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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Sociology is the property of Canadian Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper contributes to migration studies, settler colonial studies and critical internationalization studies by mapping as connected two concurrent settler colonial preoccupations, reconciliation and internationalization. In Canada, as in other Western countries, international students are a crucial resource as they increasingly sustain post-secondary funding. At the same time, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2015) has charged the educational sector to put reconciliation and decolonization at the heart of their mandate. Drawing on interviews with racialized international students in Ontario, Canada, this paper examines how racialized international students may have complex relationships to coloniality and be complicit in legitimating settler colonialism. We argue that the processes of reconciliation and internationalization must be understood as deeply interconnected especially because the obfuscation of coloniality is a key technology of settler rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat market integration between the US and the UK before the "first era of globalization" (in the second half of the nineteenth century) was frequently interrupted by policy and "exogenous" events such as wars. This paper adds Canada to this story by looking at trade and price data, as well as contemporary debates. This allows us to triangulate the role of policy and wars, since Canada as a small open economy was part of the British Empire. We find that, despite its privileged access to British markets, Canada faced similar barriers to the US, suggesting that membership of the British Empire provided only a modest benefit to trade. We also describe the limitations she faced accessing the US market, in particular after American independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide a framework for understanding the Canadian experience of the changing workplace and growing precarity, this paper discusses major international trends, initiatives and developments respecting work. The author notes that the pace of economic globalization itself is slowing, while the growing perception of globalization as an "agent of inequality" has led to a resurgence of political populism and protectionism. This has fostered a clear recognition that globalization must be reformed in a way that redresses the "social deficit" and achieves a better balance between economic development and social progress. The author reviews recent activity aimed at operationalizing, at the level of supranational organizations and national governments, the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. Steps toward that goal include a proposed treaty on business and human rights and the adoption of a National Action Plan by a number of states, and, in Canada, the creation of an independent ombudsperson (supported by a multi-stakeholder advisory body) mandated to address human rights complaints arising from a Canadian company's activities abroad. Access to remedy by victims of human rights abuses has been the subject of renewed attention by the international community. Efforts to enhance the social aspect of globalization are also reflected in International Framework Agreements negotiated by multinational corporations and global union federations, and in various industry and multi-stakeholder codes of business conduct (e.g. the Bangladesh Accord). Assessing the role played by the Canadian government on the international and domestic stages with respect to the future of globalization, the paper notes several initiatives and policies (such as the progressive Canada-European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement) that place Canada squarely in the reformist camp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The service marketing literature has traditionally argued that the marketing practices of service firms that operate in diverse cultures should also differ. This paper aims to investigate this argument by examining the marketing practices of service firms in two highly diverse countries "Canada and Qatar" in the context of a contemporary conceptual framework. Design/methodology/approach: Survey data were collected in both countries using a self-administered questionnaire that was used in previous contemporary marketing practice (CMP) studies. The data analysis was conducted in two stages. First, descriptive statistics were used to determine cross-national differences in the intensity of use of various CMP activities in Qatar compared to Canada. Second, cross-national differences in various combinations of marketing practices were identified using a cluster analysis. Findings: The results indicate that service firms in both countries have more similarities than differences and that the overall patterns of marketing practices are similar. In addition, the firms' marketing practices reflect aspects of all four marketing approaches rather than just one. Research limitations/implications: The study was conducted in only two countries, thus generalisability of its findings and conclusions may not be possible. Practical implications: The results of this study can help marketers to better understand the changing marketing environment and identify new marketing solutions when operating in different environments. Originality/value: This study enhances the literature on service marketing and expands the application of the CMP framework to a new context that has not been addressed in previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the structures and trends of the establishment, growth, and transformation of the Jewish presence in the Americas. After outlining several fundamental characteristics of the general continental societal environment and its internal differentiation, we critically discuss several theoretical approaches to a comparative assessment of the Jewish experience. Conceptual formulations include globalization, diaspora studies, and transnationalism, aiming to highlight