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The Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) performances are strongly impacted by the compression of the Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL). Despite its fibrous microstructure, this material is usually considered as a continuous medium and characterized with uniform loading. However, the GDL is subjected to a heterogeneous compression onto rib/channel patterns in the fuel cell assembly. In the present study, a complex behavior of the GDL response is experimentally revealed when the material is loaded with a rib/channel pattern, compared to uniform compression. The tests are simulated by finite element modeling using a classical strain-dependent elastic law, using parameters fitted from uniform compression experiments. It is shown that the numerical results do not reproduce the effect of pattern observed experimentally. Hypotheses to interpret these results involve mechanisms at the fiber microscale including fiber fracture, cross-link breakage and fiber rearrangement, which are exacerbated by larger material deformation caused by the heterogeneous loading. • Unexpected impact of rib/channel patterns on GDL compression. • Experimental investigation of the effect of rib/channel width on GDL deformation. • Numerical study with classical model unable to reproduce experimental results. • Interpretations based on mechanisms at the fiber microscale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many plant materials in nature have the ability to change their shape to respond to external stimuli, such as humidity or moisture, to ensure their survival or safe seed release. A well-known example for this phenomenon is the pinecone, which is able to open its scales at low humidity due to the specific bilayer structures of the scale. Inspired by this, we developed a novel humidity-driven actuator based on paper. This was realized by the lamination of untreated paper made from eucalyptus fibers to a paper–carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) composite. As observed, the hygroexpansion of the composite can be easily controlled by the amount of CMC in the impregnated paper sheet, which, thus, controls the morphologic deformation of the paper bilayer. For a more detailed understanding of these novel paper soft robots, we also studied the dynamic water vapor adsorption, polymer distribution and hygroexpansion of the paper–polymer composites. Finally, we applied a geometrically nonlinear finite element model to predict the bending behavior of paper bilayers and compared the results to experimental data. From this, we conclude that due to the complexity of structure of the paper composite, a universal prediction of the hygromorphic behavior is not a trivial matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic mechanical behavior and cushioning performance of honeycomb sandwich panels, which are extensively employed in product cushioning packaging due to their exceptional energy absorption capabilities, were examined using a combination of experimental and numerical methods. Several factors, such as maximum acceleration–static stress, cushioning coefficient–static stress, and other curves, were analyzed under various impact conditions. The simulated stress–strain, deformation modes, cushioning coefficients, and other parameters demonstrate consistency with the experimental results. The acceleration, maximum compression, and cushioning coefficient obtained from the experiment and simulation calculation were 30.68 g, 15.44 mm, and 2.65, and 31.96 g, 14.91 mm, and 2.79, respectively. The results indicate that all error values were less than 5%, confirming the precision and reliability of the model. Furthermore, the model was utilized to simulate and predict the cushioning performance of honeycomb sandwich panels with different cell structures and paper thicknesses. These results provide a solid basis for enhancing the design of subsequent honeycomb element structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alumina-based multilayer laminates with layers of varied porosities and ceramic fiber reinforcements, which can be achieved by including paper-derived ceramic layers, are interesting candidates for chemically stable and thermal shock resistant materials. In order to investigate the complex sintering behavior of these laminates, the sintering of each alumina layer contained within a laminate, each one with its individual sintering anisotropy and sintering shrinkage, has to be considered separately. For this purpose, sintering curves are determined by dilatometry measurements, serving a consecutive examination by an analytical model. Modeling parameters specific to each layer, are applied in finite-element-type sintering simulations for symmetrical multilayer laminates. Differences in the sintering shrinkages may cause internal stresses at layer interfaces and, in turn, may influence the thermal and mechanical properties of multilayer laminates after sintering. Accordingly, the prediction of developing internal stresses within alumina-based multilayer laminates by the presented sintering simulations is a key aspect of this study. [Display omitted] • Individual laminates sintering dilatometry. • Anisotropic sintering assessment by analytic modeling. • Finite element simulation of multilayer laminates sintering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to present the results of paper compression under an axial load. Different heights of samples subjected to compression were taken into account. The main goal of the analysis was to determine experimentally the maximum compression load. In addition, numerical models based on the finite element method (FEM) were validated to refer to empirical results. The performed numerical simulations were founded on Green–Lagrangian nonlinear equations for large displacements and strains. The progressive failure of the compressed orthotropic material after exceeding maximum stresses was based on Hill's anisotropy theory. Nonlinear calculations were conducted by using a typical Newton–Raphson algorithm for achieving a sequence convergence. The accuracy of the developed model was confirmed experimentally in compression tests. The technique of analysing the shape of the compressed paper sample on the basis of images recorded during the measurement was used. The obtained test results are directly applicable in practice, especially in the calculation of the mechanical properties of corrugated cardboard and in determining the load capacity of cardboard packaging. Knowing the maximum compressive stress that packaging paper can withstand allows packaging to be properly designed and its strength assessed in the context of the transport and storage of goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this discussion is to establish a connection between the model for sandwich beams presented in Schöftner (Acta Mech 234:2543–2560, 2023) and the so-called Krajcinovic model. Although the two models turn out to be quite similar, Krajcinovic model displays a richer kinematics and has been developed in the literature by following slightly different methodologies with respect to that adopted by Schöftner, the latter having the merit of providing equilibrium equations that allow the computation of the interfacial stresses. We also offer some remarks on the capabilities and accuracies of the models discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article provides a comprehensive analysis of the aging phenomenon of transformer insulation and the corresponding changes in insulation performance that occur over time. The present manuscript outlines diverse insulating materials that are employed in transformers, the fundamental aging mechanism of the insulation, the function of space charges in the aging of the insulation, and various simulation methodologies utilized for diagnosing the insulation status of the transformer. The primary focus of this paper is to examine the various numerical techniques employed in modeling and analyzing the aging characteristics of transformer insulation. The mechanisms underlying the accumulation of charge and distortion of electric fields in insulation are explained through the utilization of numerical modeling techniques. This paper focuses on understanding the mechanism of insulation aging, thereby facilitating the