution and restarts a local search. This paper aims combining the advantages of these two algorithms to perform successful estimations. We use some economic indicators such as population, gross domestic product (GDP), import and export when Hybrid Electricity Domestic Consumption Estimation (HEDCE) model is developed. HEDCE equations proposed here are linear and quadratic. Results show that Quadratic_HEDCE find better solution because it can reflect better the variations of used indicators. The HEDCE models forecast Turkey’s electricity domestic consumption until 2030 under dissimilar scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Turkey as in Europe, the share of natural gas (NG) in the generation of electricity has shown a dramatic increase since the 1990s. Although Turkey faced two economic crises in the last decade, its total electricity generation has increased by 60%. NG consumption was 0.43 bcm in 1987 and reached 40 bcm by 2014. A big fraction of total electricity generation (TEG) is produced from NG. While the NG-based electricity generation was 0.2% in 1985, its share increased rapidly and it has reached to 48% of the TEG in 2014 and share of NG in total thermal power is about 60%. The goal of this paper is to review the historical development of the electricity and NG sectors, and to forecast and review the process of electricity generation with NG. Additionally, this paper compare the use of NG in electricity generation in Turkey and World, and analyze the supply–demand projections and future prospects in the field of energy. Results obtained from the present study show that a diversity of energy resources has not been achieved and as it is today in meeting the increasing energy demand, NG will continue to be a priority in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis using 40 year spanned time series for the Turkey case. CO 2 emission series representing environmental pressure and GDP per capita values representing economic development are used for the period 1968–2007. A cointegration has been determined among nonstationary series. First phases of an inverted U form EKC relationship have been determined for Turkey from the econometric estimations. This result is conflicting with that of the similar models for Turkey case. On the other hand, this conflict refers the important arguments in the literature and constitutes the main points of the paper. Sensitivity critiques (for example, Ahking et al.) for cointegration tests (Johansen and Engle–Granger tests) have been supported in our study. Moreover, we detected important diversion in results according to drift and trend assumptions both in CI vector and EKC model specifications. We conclude that building EKC model according to cointegration (CI) equation restrictions can be important source for diversion when sensitivity exists in estimations and cointegration tests; therefore, EKC estimations should be held in non-restrictive way. The additional structural reasons have been also discussed for developing country EKC cases. The most important one is that the narrow income sample of developing countries makes it possible to be defined by similar but different paths; therefore, policy implications to be drawn from those analyses should not ignore this feature of developing country analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the symmetric/asymmetric causal linkage between foreign direct investments and energy consumption in Turkey over the period 1975-2015. The unit root properties of variables are tested by the Ng-Perron and Lee-Strazicich unit root techniques. The ARDL bounds test is used to examine the cointegration between the variables. The Toda-Yamamoto and Hacker and Hatemi-J causality tests are used to investigate the symmetric causalit analysis. The Hatemi-J causality approach is applied to explore the asymmetric causal relationship between the variables. Empirical results show that there exists cointegration between the variables in the existence of structural breaks and the presence of symmetric causality running from energy consumption to foreign direct investments. There exists causality from positive foreign direct investment shocks to positive energy consumption shocks. There also exists causality from negative energy consumption shocks to negative foreign direct investment shocks. The findings will present policy implications related to Turkish economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A smart grid is a system that uses information and communication technologies to integrate, in an intelligent way, all users connected to the electrical power system considering their behaviour and actions. For this purpose, information about the electrical network, such as the current, the voltage or the power, is gathered together over time so that the behaviour of suppliers and consumers can be observed and automatically coordinated. Smart grids are becoming a significant part in the configuration of future electrical power systems. A lot of research has been done on using smart grids to achieve highly efficient and user-friendly electrical power systems. Many new methods have been introduced to solve the difficulties energy providers face when transforming conventional electrical networks into smart grids. These difficulties include the integration of renewable energy and different grid systems at national and international levels due to changes in frequency, voltage and in the synchronisation mechanism. This paper provides an outline of the European smart grid projects and gives an overview of the current infrastructure and smart grid applications of the Turkish Electricity Production System Operator (EUAS), Turkish Electricity Transmission System Operator (TEIAS), and Turkish Electricity Distribution System Operator (TEDAS). In this paper the feasibility of the further steps required is described and some assessments are made and suggestions given on smart grid developments in general. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Uludağ Journal of Economy & Society / Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Uludag Journal of Economy & Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of SAREM Journal of Strategic Studies is the property of SAREM Journal of Strategic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