their achievements and drawbacks. Selected sociohistorical aspects relevant to the development of Jewish immigration, settlement, and community formation are analyzed. This is followed by the exploration of more recent patterns, outlining emerging configurations and challenges. The article focuses on the differences and commonalities between the North (United States and Canada) and the diverse Latin American experiences. The conceptual referents imply rethinking the relationship between societies, communities, individuals, territories, and sociopolitical spaces along the changing contours of dispersion. Lessons from the past may help outline future paths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this two-part paper is to explore the relationship between multiculturalism and performance, and attempt to reconcile some of the varying points of views, in order to suggest practical implications for managers in the workplace. Design/methodology/approach – A review of the literature regarding both diversity and performance was performed. Next, the focus was on the relationship specifically between racial-ethnic diversity and performance. To show the relevance of the paper, materials dedicated to Canadian population and immigration was included. Findings – It is still somewhat inconclusive whether diversity can have a definite positive or negative impact on organizational performance. The literature reviewed shows that authors have differing opinions. One element appears to be clear: diversity of itself does not necessarily bring benefit. For a diverse group to perform well, it must be well managed. Diversity remains an underused tool that managers have yet to learn to utilize. Research limitations/implications – At the time of writing, there was not a significant amount of published material on the direct relationship between multiculturalism and performance. This paper attempts to gather and make sense of the various views formalized thus far and puts forth a new question of how to turn multiculturalism in the workplace into an asset for organizations. Practical implications – Managers still do not agree on how to take full advantage of diversity. As the Canadian workforce becomes more and more diverse, so increases the importance of addressing and answering this question in practical terms. Especially facing the increased globalization of corporations, taking advantage of the untapped potential that resides in a culturally diverse work team should be at the top of every international company’s goals. Social implications – The importance of studying the relationship between multiculturalism and performance is crucial because in developed countries like Canada organizations are becoming increasingly culturally diverse. Much has been written about the effect of group diversity on conflict and creativity, on the performance of heterogeneous groups vs homogeneous groups, on organizational commitment among ethnic minorities, and on self-fulfilling performance expectations. Originality/value – This paper is a useful source for managers interested in understanding the real value of diversity in the workplace, as well as for researchers studying the relationship between corporate diversity and corporate performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on data from three levels of education policy-making in Canada, in this paper we identify variegated interactions of global circulations of sustainability discourses in education in relation to priorities and responses at subnational levels of government, including provinces and territorial ministries of education, local school divisions, and schools. Understanding 'scale' as mutable and practiced vs. fixed, we discuss instances of policy recoding or mutation when global UN priorities have been shifted to reflect language or priorities suited to education ministries and school divisions; as well as examples of policy immobility, where subnational education bodies did not engage with UN sustainability approaches. Cases of policy amplification are also highlighted, in which school division policy priorities appeared to increase the influence of provincial policy. In some cases, intentional efforts of 'rescaling' seemed to influence policy responses, such as through processes of school division amalgamation, or the growing attempts to relocalise policy in Canada's north. We draw on data from across six Canadian provinces and territories and 10 school divisions to better understand the mobilities of sustainability in education policy in relation to subnational policy practice, including via topological influences such as policy actors and certification programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology & Criminology / Revue Canadienne des Études Supérieures en Sociologie et Criminologie is the property of Paladin Academic Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Elimination of the trade barriers and stimulation of business activity through trade liberalization led to the expansion in the field of the global economy. There are plentiful hesitations about who gains the highest benefit from free trade, especially when it comes to the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the European Union. Analogously, the previous mention guides to the dilemma about the trade negotiations and their position in the same agreement in which are the labor standards. Additionally, trade liberalization has influenced the creation of a close link connection between trade, labor, and globalization. This paper focuses on the effects of globalization and trade liberalization with their connection apropos the provisions from CETA; especially with an emphasis on Chapter 23: =Trade and Labour'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Review of Sociology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper assesses the amended Canada's Amended Youth Criminal Justice Act introduction of deterrence as an additional sentencing aim through analyses of a subset of interviews with persistent male youth offenders recruited in a youth correctional facility in southern Ontario. The analysis attends to how the youths' accounts of violence, crime, and rehabilitative intervention efforts fit with government insistence that a stronger deterrence message is needed to reverse the damage of a justice system that scholars concur largely missed the global punitive turn. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relevance of the Canadian case to the globalization of juvenile justice, a development marked by the contradictory embrace of punitivism, on the one hand, and crime-prevention jurisprudence, on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Public Policy is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose – This paper aims to analyze the opportunities and challenges of public policy governance in industrialized democracies in the context of a globally integrated economy on the one hand and institutional decentralization on the other. The implications of these transitions suggest the need for horizontal collaboration and coordination between policy stakeholders (domestic and international) as well as among agencies across various levels of government. The case of regional economic development policy governance in Canada over the past two decades illustrates some of the complexities of public, private and community partnerships in policy governance as the country seeks to maintain and enlarge its niche in the global economy. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected through content analysis of policy and program documents relating to regional economic development in Canada, as well as in-depth interviews of about 15 public officials directly involved in the administration of the policy. Findings – The comparative analysis of regional economic development policy governance in two Canadian provinces over the past two decades illustrates some of the complexities of public, private and community partnerships in policy governance as the country seeks to maintain and enlarge its niche in the global economy. Originality/value – The paper is based on an original research undertaken by the author and raises critical questions about the changing context of public management in an age of increasing globalization of economies and societies. It also addresses the distinct challenges of managing multi-level systems in the face of the added complexities brought about by global integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – Increased globalization and cross border trade suggest the importance of consistency in internal controls and the internal auditing activities within organizations when doing business with a region's neighbors. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether there are differences in the demographics of internal auditors in the neighboring regions of the USA, Canada, and many Latin American countries, their organizations' compliance with the Institute of Internal Auditors' (IIA) International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (Standards), and the skills and competencies that are most important to perform the profession of internal auditing. Design/methodology/approach – Data were selected from the IIA's 2006 Common Body of Knowledge database created by the Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation. χ2-tests or F-tests were used to determine if there were differences in the responses between internal auditors from the US, Canadian and Latin American respondents. Findings – Although there is less compliance and greater satisfaction with the Standards in participating Latin American countries, the findings indicate remarkable consistency in the USA, Canada, and Latin American countries in their application and compliance with the Standards and the kinds of skills and competencies respondents indicate are important for the practice of internal auditing. Global competition, increased communication and global stakeholder expectations have resulted in increased utilization of internal auditing in the Americas. Practical implications – Reliability of organizational systems, output and performance must be continually evaluated to ensure effectiveness, efficiency and compliance with entity policies and procedures. One role of the internal auditor is to evaluate this performance using globally accepted Standards, frameworks and procedures. Adding value by making suggestions for system improvements and to provide assurance on the adequacy of system controls to stakeholders at all levels and geographical locations should insure the future of the internal auditing profession. Originality/value – There has been nothing written about the comparison of the internal auditing profession's usage of the IIA Standards in the USA, Canada, and Latin America. As many organizations are doing business across these borders, reliance on the information provided by their suppliers and customers is important to executives. Systems that are monitored by internal auditors who follow the IIA's Standards should provide more assurance about the reliability of that information. This paper compares the usage of the IIA's Standards by internal auditors in the USA, Canada, and participating Latin American countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Geographer is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Home Depot Inc. is the world's largest home improvement retailer. In 2001, the company generated US$53.6 billion in retail sales from a property portfolio of 1333 stores. In the mid-1990s, after a period of rapid expansion in the US, Home Depot Inc. developed an internationalization strategy and entered the Canadian market. This paper explores the impact that the US-owned Home Depot Inc. has had on the home improvement landscape of Canada. The evidence provided illustrates how a relatively small number of foreignowned big box stores can dominate local retail markets, with the Home Depot Canada having gained a considerable national market share. The paper provides a detailed example of the growth of Home Depot within the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), Canada's largest market. It reveals the significant negative impact of Home Depot's big box format development on traditional street-front and mall-based home