optimization and maintenance of insulation performance throughout its operational lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrathin devices are rapidly developing for skin‐compatible medical applications and wearable electronics. Powering skin‐interfaced electronics requires thin and lightweight energy storage devices, where solution‐processing enables scalable fabrication. To attain such devices, a sequential deposition is employed to achieve all spray‐coated symmetric microsupercapacitors (μSCs) on ultrathin parylene C substrates, where both electrode and gel electrolyte are based on the cheap and abundant biopolymer, cellulose. The optimized spraying procedure allows an overall device thickness of ≈11 µm to be obtained with a 40% active material volume fraction and a resulting volumetric capacitance of 7 F cm−3. Long‐term operation capability (90% of capacitance retention after 104 cycles) and mechanical robustness are achieved (1000 cycles, capacitance retention of 98%) under extreme bending (rolling) conditions. Finite element analysis is utilized to simulate stresses and strains in real‐sized μSCs under different bending conditions. Moreover, an organic electrochromic display is printed and powered with two serially connected μ‐SCs as an example of a wearable, skin‐integrated, fully organic electronic application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work deals with fracture mechanisms in quasi-brittle materials, focusing on the characterization of the Fracture Process Zone (FPZ) of specimens under tensile load. Particularly, paper was used as model material. Experiments were conducted on notched and unnotched specimens. Based on an image analysis of these observations, a stochastic finite element model was developed, using both a nonlocal stress-based approach and a discretized random field modeling of the Young's modulus. The proposed methodology allowed characterizing the damage zone and the size of the FPZ, analyzing the influence of the mesostructure, composed of flocs (fiber aggregates where the basis weight is larger than the average one) and antiflocs (complement of flocs). The area of the active FPZ and the normalized stress drop were linked using a surface energy dissipated in the active FPZ. The stress drop, until limiting value, increased with the width of the active FPZ. Finally, a relationship between the surface energy and the nonlocal internal length was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the toilet paper market offers product types with varying number of plies, providing better mechanical strength and liquid absorption. Several tissue paper perforation systems exist, and the best commonly applied is a top-cutting mechanism that includes an oblique blade, a combined oblique blade, or a simple spiral blade. The perforation efficiency must be high to have an easy sheet separation from the roll of the toilet paper, which does not always occur. Hence, consumer satisfaction can depend on the perforation performance. To study this, a laboratory perforation system was used to perforate different commercial toilet papers (in brands and number of plies) and evaluate their perforation efficiency. A finite element method (FEM) was used to simulate the curve of the progression of perforation efficiency as a function of the cut distance. The main findings were a stabilization of the perforation efficiency from a cut distance of 6 mm and a 15% increase in the cut distance for the laboratory blade to match the industrial perforation efficiency. The FEM analysis confirmed the behavior of the evolution of perforation efficiency with the increase of the cut distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper has always been of great importance as a printing and packaging material. Due to its potential for recyclability and reusability, which result in a low environmental impact, it is expected that this importance will soar over the coming years. Nevertheless, even though paper has been in use for decades, many research questions are still open, especially in the field of mechanics. One of these questions is the appropriate size of a representative volume element (RVE) of the microstructure of paper. Therefore, a finite element network model of interconnected fibers was developed which represents the microstructure of paper. In order to create the network model realistically, geometry and material quantities were taken from experimental investigations. Additionally, single fibers and fiber bonds were investigated beforehand in order to incorporate their proper behavior into the network. Based on this, the networks were generated and subsequently loaded by applying mixed displacement and traction boundary conditions. The resulting effective stresses were compared to determine the necessary RVE size. Two approaches were considered for modeling the RVE: (i) one single "large" network, and (ii) a certain number of smaller networks whose average yielded a statistically representative effective response. As a result, the second approach turned out to be less computationally intensive due to smaller models and the possibility to run calculations simultaneously. Concluding, it was possible to determine the size of the RVE which will be used to investigate various individual microstructural effects on the macrostructure in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the application of cold-formed thin-walled steel-paper straw board(CTSPSB) composite wall in practical engineering and further meet people's living requirements, it was proposed to open holes in the composite wall to simulate the doors and windows in practical applications. Two composite wall specimens were tested to study the shear performance of the CTSPSB composite wall. Through the analysis of specimens' damage forms and experimental data, the characteristic values of bearing capacity and lateral stiffness were obtained. And then, the model of the composite wall was built by ANSYS, and finite element analysis (FEA) results were consistent with the experimental results, which could verify the feasibility of the finite element model. Moreover, the model needed to open holes and extensive parameter analysis was carried out. The FEA results indicate the most reasonable distance between screws around the opening is 150 mm; the most suitable spacing between the small studs is 400 mm; the position of the opening has the least influence on the shear performance, and the difference between the results of the five groups of models is within 5%; while the width of the opening has the greatest impact on the shear performance. Compared with the wall without opening, the bearing capacity of the wall with an opening width of 600 mm, 1200 mm and 1800 mm decreases by 38%, 46% and 52% respectively. Besides, the calculation formula of shear capacity of CTSPSB composite wall with openings was improved, which could be used as experience for practical engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, the causes leading to the undesired unevenness on the exterior surface of a paper‐based sandwich structure during the manufacturing process are investigated. This provides insight into the manufacturing parameters that need to be adjusted to reduce this waviness. A finite element model of the pressing process is developed in the commercial software ABAQUS and then used to analyze the formation of the surface unevenness. The sandwich structure adopted in the model consists of a decorative layer, an intermediate layer, a corrugated core and a bottom layer. In particular, the core has a sinusoidal structure with various geometry parameters, which are adjusted in the model to investigate the effect on the waviness of the top surface. The results of the quasi‐static process simulation correlate well with the experimental results. A subsequent parameter study based on the design of experiments (DoE) shows the relationship between the material parameters of the intermediate/bottom layer and the resulting waviness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A square spiral incision was introduced into a 15 × 15 cm regular quadrilateral conductive film to study the modulation of electrothermal distribution by kirigami structure. Based on the simulation of finite element method, the transition from thermal focusing to thermal defocusing could be achieved by increasing the length of connection