After the Paris Climate Conference (COP21), many countries start progressing towards carbon neutrality targets. In doing so, green technology innovations (GTIs) and clean energy are the essential factors that can help to achieve the carbon neutrality goal. Therefore, this paper examines the linkages between green technology innovation and renewable energy and carbon dioxide emissions based on the STIRPAT model in Turkey during the time of 1990–2018. The study used testing like "unit-root" to verify the variables' integrative properties containing the information for structural breaks. Also, the bootstrapping ARDL-bound testing technique is used to analyze the relationship between the variables. The causal relationship between green technology innovation, energy consumption, renewable energy, population, income per capita, and carbon dioxide emissions is tested through a Granger causality test. The empirical findings show that green technology innovation, renewable energy, energy consumption, population, income per capita, and carbon dioxide emissions are co-integrated for the long-term association. Additionally, green technology innovation and renewable energy decline carbon dioxide emissions, whereas energy consumption, population, and per capita enhance carbon emissions. This paper helps the policymakers design a comprehensive policy for strengthening environmental sustainability through green technology innovation and renewable energy, specifically in the region of Turkey. • Examine the impact of GTIs and renewable energy on CO 2 emissions in Turkey. • We employed bootstrapping ARDL-bound testing technique. • GTIs and renewable energy are lowering CO 2 emissions. • Non-renewable energy consumption boosts CO2 emissions. • Population and personal income are also determinantal to carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on the issues of energy use and air pollution in Turkey. This paper focuses on the growth of environmental concerns in the region as carbon dioxide emissions have increased with the rise of energy consumption. Turkey's demand of energy and electricity has also increased and is dependent on imported energy resources. This gives additional burden to the economy. Renewable energy resources are being turned to for solutions and environment protection. The renewable energy policies and utilization of energy in Turkey are reviewed.

Turkey has a large economy and, thus, it expects a very large growth in energy demand. Today, Turkey’s economy is mainly dependent on oil, natural gas, and electricity. On the other hand, Turkey’s energy production meets nearly 35% of its total primary energy consumption. Turkey is an energy importing country. Turkey presently has considerable renewable energy sources. The most important renewable sources are hydropower, wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass. Turkey has about 1% of the total world hydroelectric potential and its significant potential for geothermal power production is ranked seventh in the world. This paper presents the energy situation and potential of the renewable energy sources in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution of this research is to provide empirical evidence that investing in green technology innovation (GTI) can reduce the ecological footprint in Turkey, which can lead to sustainable economic growth and environmental quality. The research also highlights the importance of controlling energy consumption, GDP, trade openness, and urbanization, as these variables have a positive or negative effect on ecological footprint. The findings of this research can be useful for the Turkish government, policymakers, and environmentalists to promote the implementation of GTI and eco-friendly resources, which can reduce the impact of climate change and contribute to economic prosperity. Overall, this research provides important information for decision-makers to adopt policies that prioritize green innovation and environmental protection in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to determine the comparison between the cost of energy and the cost price of producing radishes in Osmaniye Province in Turkey, which is an important source of income in agriculture in Turkey. A questionnaire was used to collect data on radish production from the intended target population 149 radish farms in 2019. The sample was calculated using Neyman's method. Based on a sample size the error was defined as 5 percent for 95 percent reliability. The socio-economic characteristics of the farmers were used to present analysis and also secondary data were also used in the research to deepen our knowledge. The results showed that the input energy was 2,946.574 MJ da-1, of which the highest share was related to deep plowing, irrigation, first watering after transplanting, and second plowing with 21.60, 20.07, 19.84 and 12.08%, respectively. The lowest input was belong to Harvest and Packaging with 0.03%. Labor cost (70.75%), fuel cost (14.41%), and material used 14.84%.In addition, the production cost and sales price ( $/ ton) of radish are obtained at 21.69 and 40.21 respectively. We find that the rate of profit from agricultural income was 87.82% while that of energy was 61.38%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A plethora of studies have shown that structural change