improvement retailers. The paper concludes by discussing potential growth strategies, in particular, Home Depot's expansion from major metropolitan to small town markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the Reciprocal Learning Programmes between Western and Eastern educational systems through a Sister School project as well as, a Reciprocal Learning Programme through preservice programs between a Canadian university and a Chinese university. Benefits of the Reciprocal Learning Programs include reflective practice of content and pedagogical learning, cultural and societal learning, globalisation and emotional and social impact. Qualitative documentation demonstrates that educational, social and cultural dimensions are cultivated and nurtured through the Reciprocal Learning programs and have positively affected the students, educators and leaders involved in the project. Criteria for success in the programs included professional and personal commitment, educator inquiry, vulnerability, organisational commitment and multi-dimensional partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to explore how the migration experiences of international accounting professionals were shaped by colonial structures and how, through their interactions with other professionals, migrants hybridize their professional identities and the profession in Canada. Design/methodology/approach – A post-colonial analysis of the career narratives of international accounting professionals who migrated to Canada. Findings – This paper illustrates how explicit and formal requirements for transformation, as well as the more subtle informal demands of employers and clients, require non-Western professionals to transform personal characteristics in ways that make them more “Canadian” or “professional”. Findings show that mimicry takes many forms, with some professionals becoming “consummate mimics”, while others discuss their transition in ways that highlight resistance (“reluctant mimics”) and the demands that systematically frustrate and exclude many non-Western professionals from full participation in the “global” profession in Canada (“frustrated mimics”). Research limitations/implications – This paper contributes to the existing scholarly literature on the persistence of colonial structures in shaping the experiences of colonized people even as they migrate in search of better opportunities decades after the colonial structures have been formally dismantled. It builds on Bhabha’s (1994) work illustrating that colonial structures are susceptible to change through action and interaction. We hope this study contributes to social change by providing some insights into how mimicry, resistance and hybridization may disrupt the unreflexive enactment of colonial structures that sustain inequality. Originality/value – This study extends the literature on professional migration using a postcolonial perspective to empirically examine the lived experience of the colonial encounter and professionals transition their professional identities across borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Kanada-Studien is the property of Gesellschaft fuer Kanada Studien e.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Political Science / Revue Canadienne de Science Politique is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Within the context of globalization, nations have increasingly become the object of both production and consumption. Consequently, directly or indirectly citizens are being conceptualized, appealed to and transformed into consumers. A key driving force in this transformation is the diverse range of multinational corporations (MNCs) that engage in what is referred to ascorporate nationalism– a process that seeks to capitalize upon the nation as a source of collective identification. This paper sets forth to explore (1) the nature and significance of corporate nationalism within the context of globalization; (2) the nature and significance of the ‘holy trinity’ – sport, beer and masculinity; (3) a case study of one specific Molson Canadian beer advertising campaign to illustrate how it serves as a manual of both masculinity and national identity in Canada; (4) the role of cultural intermediaries in reproducing dominant forms of masculinity; and (5) the implications of corporate nationalism and the holy trinity for understanding the reproduction of masculinity in an increasingly global world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At a time of substantial change, globalization, and ubiquitous access to information, educators struggle to change even the most basic aspects of their classrooms. This is especially true for those in challenging contexts where many perpetuate the "mind numbing" practice of rote instruction. This paper describes a collaborative partnership among academics in Canada and East Africa as they develop Innovative Learning Centres (ILC) in their respective institutions to leapfrog pedagogy in imaginative ways, drawing on experiential learning and the Maker Movement in a studio based learning environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to fill a gap in the literature on internationalization, in relation to the absence of objective and measurable performance indicators for the process of how firms sequentially enter external markets. To that end, this research develops a quantitative tool for use as a performance indicator of gradualness for firms entering external markets at a sectoral level. The performance indicator is based on firms’ export volumes, number of years operating in the export market, geographic areas targeted for export and when exports began to each area. The indicator is tested empirically in the wine sector. The main contribution of this study is the creation of a reliable international priority index, which can serve more widely as a valuable tool because of its potential use in other industry sectors and geographic areas, and which would allow the analysis of how geographically differentiated internationalization strategies develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – Recently, studies call for a more