between adjacent modules. The effective electrothermal area can be increased by nearly two times through increasing the length increment of the notch length between adjacent modules. The maximum temperature was decreased from 254 °C to 44 °C, and the temperature difference was adjusted from 76 °C to 4 °C by increasing the number of kirigami module. Through the contact temperature measurement experiment on graphite paper kirigami structure, the trends could be verified. By creating an equivalent circuit model and considering the influence of heat conduction, the peak temperature at the center of the structure and the decrease of the overall temperature could be explained. By deriving the relationship between the temperature of conductive film of kirigami structure with time and position, the electrothermal characteristics of previously reported graphene kirigami structure could be predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A square spiral incision was introduced into a 15 × 15 cm regular quadrilateral conductive film to study the modulation of electrothermal distribution by kirigami structure. Based on the simulation of finite element method, the transition from thermal focusing to thermal defocusing could be achieved by increasing the length of connection between adjacent modules. The effective electrothermal area can be increased by nearly two times through increasing the length increment of the notch length between adjacent modules. The maximum temperature was decreased from 254 °C to 44 °C, and the temperature difference was adjusted from 76 °C to 4 °C by increasing the number of kirigami module. Through the contact temperature measurement experiment on graphite paper kirigami structure, the trends could be verified. By creating an equivalent circuit model and considering the influence of heat conduction, the peak temperature at the center of the structure and the decrease of the overall temperature could be explained. By deriving the relationship between the temperature of conductive film of kirigami structure with time and position, the electrothermal characteristics of previously reported graphene kirigami structure could be predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embossing is a functional and strategic process for creating high-quality multi-sensory tissue-paper products. Embossing modifies the sheet surface by generating hill and/or valley designs, changing the third-dimension z with a compressive die. This research work specifically concerns the impact study of the engraving finishing geometry on the final properties of tissue paper. This work led us to conclude that, even though the sheets individually present a higher hand-feel (HF) value for the straight finishing geometry, the highest softness was obtained in the two-ply prototype for the round finishing geometry. Moreover, this study confirmed that the HF value reduces with the increase of the bulk, being more accentuated for the micropattern. Relevant differences could not be seen in the spreading kinetics of the liquid droplets over time. Thus, the finishing geometry of the 3D plates did not impact the absorption kinetics on these samples. The finite element model allows us to understand the effect of the plate pattern and its finishing geometry on the paper, and the simulation results were in accordance with the experimental results, showing the same trend where patterns with a round finishing geometry marked the tissue-paper sheet more than patterns with a straight finishing did. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The embossing operation is one of the processes of tissue paper converting. The embossing parameters influence the final properties of tissue products, such as mechanical, softness, and bulk. In this study, the influence of the rubber hardness used against the embossing steel rolls with a pattern created by intaglio engraving was studied. Three different configurations of rubber plates stacking, each plate with different hardness, were studied. After embossing, mechanical properties, softness, and bulk were evaluated to analyze the effect of rubbers hardness on these properties. Furthermore, a Finite Element Model of the embossing operation was used that considered the same rubber plates stacking configurations used in experiments, and it was able to replicate the experimental results. This work led us to conclude that the configuration where two rubber plates with different hardness, where the rubber plate with higher hardness is in contact with the tissue paper sheet, has shown to be the best solution to obtain higher softness. These findings support the use of embossing operations rubber rolls with a low hardness internal layer and a high hardness external layer in industry. Thus, finite element models were also shown to be reliable tools to virtually test other configurations, such as, for example, three or more rubber plates with different hardness. Since embossing is one of the tissue paper transformation operations with the greatest impact on the key properties of the final product, this study allows the producer to optimize them by varying the hardness of the rubber roll, as well as its configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embossing is a converting process in which the surface of a tissue paper sheet is changed under high pressure, allowing different functions. In this work, the authors intend to study how the embossing pressure affects the main properties of tissue paper, using a laboratory embossing system. An optimum pressure was achieved at 2.8 bar to this embossing laboratory set-up. The effect of pressure when densifying the paper sheet gives it a gain in mechanical strength but no differences in terms of liquid absorbency. The two embossing patterns present different behaviors but both evidence losses in mechanical and softness properties. On the other hand, the finite element method (FEM) does not show clear evidence of how the pressure affects the paper strength. For the deco die, it is possible to observe that the amount of yielding is slightly higher for lower pressure (2.4 bar), but this plasticity state parameter is very similar for 2.8 bar and 3.2 bar. For the micro die, FEM simulations of the manufacturing pressure do not show a considerable impact on the amount of plasticity state of the material; only for 3.2 bar, it shows a change in the pattern of the plasticity state of the paper during the embossing processes. In the end, to achieve a final product with excellent quality, it is important to make a compromise between the various properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternating current (ac) losses in conductor-on-rounded-core (CORC) cables of YBCO high-temperature superconducting (HTS) tapes are a significant challenge in HTS power applications. This study employs two finite element analysis (FEA) models to investigate the contributions from different ac loss components and provide approaches for reducing ac losses in cables. An FEA model based on the T-A formulation treats the cross section of thin superconducting layers as 1D lines and, therefore, only can predict the ac loss generated by the perpendicular magnetic field. In contrast, the model based on H-formulation can be performed on the actual 2D rectangular cross section HTS tapes to provide the total ac losses generated by magnetic fluxes penetrating from both the edges and surfaces of HTS tapes, although this model requires more computing time and memory. The 1D and 2D simulation models were validated by cross comparing the results from both models and by comparing sub-section and full cross section models. Subsequently, two models relate cable design and operational parameters to the surface and edge losses of a two-layer CORC cable by considering the (1) relative contributions of edge and surface losses to the overall ac losses; (2) effect of the current distribution between inner and outer HTS layers on ac losses; (3) impact of the tape alignment on ac losses in each HTS layer; (4) influence of the thickness of HTS layers on ac losses; (5) effect of size and number of inter-tape gaps on ac losses; and (6) contribution frequency on the ac losses. The research results given in this paper are therefore not only valuable to suggest strategies for reducing ac loss in multi-layer cables but also for developing more accurate and effective