helps nations achieve socioeconomic growth. The influence of structural change on environmental quality, on the other hand, has yet to be thoroughly investigated. As a result, the current study assesses the asymmetric impact of structural change on CO2 emissions while controlling for the effects of economic progress, renewable energy utilization, and nonrenewable energy in Turkey. To this end, this research used yearly data stretching from 1965 to 2019. The study applied several econometric approaches including nonlinear auto-regressive distributed lag (NARDL) and spectral causality to assess these associations. The outcomes from the NARDL reveal that variations in the regressors have a nonlinear influence on CO2 in Turkey. Moreover, the transition in the economy's structure helps to boost ecological quality, while the findings also show that Turkey's current economic progress trajectory is unsustainable due to the country's reliance on fossil fuel-based energy consumption. The outcomes of the spectral causality test also show that structural change can predict CO2 emissions in Turkey at different frequencies. Based on the study findings, the government should encourage investment in the service sector in order to maintain a suitable level of environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy efficiency is one of the most prominent global challenges of our era. Heritage buildings usually have a poor energy performance, not necessarily because of their intrinsic constructive features but due to their mostly dilapidated condition owed to age and previous damage, exacerbated by other factors such as the limited maintenance allowed by the restrictive legal framework and/or residents not being able to afford retrofit. On both national and international levels, energy efficiency measures are considered the key to answering the global challenge of climate change. This article aims to provide a critical discussion of the policy framework for energy retrofitting targeting built heritage in the UK and in Turkey. To this end, the development of guidance and legislation on cultural heritage, energy efficiency and climate change in both countries were thoroughly reviewed, and the retrofit incentives and constraints were determined in order to identify existing policy gaps and potential problems with implementation in the realm of energy retrofitting and climate resiliency of heritage buildings. As a result of a critical comparative analysis, the paper is concluded with suggestions on policy frames for the retrofitting of heritage buildings for improved energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed at examining the nexus among urbanization, energy use, foreign direct investment (FDI), economic growth, and environmental sustainability in Turkey. Time-series data from 1970 to 2017 were used in the analysis, and ecological footprint was used as an indicator for environmental sustainability. The aim was to investigate the long-run nexus among the indicators and contribute to the literature in several ways. One of these contributions is to empirically investigate this relationship with the residual augmented least squares (RALS) augmented Dickey-Fuller ADF for stationarity test and RALS-EG (residual augmented least squares–Engle and Granger) for the long-run steady-state relationship of investigated variables. Together with, fully modified OLS (ordinary least squares) model has been employed to observe the long-run effect and the significance of the investigated variables on environmental sustainability. The results revealed that the long-run relationship exists and the long-run coefficients show statistically significant effects on environmental sustainability. In the long run, urbanization and energy usage degrade the environment and reduce environmental quality, although FDI inflow and gross domestic product (GDP) growth contribute 0.22% and 8.03% to environmental sustainability in Turkey, respectively. The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is not valid in this model and U-shaped relationship was found between increasing economic performance and the ecological footprint. The causality results reflect that urbanization has feedback causality with energy use. The study suggests that to achieve sustainable urbanization, policymakers in Turkey should execute well-planned urbanization programs, create an energy conservation policy, and encourage green industries to ensure a sustainable increase in environmental quality for Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preponderance of emerging economies confronts significant trade-offs between economic growth and environmental sustainability considerations, and Turkey is no exception. This study draws strength from the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs-7,11,12 & 13). To this end, the present study explores the role of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for the case of Turkey for annual frequency data from 1970 to 2020. The present study leverages on the novel dynamic autoregressive-distributed lag (DARDL) methodology and Bayer and Hanck combined cointegration test. The combined Bayer and Hanck cointegration test alongside ARDL bounds test traces equilibrium relationship between economic growth, urbanization, FDI, energy use, and CO2 emission over the investigated period. Empirical results from the DARDL simulation analysis validates the EKC hypothesis. These results suggest that environmental quality is being compromised for economic growth at the earlier stage of economic growth (scale stage). The EKC phenomenon is affirmed as a 1% increase in economic growth increase emission level by 0.1580% and quadratic economic growth decrease emission by 0.1095% in the short and long run, respectively. Similarly, urbanization and energy used in both the