nuanced perspective on different internationalization patterns pursued by early internationalizers. These studies argue that most born global firms turn out to be born regional and that the proportion of true born global firms would be overestimated. Moreover, literature claims that the proportion of born global firms increases over time due to macroeconomic trends. The purpose of this paper is to investigate these assumptions by providing a dynamic perspective on the prevalence of different types of internationalization patterns among Canadian small and medium-sized exporters (SMEs). Design/methodology/approach – To empirically examine the ideas above, the authors constructed a unique large-scale longitudinal (1997-2004) dataset. A multinomial logit model is employed to estimate a firm's predicted probability, Ceteris paribus, of choosing different internationalization patterns: born global, born regional, and gradual internationalization. Findings – It is found that born global firms indeed account for a smaller proportion than born regional firms (16 per cent vs 27 per cent). However, evidence is found that born globals and born regionals are increasingly established over time and that macroeconomic factors seem to account for this development, at least partially. Originality/value – Combining a rigorous empirical analysis with a unique large-scale longitudinal dataset, the paper addresses two fundamental research questions in the international entrepreneurship (IE) literature: which internationalization pattern prevails; and if the born global pattern is increasingly established over time. The paper therewith theoretically contributes by comparing the predictive value of different internationalization frameworks (international new venture (INV) framework, stage-models and regionalization hypothesis), toward which there is considerable current debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cirque du Soleil, based in Montreal, is known internationally for its innovative form of circus production. Although a transnational company recruiting talent from around the world, it is argued that the Cirque’s ability to innovate is underpinned by its historical and geographical situatedness in Montreal. Drawing on evolutionary economics, the paper examines the place-specific and path-dependent trajectory which has informed the emergence of the Cirque, focusing on how a series of latent synergies—including a vibrant tradition of street performance in Quebec, the lack of established circus conventions, and the strength of related cultural sectors in Montreal—gave rise to the Cirque. In addition, the paper explores the purposive role of the state in actualising some of these latent synergies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The issue of transnational class formation has figured centrally in recent debates on globalization. These debates revolve around the question of whether or not new patterns of cross-border trade and investment have established global circuits of capital out of which a transnational capitalist class has emerged. This paper takes up the notion of transnational class formation at the point of corporate directorship interlocks. Using Canada as a case study, it maps the changing network of directorship interlocks between leading firms in Canada and the world economy. In particular, the paper examines the role of transnational corporations (TNCs) in the Canadian corporate network; the resilience of a national corporate community; and new patterns of cross-border interlocking amongst transnational firms. Through this empirical mapping, the paper finds a definite link between investment and interlocking shaping the social space of the global corporate elite. Corporations with a transnational base of accumulation tend to participate in transnational interlocking. While national corporate communities have not been transcended, transnational firms increasingly predominate within them, articulating national with transnational elite segments. This new network of firms reconstitutes the corporate power bloc and forms a nascent transnational capitalist class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of assertiveness in determining negotiation outcomes in two different cultures and thus to help understand the cultural differences in the relationship between assertiveness and negotiation outcomes in the West and East, where assertiveness is often viewed quite differently. Design/methodology/approach - Data were collected from four simulated negotiations of varying degrees of complexity ranging from the most distributive to the most integrative. Over 400 business students were recruited as subjects from a Western culture and an Eastern culture, namely Canada and China, to participate in the simulations in order to test the cultural differences in the relationship between assertiveness and negotiation outcomes. Findings - The results provide support for the effects of assertiveness on both economic outcome and affective outcome, and thus confirm the importance of assertiveness as a negotiator trait; the relationship between assertiveness and negotiation outcomes is found to be culture dependent whereby assertiveness is associated with economic outcome and affective outcome for Canadians, but only with affective outcome for the Chinese. Practical implications - This study provides important guidelines for negotiation practitioners. Relevant training and development programs could be designed for international managers to improve their effectiveness when they negotiate with the Chinese who often place more emphasis on affective outcome and on negotiation process. Originality/value - Negotiation skills become more important in the increasingly globalized world market and research on negotiation needs to provide more knowledge for scholars and negotiation practitioners. This paper attempts to enrich our understanding of negotiation in two different cultures and to provide insights on cross-cultural differences in negotiation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Sociology is the property of Canadian Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Migration & Ethnic Themes: MET / Migracijske i Etničke Teme is the property of Institute for Migration & Ethnic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Drawing upon transnational multi-sited research analysing sending and receiving aspects of migration flows and the shifting priorities of neoliberal citizenship regimes, this article highlights the class complexity of Philippine gendered migration pathways to Canada. Migrant agency and class complexity are linked to neoliberal immigration and labour export policies that privilege the acquisition of capital serving the interests of sending and receiving countries. Sometimes this benefits elite migrants but it also exacerbates gendered class cleavages between migrants and within Philippine society. The histories of Philippine internal and overseas migration have contributed to a culture of migration whereby Filipinos exhibit flexibility to draw advantage from subtle shifts in Canadian immigration policy. The paper concludes that Filipinos may well represent the ideal immigrant but there are personal, social, and political consequences for migrants and the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, health care professionals are confronted with a consumer population and a set of professional values that require special skills for negotiating cultural difference. Globalisation and the changing demographics of contemporary society call for a diverse health professionals' workforce to provide a high quality of care for all consumers. Consequently, there is a growing interest in understanding the issues of diversity and social inclusion within the health professions and in programs designed to promote culturally relevant services. Sustained efforts in this area should include an understanding of minority people already working in the system. This paper will discuss the findings of a qualitative study that used grounded theory method to explicate the worklives of twenty Black nurses within the health care system in a Canadian province. The narratives of these Black nurses revealed several issues that influence their quality of worklife including issues of diversity such as diversity a within the workforce, educational curricula, professional literature, work environments and the actual services delivered by health care professionals. In addition, the lack of cultural diversity in leadership positions in the health professions including nursing was perceived as a contributor to poor quality of worklife for minority populations. The paper will conclude with a discussion of how the study's findings can inform the process of creating and supporting effective cross-cultural interactions in today's culturally diverse organizations and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The deteriorating economic position of low-skilled workers relative to high-skilled workers appears to be one harmful effect of the economic globalization that took place during the 1980s and 1990s. In the present paper, we perform a time series investigation for Canada using as the dependent variable the relative wages of production and non-production workers in the manufacturing sector between 1970 and 2001. The independent variables include R&D, union density, immigration, imports from non-OECD countries, foreign direct investment, capital labor ratio, and number of workers in each group. The results show that the R&D expenditures and union density are two important variables in the explanation of the widening wage gap. The effects of immigration, imports, and FDI on wage inequality are found to be moderate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In mining, the world is truly shrinking. Mining companies are scouring the world in the search for new deposits. This greater mobility means greater investment in Africa, Asia and Latin America, integrating what were isolated production sites into global value-added and commodity chains. Since this greater integration is one of the most profound aspects of globalization, it is interesting to know if there are growing similarities in the ways companies organize production and treat workers and communities from one continent to another. This paper examines growing similarities in mining practices in Canada, Zimbabwe and South Africa brought about by the introduction of new technology, multi-skilling and team work and the impact on wages, skills and worker mobility. This paper is based on in-depth studies of the organization of production in mining in Zimbabwe and Canada, made up of qualitative interviews with workers in each industry, as well as company management, union representatives and government officials, undertaken over a number of years. The more recent South African study uses extensive primary documentary sources and statistics as well as interviews with government and union officials. It concludes that there is increased similarity in mining practices resulting from globalization and while they have not resulted in a descent to the lowest common denominator, neither have they resulted in bringing workers up to the highest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – With the emergence of the knowledge economy different countries are responding with changes within their tertiary education systems. Education is increasingly recognized as a cornerstone to the continued growth of a country but with the globalization of business is education becoming a commodity? Design/methodology/approach – This paper examines educational policies and their implementation within the UK and Canada. Findings – This paper finds that education in the UK has become a commercial product within the international arena, unlike Canada where tertiary education has remained a domestic pursuit. Originality/value – This paper engages in a controversy that questions whether the economic value to a nation of education is found only in the numbers of students or can be enlarged to include the results of the education for the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of the process of globalization on workers and their families in Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Globalization