methods to calculate ac loss in CORC HTS cables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper, a porous-fibrous network, is made up of hydrophilic fibres, which are notably susceptible to deformations due to variations in moisture content. The response of paper sheets to full or partial wetting, based on the water-induced fibre swelling, has mostly been predicted in the past using highly idealised two-dimensional network geometries. The purpose of the present paper is to establish how precisely the two-stage process of determining effective hygro-expansivity under uniform wetting by a two-dimensional model followed by bending analysis using a continuum model predicts the curl of a fully three-dimensional network. In the present multi-scale modelling work, the moisture-induced homogenised sheet scale curl, derived from hygro-elastic deformations using non-uniform moisture profiles, is analysed based on an idealised non-woven three-dimensional fibrous network finite element model. First, the effective paper sheet swelling properties, derived computationally for the uniform wetting condition, are compared with analytically homogenised hygro-elastic properties. Whereas the analytically predicted elastic modulus has an inaccuracy of only ∼ 5%, the hygro-expansivity coefficient is over-predicted by roughly a third for a network with straight fibres. The difference is smaller if waviness of the fibres and wrap-around in the fibre bonds are taken into account. Fibre alignment turns out to have little influence. Subsequently, paper sheet curl predictions made by the analytical model are compared with that computed from the three-dimensional network model. The inaccuracy of the fully analytical model, based on the two-dimensional network description, relative to the fully detailed three-dimensional computational model with straight fibres is on the order of 40%–50%. The fidelity of the simple model is primarily constrained by the inaccuracy of the effective hygro-expansion coefficient. If the expansivity extracted from the three-dimensional simulations under uniform wetting is inserted, the inaccuracy drops to less than 10%. The continuum bending description hence performs adequately, provided it is based on a reliable estimation of the uniform expansion behaviour of the material. • Hygroscopic curl of paper sheets may be predicted using homogenised models. • We assess the accuracy of such predictions. • As a reference simulations of an idealised three-dimensional fibre network are used. • The predictions are accurate provided an accurate hygro-expansivity is used. • Two-dimensional network models may not be sufficient for this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is pointed out that the Levinson-Reddy beam theory should not be used as a higher-order model for the core, although it considers cross-sectional warping: this beam model is applicable for zero shear stress conditions at the core-skin-interfaces only, which is usually not the case for sandwich structures. The resulting sandwich beam model in [[2]] is a special solution from the Krajcinovic-Bardella derivation, which allows for richer kinematics because it considers zig-zag kinematics. Author's response to "Discussion on the paper by Schoeftner, J., "A verified analytical sandwich beam model for soft and hard cores: comparison to existing analytical models and finite element calculations", Acta Mech, 234, 2543-2560 (2023)" by Lorenzo Bardella. [Extracted from the article]

Thin-walled tubular deployable composite boom (DCB) has gained significant attention due to its lightweight, simple structure and high packaging efficiency. The experimental and numerical simulation methods were employed in this paper to investigate the folding behavior of the DCB. Using T700/epoxy unidirectional reinforced prepreg as raw material, DCB specimens were prepared by the vacuum bag method. To complete the folding experiments of DCB specimens, a folding mechanism was designed and manufactured. Folding experiments of DCB specimens were conducted and folding moment versus rotational displacement curves were measured. In addition, a Finite Element Model (FEM) was established to predict the folding behavior of the DCB. Different failure criteria were considered in the numerical analysis, including the Tsai‐Hill criterion and maximum stress criterion. Prediction results using the FEM were compared with experimental results, and both sets of results were in good agreement. It is shown that the DCB can achieve the folding function without failure. The research results in this paper are of great significance to the practical engineering application of the DCB. [Display omitted] • Six tubular deployable composite boom specimens and a precise folding mechanism were designed and prepared. • Folding experiments were conducted to measure the folding moment and rotational displacement curves. • A finite element model for predicting the folding behavior of the tubular deployable composite boom was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of nonuniform aging has not been considered in the prediction of the frequency domain spectroscopy (FDS) of the transformer oil-paper insulation (OPI) when using the finite element method (FEM). Given this issue, the modified simulation model was constructed based on the XY model and FEM. In the current work, the dielectric response property of the pressboards with different aging conditions in the modified model was characterized by its dielectric response parameters measured in the lab. Then the modified simulation model constructed in a 3-D system would be applied to study the effect of both nonuniform aging and the axial geometry on the FDS of OPI. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed models was verified by comparing the measured FDS and the predicted FDS. This article is expected to provide a model for predicting the FDS of the transformer OPI including the effect of nonuniform aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical eigenstates with a high quality (Q) factor provide substantial advantages for a broad spectrum of optical devices, particularly those demanding strong light–matter interactions. Recently, it has been demonstrated that ultrahigh- Q resonances can be realized in planar photonic structures by merging multiple bound states in the continuum (BICs) in the momentum space. Photonic lattices with thin-film geometry are known to support abundant TE-polarized and TM-polarized BICs. While prior research has explored the merging of TE-polarized BICs, this paper presents analytical and numerical results concerning the merging of TM-polarized BICs in laterally periodic one-dimensional photonic lattices. As the thickness of photonic lattices increases, TM-polarized accidental BICs descend along the dispersion curves and eventually merge at the upper edge of the second stop band. Employing coupled-mode analysis, we calculate the analytical merging thickness at which multiple TM-polarized BICs come together at the second-order Γ point. We confirm the merging of TM-polarized BICs through finite-element method simulations. Our results can be beneficial for achieving ultrahigh- Q resonances through the merging of BICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wrinkling, creasing, and folding are frequent phenomena encountered in biological and man-made bilayers made by thin films bonded to thicker and softer substrates often containing fibers. Paradigmatic examples of the latter are the skin, the brain, and arterial walls, for which wiggly cross sections are detected. Although experimental investigations on corrugation of these and analog bilayers would greatly benefit from scaling laws for prompt comparison of the wrinkling features, neither are they available nor have systematic approaches yielding to such laws ever been provided before. This gap is filled in this paper, where a uniaxially compressed bilayer formed by a thin elastic film bonded on a hyperelastic fiber-reinforced substrate is considered. The force balance at the film–substrate interface is here analytically and numerically investigated for highly mismatched film–substrates. The onset of wrinkling is then characterized in terms of both the critical strain and its corresponding wavenumber. Inspired by the asymptotic laws available for neo-Hookean bilayers, the paper then provides a systematic