short and long run also worsen environmental quality while FDI influx in the long run improves environmental quality in Turkey. These outcomes have far-reaching environment-urbanization growth implications. From a policy lens, the current study subscribed to the environmental stick policies and investment on strategies on a paradigm shift from fossil-fuel energy consumption base to renewables. Further insights are highlighted in the concluding section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Electricity markets have undergone regulatory reforms since the early 1980s around the world. Technical analyses of these reforms usually pay lip service to the influence of politics over regulatory processes. Existing studies examine certain aspects of the market such as demand, pricing, and efficiency, and they touch upon political issues only passingly when economic models cannot provide sufficient explanation. This approach problematically takes politics as an ad hoc variable. This study shows that electricity is intrinsically a ‘political good’ and argues that any meaningful reform effort should take institutions as the starting point rather than a residual. The argument that politics has to be an endogenous variable in any model aspiring to explain behavior in electricity markets is demonstrated in the paper. The evidence for the political good character of electricity is found by examining the Turkish regulatory reform, for which it is argued that there is not a satisfactory relationship between expected and realized gains. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Enhancing energy efficiency is important for sustainable economic development and environmental-related issues such as carbon emissions. Therefore, measuring energy efficiency is crucial for countries to achieve economic and environmental objectives. In this study, we utilize the TOPSIS method with the intent of monitoring the energy efficiency of Turkey from the 1980 to 2018 period. Several variables such as renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption, GDP, labor force, and capital stock are employed in calculating energy efficiency scores. Thereafter, we analyze the long-term, symmetric and asymmetric effects of some contextual variables such as capital stock-labor force ratio, renewable energy consumption-total energy consumption ratio, and carbon emission-total energy consumption ratio on energy efficiency via ARDL and nonlinear ARDL models. Results from the linear model indicate that an increase in the renewable energy consumption-total energy consumption ratio and capital stock-labor force ratio increase the energy efficiency. In contrast, an increase in the carbon emission-total energy consumption ratio decreases it. The nonlinear ARDL model, on the other hand, signals asymmetric effects in the long-run but not in the short-run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to investigate the energy input-output analysis of apple produced in Karaman province of Central Anatolian Region in Turkey. This research was conducted at the apple cultivating facilities during the 2016 and 2017 production seasons in Karaman province. Production data of this research were collected in 2018. In order to determine the energy use efficiency of apple cultivation, various surveys were conducted at the 180 apple farms located in Karaman and selected through Simple Random Sampling method. The data were collected by face to face questionnaires and observations. The agricultural input and output energies used in apple cultivation were calculated to determine the energy input-output analysis. The energy input and output values in apple production were calculated as 78,378.08 MJ ha−1 and 99,959.60 MJ ha−1, respectively. Based on these research findings, the energy inputs in apple cultivation were 15,364.70 MJ ha−1 (19.60%) chemical fertilizers energy, 31,623.70 MJ ha−1 (40.35%) diesel fuel energy, 13,864.40 MJ ha−1 (17.69%) chemicals energy, 6998.40 MJ ha−1 (8.93%) machinery energy, 5738.88 MJ ha−1 (7.32%) human labor energy 2016 MJ ha−1 (2.57%) irrigation water energy and 2772.00 MJ ha−1 (3.54%) electricity energy, respectively. Yield output energy of apple production was calculated as 99,959.60 MJ ha−1. The energy productivity, specific energy, energy use efficiency and net energy calculations were also calculated as 0.54 kg MJ−1, 1.84 MJ kg−1, 1.28 and 21,581.52 MJ ha−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey's ecological footprint has recently been increasing, while its biocapacity has been decreasing. Furthermore, the country's CO2 emissions have been rising substantially in recent decades. Therefore, this study aims to identify the factors that are changing the CO2 emissions in Turkey, not only at the aggregated level but also for the sectors with the highest increases in CO2 emissions, namely, electricity and heat production. Research into the aggregated CO2 emissions and the sector-level analysis covered the period 1990–2017. The Shapley decomposition method was utilized, and the impacts of five factors, namely, scale effect, migration effect, population, energy intensity, and carbon intensity, were considered to examine the changes in total CO2 emissions. Regarding the analysis of the electricity and heat production sectors, the roles of four factors, namely, income effect, electricity intensity, fuel structure, and pollution coefficient, were investigated by using the same decomposition approach. The results showed that the scale effect is the primary driver of acceleration of total CO2 emissions in Turkey; population, migration, and carbon intensity effects follow the scale effect in this respect. Energy intensity significantly decreases Turkey's total emissions. For the electricity and heat production sectors, the Shapley decomposition results showed