is based on the ideology of neoliberalism, which is promoted by the most powerful economic and political actors in the world, and includes the deregulation of financial transactions and the promotion of free trade. Globalization and neoliberalism have brought tremendous profits to transnational corporations and international financial institutions, and accelerated the accumulation of wealth to a small, powerful elite in all countries involved, At the same time, globalization has led to economic decline for workers, massive impoverishment, and growing income inequality world-wide, These effects have appeared, albeit to differing degrees, in both developed and developing economies. Once again workers are forced to pay the price of political and economic change but, this time, on a truly global scale. This paper is part of a long-standing research project initiated by the authors to uncover the meaning of globalization, to describe its critical policy components, to empirically analyze its impacts, and, finally, to propose educational and action strategies for workers and unions in response to it.

This paper begins by examining house price movements in eight metropolitan areas in Canada between 1971 and 1996. At the start of this period there was considerable conformity in price levels among the eight centres, but by the mid-1990s wide disparity in the price structure had emerged, with Vancouver and Toronto (and their satellites) having broken away from the rest as a result of rapid price inflation after 1985. At the same time, the cities showing the most marked gains also suffered the heaviest losses during economic downturns. The geography and timing of rapid price inflation coincided with the onset of heavy and concentrated immigration in Toronto and Vancouver after 1985, and the remainder of the paper considers the relations in these cities between price change and globalisation in general, immigration in particular. In both cities, and especially Vancouver, aside from growth in the provincial GDP, conventional regional and national factors seem to have declining significance in accounting for price movements, while indicators of globalisation, including immigration, exert stronger effects. These effects are consistent not only with globalisation but also with economic polarisation in post-industrial cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summarizes some of the key findings of academic papers presented at the First World Congress on the Management of Electronic Commerce, which took place in January, 2000, in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, sponsored by McMaster University. The conference was attended by 243 delegates from more than 25 countries. Outlines two meta-management issues including: the importance of taking a strategic approach to Internet ventures as well as considering infrastructure design during implementation. Several of the papers presented fell into three broad functional categories including operations, human resources and marketing. Finally, a summary of internationalization and education implications is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Comparative & International Education is the property of Canadian & International Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Viewed superficially, Canada and the European Union are both multi-tiered systems with a social identity problem, albeit one arrived at via different routes. This paper examines the extent to which Canada and Canadians might or might not be able to profit from the experience of the EU in respect of social policy development. First, the paper offers an outline review of where the "social dimension and social policy are at" in the EU. This it does with reference to the workings of three distinct processes: attempts at (a) positive activist social reform; (b) negative reform arising from the European Court of Justice's imposition of market compatibility requirements; (c) indirect, de facto pressures towards integration resulting from the demands of adapting to a single market and single currency area. The paper then goes on to review the two main schools proposals for restructuring Canada politically--"reversing the founding process" (a Quebecois/ separatist perspective), as against replacing Canada's federal system with a "pure interstate compact"--in the light of this EU experience. In neither set of cases, as it turns out, does the experience and example of the EU offer promising pointers of relevance to Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conceptual paper explores issues related to immigration, cultural diversity, and the challenges of sustaining a positive sense of community in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Our city has recently experienced a large influx of immigrants, and the study explores the impact if this sudden increase in diversity on both the Newcomer families and in relationships between them and the local host community, which includes a large Indigenous population. The situation has the potential to cause misunderstanding, racism, and even violence, compromising community cohesion and diminishing overall well-being. Viewing society as both a community and an organization, our objective in this conceptual paper is to discuss the complexity of enabling learning to manage change in a unique temporal and geographic setting. We provide a preliminary conceptual exploration of how insights from community development theory, organizational learning theory, and leadership theory might be mobilized to promote greater cross-cultural understanding in Saskatoon as a means of enhancing community well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the Canadian Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP) drawing on the concept of 'social cohesion,' a concept that was prominent in federal political discourse in the late 1990s. Social cohesion has value in highlighting the social impacts of shifts in policy at individual, group, and societal levels. Our case studies of temporary foreign workers in nursing and trades in Alberta suggest that the TFWP encourages low trust and sense of belonging among