way to achieve novel scaling laws for the wrinkling features for fiber-reinforced highly mismatched hyperelastic bilayers. Such novel scaling laws shed light on the key contributions defining the response of the bilayer, as it is characterized by a fiber-induced complex anisotropy. Results are compared with finite element analyses and also with outcomes of both existing linear models and available ad hoc scalings. Furthermore, the amplitude, the global maximum and minimum of ruga occurring under increasing compression spanning the wrinkling, period doubling, and folding regimes are also obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal response in paper has been studied by thermography. It was observed that an inhomogeneous deformation pattern arose in the paper samples during tensile testing. In the plastic regime a pattern of warmer streaks could be observed in the samples. On the same samples digital image correlation (DIC) was used to study local strain fields. It was concluded that the heat patterns observed by thermography coincided with the deformation patterns observed by DIC. Because of its fibrous network structure, paper has an inhomogeneous micro-structure, which is called formation. It could be shown that the formation was the cause of the inhomogeneous deformations in paper. Finite element simulations was used to show how papers with different degrees of heterogeneity would deform. Creped papers, where the strain at break has been increased, were analysed. For these paper it was seen that an overlaid compaction of the paper was created during the creping process. During tensile testing this was recovered as the paper network structure was strained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An epiretinal membrane (ERM) is a fibrocellular proliferation on the inner surface of the retina causing blurred and distorted central vision. Surgery is the only effective method for ERM removal. This paper investigated the mechanical properties of ERM peeling using the finite element (FE) method. A FE model of ERM formation on the retina surface was constructed. The failure criterion was applied to the attachment pegs to represent the adhesive force between the ERM and retina. The simulation results were consistent with the experimental data in published research. The maximum peeling force was 4.1 mN at a peeling velocity of 2 mm/s and an angle of 30°. The peeling force was minimum at the peeling angle of 45° and increased with the increase in peeling velocity and Young's modulus of the membrane. The outcome of this paper can improve the safety and efficiency of ERM removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electroporation is a complex, iterative, and nonlinear phenomenon often studied through numerical simulations. In recent years, simulations of tissue electroporation have been conducted with static models. However, the results of a static model simulation are restricted to a fixed protocol signature of the pulsed electric field. In this paper, we describe a novel dynamic model of tissue electroporation that also accounts for tissue dispersion and temperature to allow time-domain simulations. We have implemented the biological dispersion of potato tubers and thermal analysis in a commercial finite-element method software. A cell electroporation model was adapted to account for the increase in tissue conductivity. The model yielded 12 parameters divided into three dynamic states of electroporation. The thermal analysis describes the dependence of tissue conductivity on temperature. The model parameters were evaluated using experiments with vegetal tissue (Solanum tuberosum) under electrochemotherapy protocols. The proposed model can accurately predict the conductivity of tissue under electroporation from 100 to 1000 V/cm. A negligible thermal effect was observed at 1000 V/cm, with a temperature increase of 0.89 ° C. We believe that the proposed model is suitable to describe the electroporation at the tissue level and provides a hint of the effects on the cell membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil-immersed paper is a weak link in internal insulation of oil immersed power transformer, whose aging state distributes inhomogeneously. However, most of the current assessment methods fail to consider the spatial distribution of aging areas inside transformer. Aiming at this problem, this paper proposes the inversion detection method to obtain the resistivity of oil-immersed paper in various regions nondestructively, and uses the resistivity of oil-immersed paper to assess directly the insulation state of oil immersed power transformers. Finite element method is applied to establish the mapping relationship between the resistivity of oil-immersed paper in different regions, and the dielectric loss factor obtained from the port of transformer. Back propagation neural network is used to learn inversely this mapping relationship so as to calculate the resistivity. Applying the proposed method on a 10-kV transformer, the calculated results are close to the measured values. The study shows that the inversion method can effectively calculate the oil-immersed resistivity in various regions, which represent the aging state in different regions of the transformer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a layer-by-layer acoustic travel time approximation method based on ray theory for total focusing method (TFM) imaging in carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. The method considers the anisotropy in every monolayer and heterogeneity of CFRP, which approximates the path of propagation as straight in the whole material. The application of this method to TFM imaging is called TravelTimeAppro-TFM. In comparison to isotropic-TFM and Dijkstra-TFM, the experimental results indicated that TravelTimeAppro-TFM outperforms isotropic-TFM in terms of imaging amplitude gain with a maximum gain of 4.67 dB. On the other hand, this approach reduces the computational work compared to Dijkstra-TFM. The proposed method demonstrates significant improvements in both focusing performance and the speed of calculation. This paper also investigates the effective angular range of the layer-by-layer acoustic travel time approximation method through experimental and finite element simulation analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to determine the condition of paper (e.g. its brittleness) and its permanence is a need in libraries and archives. This study investigates various bend tests and applies these tests to aged paper with the goal of finding easy, non-destructive tests to determine the mechanical properties of paper. The cantilever test was previously shown to accurately assess mechanical properties of paper-based materials, such as elastic and bending moduli as well as the bending length. This work investigates the hanging pear loop and clamped fold tests and compares the results with those found with the cantilever test. The results show that the strain and curvature induced by the two tests are much larger than those experienced in the cantilever test. This large strain and curvature induce plastic behaviour and make the hanging pear loop and clamped fold tests inappropriate for use on paper-based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A computationally efficient method to study the in-plane and out-of-plane dimensional instability of thin paper sheets under the influence of moisture changes is presented. The method explicitly resolves the bonded and the free segments of fibers in the sheet, capturing the effect of anisotropic hygroexpansion at the fiber level. The method is verified against a volumetric model. The importance of longitudinal fiber hygroexpansion is demonstrated in spite of the absolute value of longitudinal hygroexpansion being an order of magnitude lower than the transverse hygroexpansion component. Finally, the method is used to demonstrate the formation of macroscopic sheet curl due to a moisture gradient in structurally uniform sheets in the absence of viscoelastic or plastic constitutive behavior and through-thickness residual stress profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Numerical model for solution of heat diffusion equation. • Thermographic investigation in optically semi-transparent materials. • Non-destructive detection of graphic features buried in cultural