that the income effect, electricity intensity, and fuel structure increase the country's CO2 emissions rapidly. The pollution coefficient was the only factor that decreased CO2 in these sectors in the studied period. This study reveals that Turkey is still deficient in terms of green development processes, which are essential for a sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intricacy associated with policy design for environmental sustainability has necessitated a reconsideration of the output and environmental degradation relationship. Like many economies across the globe, the sector contributions to environmental woe are likely contingent on the respective economic performance of the sectors. From this perspective, this study examines the environmental effects of the contributions of agriculture value-added, merchandize value-added, export value-added, and share value-added over the period 1991–2019. By employing a combination of econometric techniques, the result revealed that agriculture value-added and export value-added mitigate environmental hazards, while a 1% increase in total energy utilization, merchandize value-added, and share value-added induce carbon emission by about 0.6%, 0.02%, and 0.001%. Moreover, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is validated for agriculture value-added and carbon emission nexus. However, there is a significant U-shaped relationship between carbon emission and economic contributions from the merchandize value-added, export value-added, and share value-added, thus suggesting that the EKC hypothesis is not valid. The study suggests that Turkey's agricultural sector is possibly living to the expectation of adopting and incorporating environmental sustainability practices. On the other hand, sustainable environmental policies related to other sectors of the economy are proffered in consonance with the indicated result from the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the last decade, Turkish electricity demand has increased more than 8% per annum as a result of economic development. Being one of the renewable energy sources par excellence, non-exhaustible, non-polluting and economically more attractive than other renewable sources, hydropower has turned out to be an important contributor to the future energy mix of the country. Turkey''s renewable energy sources especially hydropower sources are plentiful and extensive, and represent the second-largest domestic energy sources after coal. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 TWh/year and 140 TWh/year of this capacity can be used economically. Currently, Turkey has 172 hydroelectric power plants in operation with total installed capacity of 13,700 MW generating an average of 48,000 GWh/year, which is 35% of the economically viable hydroelectric potential. 148 hydroelectric power plants are under construction 8,600 MW of installed capacity to generate average annual 20,000 GWh representing 14% of the economically viable potential. The share of renewables in total electricity generation is 17%, while that of thermal is 80% in 2009. The projection for the period 2010–2020 is for annual growth of 8% in total electricity generation. The additional generation capacity needed up to 2020 will require huge investments. This paper deals with present situation and future prospect of renewable energy and the role of hydropower in Turkey. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Generating electricity, from renewable energy sources has become a high priority in the energy policy strategies at a national level as well as on a global scale. Although Turkey has many energy resources only coal and hydropower are significant at present, and as demand had risen, it has been necessary to import fuels to meet the total energy demand. The fossil resources, both indigenous and imported, have become expensive and also have undesirably high emissions. Turkey has an extensive shoreline and mountains and is rich in renewable energy potential. The share of renewables on total electricity generation is 35% while that of thermal power is 65% for the year 2010. Turkey is one of those countries that are considered rich and abundant in renewable energy resources. Turkey is facing serious challenges in satisfying its growing energy demand. To fuel a rapidly growing economy, the country’s electricity consumption is increasing by an average of 8–9% every year, and significant investments are needed in generation, transmission and distribution facilities to balance the power system’s supply and demand. With very limited oil and gas reserves, Turkey is increasingly turning to renewable energy sources as a means to improve its energy security and curb dependence on imported gas from Russia and Iran. This paper investigates the potential of renewable energy resources in Turkey at present and the magnitude of their present and future contributions to the national energy consumption. Energy politics are also considered. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The energy issue is considered as one of the most important issues on the global agenda not only to meet the increasing energy needs but also for environmental protection and enhancement. Practices on utilizing renewable-clean energy sources and discussions related to these practices have been increasing worldwide. This paper''s purpose is to provide empirical data for the deliberation of clean energy and its social acceptance by exploring Istanbul residents’ understanding on clean energy. The overall outcome of the conducted survey indicated that Istanbul residents have accepted the clean energy concept at the theoretical level. However, to carry out this acceptance, they should be provided more information and the changes to use them. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]