migrant workers and resistance from domestic workers because it promotes inequality and exclusion. The inability of most migrant workers to access settlement services, to bring families, to change employers, or to enroll in further education and training overtly discourages their integration into the local community. The TFWP also impacts the domestic workforce and citizenry by creating a new class of workers and non-citizens without the same rights. The dynamics observed at a workplace level predictably impact local communities and Canadian society overall as patterns of diversity are destabilized, values of fairness and equal opportunity are challenged, and norms of reciprocity are weakened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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There have been strong evidence showing a declining trend of firm dynamism in many other OECD countries over the last three decades. However, so far there has no compelling evidence that points to any intrinsic factor(s) that may have affected the trend of declining firm dynamism. This paper investigates some potential candidates for the intrinsic factors that might be responsible for the decline in firm dynamism. Specifically, it hypothesises that globalisation and ICT (information and communication technology) have increased the flexibility in business operation, which has contributed to the decline in firm dynamics because firms can better weather positive/negative shocks with increasing business flexibility. Using data from Canada, we find empirical support for the linkage between business flexibility and firm dynamics in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In international entrepreneurship literature, entrepreneurs moving across borders have received less attention than other entrepreneurs. Also, only scant attention has been paid to immigrant entrepreneurs' contributions to their organizations. This paper aims to contribute to the emerging international immigrant entrepreneurship literature by studying Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs' roles in their firms' international and innovative activities in Canada, China, and other countries. It is based on three cases of Chinese entrepreneurs who established businesses in Canada. We conclude that these immigrants' experience of doing business in China and Canada, their network relationships and knowledge of these markets quickened their firms' internationalization considerably. Moreover, these firms became active in product or service innovation as the case immigrants also involved other immigrants and locals. Consequently, immigrant entrepreneurs should actively use their connections both in their new country of residence and also in their previous home country, but to become even more successful, they should also reach beyond their ethnic ties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In some communities in the Province of Ontario, Canada, economic development functions have been outsourced from departments within the city structure to external organizations such as economic development corporations (EDCs). This study takes an in-depth look at the activities of EDCs, with a focus on the rationale for outsourcing, EDCs' policies and strategies, cooperative efforts, and the challenges EDCs face. The paper is based on extensive interviews with 21 CEOs/presidents of these corporations. The findings indicate that EDCs are typically private-public partnerships that exist at local and regional levels, that this approach is part of a comprehensive strategy to deal with the changing field of economic development and the uncertain global economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The textile/apparel has changed dramatically in the last 20 years. The decisions by the World Trade Organization to eliminate quotas and reduce tariffs, the multiple free trade agreements signed between countries, the ease of doing international business, as well as many other factors have contributed to the migration of production activities from high labour cost countries to low labour cost countries. The first countries affected obviously were the most developed Western economies. Canada has not been an exception with an overall decrease in the value of textile/apparel shipments of more than 50 %. To reduce the negative impacts of these changes, a number of approaches have been tried and projects implemented. This paper presents the most important factors that have contributed to the demise of textile/apparel production in Canada and provides a few numbers demonstrating the importance of the phenomenon. It also presents some of the solutions that have been put in place, both by the governments and the private sector, with more or less success. It concludes on some thoughts on the future of the industry in the most economically developed countries and some possible avenues to improve the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internationalisation of higher education has been overwhelmingly embraced by Canadian universities (Beck 2009). Yet, the decentralised nature of higher education institutions, coupled with the absence of a national governing body with responsibility for higher education, creates an interesting terrain for internationalisation. In this paper, I examine the ideas related to internationalisation pursued by one Canadian organisation, the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC). Responding to concerns from Canadian institutions and government ministries about their potential exclusion from global markets, the AUCC took a national lead to better acquaint Canadian institutions with the Bologna reforms, declaring an urgent need to respond to the reforms taking place in Europe (AUCC 2008a). I analyse the policy knowledge, spaces and actors involved with internationalisation through the AUCC's interaction with the Bologna Process, to argue that a deeper entangling of universities in the ideational market-based competition embedded in neoliberal reforms has created tensions in how autonomy can be conceived in Canadian higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]