heritage artefacts. • Selective configurations for optical and thermal properties investigation in paper. In this paper, infrared thermography is applied to the quantitative characterization of optically semi-transparent media by using a newly introduced mathematical model. The method is specifically aimed to the detection and evaluations in graphic features buried beneath the surface of some particular kind of cultural heritage artefacts, such as books and documents. A numerical approach based on the finite element method, is proposed for solving the model equations. The computed thermographic signal depends on different inspected material physical properties, which have been selectively evaluated by comparing the theoretical results with the experimental ones in specifically designed test samples. Thereafter, the model is applied to the analysis of the results obtained in the case of graphic elements buried within samples constituted by the same previously characterized materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The voltage on the valve side windings of the converter transformer is non-sinusoidal, which contains many high-order harmonic components. To calculate the nonlinear electric field distribution under the non-sinusoidal voltage, the harmonic-balanced decomposition finite element method (HBDFEM) is proposed in this paper. By using the fixed-point method, the finite element stiffness matrix of each iteration is decomposed according to the harmonic order, by which the memory consumption can be remarkably reduced. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, a typical model of the oil-paper insulation structure is taken for instance, and the results obtained by the HBDFEM is compared with two algorithms, the traditional HBFEM and the time step method. The calculation results show that the HBDFEM can effectively reduce the computation cost for the nonlinear electric field problems with the non-sinusoidal periodic voltage. And it can be applied to analyze the compound electric field problems of the actual converter transformer. The electric field distribution of a ±500 kV converter transformer is calculated and analyzed considering the nonlinear relationship between the electric field and the medium conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cantilevers are one of the most utilized mechanical elements for acoustic sensing. In comparison to the edge clamped diaphragms of different shapes, a single edge clamped cantilever makes an acoustic sensor mechanically sensitive for detection of lower pressure. The aspect ratio of cantilevers is one of the most important parameters which affect sensitivity. Herein, we present a mathematical, finite element method and experimental analysis to determine the effect of the aspect ratio on the resonant frequency, response time, mechanical sensitivity, and capacitive sensitivity of a cantilever-based acoustic pressure sensor. Three cantilevers of different aspect ratios (0.67, 1, and 1.5) have been chosen for sound pressure application to detect capacitance change. The cantilever with the smallest aspect ratio (0.67) has the highest response time (206 ms), mechanical sensitivity, and capacitive sensitivity (22 fF), which reduce after increasing the aspect ratio. The resonant frequency of the cantilever was also analyzed by applying sweep in sound frequency. It was found to be minimum for the cantilever with the smallest aspect ratio (510 Hz) and increases with an increase in the aspect ratio. We have applied the garage fabrication process using low cost, recyclable, and easily available materials such as metal coated polymer sheets, mounting tapes and glass slides as alternative materials for expensive materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes a new method for evaluation of radial crush strength of paper cores. Based on the theory of multilayered composites, a mathematical model has been developed to calculate the value of destructive force during radial crushing of spirally shaped paper cores whose layers are made of different materials. To start calculations, it is necessary to have geometry parameters of the cores, Young's modulus and SCT of an individual component layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fully printed piezoelectric based touch sensor device has been successfully fabricated on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and paper substrates using screen printing technique. The device, consisting of a 4 × 4 array of printed sensors and interconnect lines, was fabricated using silver (Ag) ink. Screen printed polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), as a piezoelectric layer, was sandwiched between the printed Ag top and bottom electrode metallization layers. A linear relationship between the sensor response and varying applied forces to the device was obtained through finite element analysis (FEA) method simulation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to verify the formation of the β-phase crystals in the PVDF layer during the curing process. The effective polarization of the printed piezoelectric layer was analyzed using capacitance-voltage analysis. A sensitivity of 1.2 V/N and 0.3 V/N, with correlation coefficient of 0.9954 and 0.9859, was obtained for the PET and paper based printed touch sensors, respectively. The piezoelectric-voltage analysis demonstrated that the printed sensors can be used for both touch and force based applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of digital twins in bridge engineering is still vague and even confused with the Bridge Information Model (BrIM). Therefore, this study provides a detailed review of 42 papers related to digital twins in bridge engineering, focusing on a proper definition, key features and creation techniques for bridge digital twin (BDT). The paper also compares BDT and BrIM from the perspectives of their elements, features, fidelity, services provided, and degree of development. The applications of BDT at different life cycle stages are identified, and the related technologies are analyzed in detail. The results show that the research clusters of BDT are divided into geometric model generation, finite element model updating, and management and are focused on the operation and maintenance phase while lacking attention in the design and construction phase. Besides, a reference framework of BDT based on the life cycle of bridges is proposed, and directions for future research are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Elasticity and failure behaviors of the resin-coated aramid paper are analysed. • A novel segmented equivalent mechanical model of the material is proposed. • Equivalent mechanical parameters of multi-layer structure are derived theoretically. • Proposed model performs well in ultrasonic cutting simulation of Nomex honeycomb. • Difficulty of modelling and CPU time of simulation are reduced significantly. Nomex honeycomb, as the core part of sandwich structure, has been widely used in the aviation and aerospace industries. Ultrasonic cutting, as a technology that can reduce machining defects, has been highlighted in recent years, but some problems in the cutting process still need to be investigated significantly. Finite element method (FEM) offers an alternative way of in-depth understanding of the problems. However, the multi-layer structure of the Nomex honeycomb cell wall, which is the resin-coated aramid paper, makes it difficult to establish a detailed multi-layered finite element (FE) model at a macro-scale level. Therefore, a novel segmented material mechanical model, which is applicable to the equivalent single-layer model, is proposed based on the analysis of the mechanical behaviour of the multi-layer structure of the resin-coated aramid paper. Moreover, the calculating method of equivalent mechanical parameters of the multi-layer structure are proposed theoretically. The proposed method is first verified by FE models at a micro-scale level in both single-layer and multi-layer approaches. Additionally, simulations and experiments are performed to verify that the proposed method performs well in the simulation of ultrasonic cutting for Nomex honeycomb, and the difficulty of modelling and CPU time of simulation are reduced significantly. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vibration of a transformer core induced by magnetostriction is closely related to the environment and safety of devices. The DC bias excitation leads to the over saturation of the transformer core and causes more severe vibration. In this paper, a magnetic-mechanical strong coupling model based on a fixed-point time-periodic 2D finite element method with excitation voltage and DC bias current as the input is established in which the vector magnetic potential A, winding current I, and displacement in the core u are simultaneously taken as solution variables, and the fixed-point reluctivity is introduced to deal with the nonlinear problem of the core. In this model, the magnetic field and mechanical field are associated with the piezomagnetic equations and variational principle, and the circuit and magnetic fields are connected through the law of electromagnetic induction. The equivalent thickness of the core model and the determination of the initial value are discussed. A test transformer with a laminated core is made for experimental measurement. The accuracy and efficiency of the model proposed are verified by comparing the calculated results with the experimental results, and the influence of DC bias components on the magnetic characteristics and vibration of the transformer core is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we designed double V-shaped Al/Ni multilayer energy-containing microdevices with different V-angles, and we performed finite element modeling and simulation of the heat transfer process of the designed energy-containing microdevice. Temperature-dependent resistivity was introduced to effectively simulate the phase change during ignition. We simulated the temperature and current density distribution in the central region of the Al/Ni multilayer energy-containing microdevice and predicted the ignition voltage threshold for the specific device structure. Al/Ni multilayer energy-containing microdevices with different V-angles were prepared by electron beam evaporation technology, and ignition experiments on the prepared devices under the excitation of 47 μF capacitance were conducted. The experimental results show that the critical voltage of ignition increases with the increase in the V-angle, which verifies the correctness of the proposed finite element model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twinning is an important deformation mechanism for magnesium alloys, which has a significant impact on the texture evolution and mechanical properties. Pre-twinning deformation has been considered as an effective method for texture regulation. For each twinning mode, there are six crystallographically equivalent variants. Properly identifying the activated twin and understanding its variant selection criteria are essential for the development of high-performance magnesium alloys. As summarized in this paper, the observed twin variant by the commonly employed electron backscatter diffraction technique can be identified by several approaches, including misorientation analysis, trace analysis and matrix method. Schmid factor analysis was commonly performed to explain the selection of twin variants. To broaden the application scope under complex stress state, a generalized Schmid factor was derived by introducing a stress tensor. The efficiency of Schmid criteria to assess twin variant selection was confirmed to be influenced by the type of the applied stress. To consider the local effect on twin activation, in particular twin-twin transfer and slip-induced twinning, displacement gradient tensor calculation and geometrical compatibility factor analysis have been employed. It was demonstrated that local strain accommodation played a critical role in selecting the variants of cross-boundary twins in magnesium alloys. Assisted with crystal plasticity finite element modeling, the resolved shear stress on twinning and a composite Schmid factor combining the global Schmid factor and geometrical compatibility factor were obtained to better explain the activated twin variants in magnesium alloys. All the above-mentioned Schmid law based criteria and some energy based criteria as well are summarized in this paper. Their applications in evaluating twin variant selection in magnesium alloys are critically reviewed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The space debris in Earth's orbit has increased drastically due to the failure of spacecraft, rocket bodies, and mission-related objects. These objects in orbit increase the space waste and challenge other flying objects such as spacecraft. A hypervelocity impact of space debris on spacecraft structures can have a range of effects (mechanical damage and functional failure), raising significant concerns about spacecraft safety. This paper reviews the different studies on the performance and development of the Whipple shield against the hypervelocity impact of space debris. The study focuses on the impact mechanism, dynamic Fragmentation of materials, strength models, Equation of state, characteristics, and model of the debris cloud. The strength models (Steinberg–Guinan and Johnson–Cook) and Mie–Gruneisen equation of state, primarily used for hypervelocity impact applications, are thoroughly covered in this study. The study also reported the various experimental and numerical techniques for high and hypervelocity impact. The study concluded that mesh-based, mesh-free, and hybrid finite element methods are reliable for analyzing Whipple shield targets to resist hypervelocity impact. The study also observed that the two-stage light gas gun technique investigates most experimental analyses of hypervelocity impact on the Whipple shield. Alongside reviewing the abovementioned aspects, this paper also underlines the future scope of study in this paradigm. The authors strongly believe that this study provides more insights into the fundamentals and perceptions of the Whipple shield to protect the spacecraft against the hypervelocity impact of space debris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel higher-order multi-scale computational approach for efficient nonlocal gradient elasticity simulation of composite materials is proposed in this paper. Based on the use of decoupling technique, raw fourth-order nonlocal gradient equations with periodically oscillatory coefficients are decoupled as the new second-order multi-scale equations for reducing the continuity requirements when implementing multi-scale simulation. Next, a novel macro-micro coupled multi-scale computational model with higher-order corrected terms is rigorously devised for high-resolution multi-scale and nonlocal analysis of composite materials via multi-scale asymptotic analysis. Then, the local error analysis of higher-order multi-scale solutions in the point-wise sense illustrates that establishing higher-order asymptotic corrected terms plays a vital role in investigating the micromechanical mechanisms. Moreover, a rigorous global error estimation with an explicit rate of higher-order multi-scale solutions is first derived in the energy norm sense. In addition, an efficient multi-scale numerical algorithm is presented to effectively simulate nonlocal gradient elasticity problems of composite materials based on finite element method (FEM). And we also derive the convergence estimation of the proposed numerical algorithm. Finally, numerical experiments are conducted to gauge the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed higher-order multi-scale method. This paper offers a unified higher-order two-scale computational framework for enabling nonlocal gradient elasticity behavior simulation of composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new cable-damper stopper equipped for Coal-Fired Thermal Power Plants (CFTPPs) was proposed in our previous paper, where a series of shaking table tests were carried out to investigate its seismic performance, so this paper aims to reveal the working mechanism of the stopper from the theoretical and numerical simulation aspects. The stopper is composed of three main components, i.e. a steel cable, a steel block and a viscous damper. First, the nonlinear restraint stiffness of the steel cable to the boiler was derived; second, the critical damping of the stopper, which makes the vibration of the boiler decay exponentially with no oscillation, was derived; third, an iterative method was proposed to globally tune the CFTPP structure, which makes it possible to obtain the optimal parameters of the cable-damper stopper, including the diameter of the steel cable and damping coefficient of the damper. Finally, finite element models were built and time history analyses were conducted to verify the proposed optimization approach. Firstly, the finite element models were proved valid through the comparison between the results of the simulations and the experiments. Then, based on the results of the simulations, the theoretical procedure was validated. The results revealed that the proposed cable-damper stopper reduced the seismic responses of displacements of the top floor and the boiler significantly, about 30.18% and 60.01% respectively compared with their counterparts of CFTPPs without stoppers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to propose an experimental procedure for determining the characteristic length of a strain gradient model. The identification problem is studied through a virtual pull-out test of a rigid bar along the symmetry axis of a cylindrical strain gradient elastic domain. To allow an accurate parameter identification based on measured data, we investigate the effect of the characteristic length on the mechanical fields for this problem. We see a significant sensitivity of the inflection point of the displacement profile evaluated on the cross section of the cylinder, with respect to the characteristic length. By adjusting the characteristic length of the strain gradient such that the theoretical models match best with experimental measurements of the surface displacement fields, the characteristic length of the strain gradient can be estimated. In order to allow for more efficient analysis and an almost real-time parameter identification, the initial three-dimensional (3D) problem is reduced to a one-dimensional (1D) problem by exploiting the cylindrical symmetry of the problem. As will be shown, an accurate 1D finite element method (FEM) strain gradient solution can be obtained for this simplified problem. Since the cylindrical symmetry is only true in an infinitely long cylinder, specific boundary conditions are constructed on a cylinder of finite length, which is then used for the comparison of the 1D and 3D problems. Results show, however, that the structural response at the inflection point is insensitive to whether the specific boundary conditions are considered or not, which is why the 1D model can be used for parameter identification. Since the proposed approach is methodological, it can be applied to any material. As a prototype problem in this paper, we consider the case of a bar embedded in Portland cement concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bottom platform is an important underwater sensor that can be used in communications, early warning, monitoring, and other fields. It may be affected by earthquakes, winds, waves, and other loads in the working environment, causing changes in posture and affecting its sensing function. Therefore, it is of practical engineering significance to analyze the force conditions and posture changes in the bottom platform. In order to solve the problem of postural stability of the underwater bottom platform, this paper establishes a fluid and structural simulation model of the underwater bottom platform. First, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology is used to solve the velocity distribution and forces in the watershed around the bottom platform under a 3 kn ocean current, where the finite element method (FEM) numerical calculation method is used to solve the initial equilibrium state of the bottom platform after it is buried. On this basis, this paper calculates the forces on the bottom platform and the posture of the bottom platform at different burial depths under the action of ocean currents. Additionally, the effects of different burial depths on the maximum displacement, deflection angle, and postural stability of the bottom platform are studied. The calculation results show that when the burial depth is greater than 0.6 m, and the deflection angle of the bottom platform under the action of the 3 kn sea current is less than 5°, the bottom platform can maintain a stable posture. This paper could be used to characterize the postural stability of underwater bottom platforms at different burial depths for the application of underwater sensors in ocean engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many countries have a variety of offshore and onshore wind turbines that face extreme aging challenges. Issues with harmful vibrations that must be minimized are addressed in this paper. A new method of wind turbine tower vibration control using piezoelectricity and shunt circuits is proposed in this paper. The passive vibration control method is shown to improve the tower's structural performance under various environmental loads, like wind and seismic excitations. To examine the effectiveness of the suggested shunted piezoelectric system, a simple surrogate finite element model of a wind turbine tower is considered, and various investigations at the second eigenfrequency are carried out. An alternative way of modeling the studied structure is considered and the results demonstrate better performance. The advantages of setting up structural damping systems for decreasing tower vibrational loads and boosting their structural stability and resilience against extreme events are highlighted throughout this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the utilization rate of cable lines while retaining sufficient security, the accurate thermal assessment of cable is significant for cable operation condition evaluation. The thermal rating for a cable joint, which is regarded as a hot spot of cable lines, is not covered by the scope of IEC 60287. While the existing publications for cable joint thermal evaluation also have some limitations. In this paper, the quasi-three-dimensional thermal model of the cable joint was established and the iterative solution method for the model is presented. Based on the model, an improved thermal rating method for the cable joint was proposed, which was implemented with monitored surface temperature and load data. The improved method was verified by the finite element method and the results showed an error of less than 5%. The superiority of the improved method was conducted by the comparison between the previously published method and the improved method. The improved method showed a better accuracy than the previously published method. The proposed method in this paper can be complementary to the IEC method, and is easy to use for the operating evaluation of cable joints in the field with the on-line condition monitoring technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the perspective of flight technology and flight safety, the unsaturated clayey foundation soil of a high plateau airport in the mountainous area of southwest China is taken as the research object, and the calculation method of the composite modulus of CFG pile composite foundation with the soil between the piles as the unsaturated soil is established according to the relevant characteristics of unsaturated soil, and the calculation method of the composite foundation's settlement is carried out on the basis of this method. At the same time, Plaxis finite element analysis software is used to model the actual project and numerically analyze the settlement characteristics of the composite foundation. Finally, the calculation results of the two methods are compared and studied with the actual settlement monitoring values on site. The study shows that: 1) the theoretical analysis method is able to consider the effects of pile length, pile modulus, and matrix suction in unsaturated soil of rigid piles on the composite modulus, which is more in line with the reality than the conventional composite modulus method that does not consider the unsaturated nature of the soil between the piles; 2) the resultant values computed by the theoretical and numerical analysis methods recommended in this paper are both smaller than those measured at the site but the difference is within the range of 10%, so that in the actual plateau of the High Plains airports can choose the two analysis methods recommended in this paper to conduct related research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]