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The article discusses Hawaiian groups' resistance to globalization. Rebellion begins when youth started to fight for the environment and their rights. Community members opposed the construction of golf courses, luxury condominiums, hotels and resorts. Local residents fought the construction of a geothermal power plant in Puna and the missile-launching in Ka'Ü district. In 1997, Stephen Yamashiro wanted to lease 4, 400 acres of Hawaii's Island to Oji Paper Ltd. Several organizations opposed the plan and in November, 1997, State Board of Land and Natural Resources rejected it. The author states that these events indicate the emergence of a more democratic politics on Hawaii Island and illustrates how local communities can set their own parameters for economic development.

Copyright of Comparative Education is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The author comments on Australia's Defense White Paper entitled "Defending Australia in the Asia-Pacific Century: Force 2030," which was released in May 2009. It is suggested that Australia's new defense policy was created in response to the rapid speed of globalization and increasing economic interdependence, as well as the declining power of the U.S. The author also argues that the policy document is beset with contradictions and there are no details of immediate challenges.

Internationalisation is now a prominent feature of the higher education landscape, with many institutions integrating international, intercultural and global dimensions inside and outside the classroom. In this paper, I examine the long-term outcomes of international faculty mobility on individual pathways at home institutions framed within the context of internationalisation. I find that the current mode of internationalisation neglects the role of how abroad activities contribute to subsequent institutional internationalisation at home and abroad. My retrospective tracer study with eight qualitative in-depth interview participants finds that formerly internationally mobile faculty integrate international, intercultural, and global dimensions related to the host country, host region and wider world at their home institutions into their teaching, research and service after returning from abroad. In doing so, I propose a new way of understanding how the complementary pillars of abroad and at home internationalisation maintain an on-going, synergetic process that react and contribute to each other and the way in which internationalisation can be re-visited and re-imagined meeting broader goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to report on the 2007 meeting of the Southwest Academy of Management (SWAM) that incorporated content related to gender and diversity. Design/methodology/approach - SWAM offers a track each year that includes gender and diversity research. For the 2007 meeting gender and diversity was combined with human resources, careers, and social issues in management. Findings - One paper introduced a new form of surface-level (observable) diversity - military status. There were two diversity-related papers, one looking generally at the importance of cultural differences in global management systems and the other focusing on cultural differences between the USA and Mexico. The final paper incorporating diversity issues focused on the influence of cultural differences within student teams on individual learning. Originality/value - The diversity papers included in this conference showed a focus on diversity introduced through globalization, which is of value in highlighting the need for diversity scholars to develop expertise in international management or to develop collaborations with colleagues who pursue international management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a comparative analysis of internationalization policy between two distinct nations entrenched in unique sociopolitical and economic cultures, namely Japan and the United States of America (U.S.A.). How do different policymaking processes impact internationalization policy in practice? While Japan's internationalization policy is clearly articulated at the national level, the U.S. does not have a national higher education internationalization policy that emanates from the federal government. Therefore, in this study we analyzed macro-level data from three distinct policymaking sectors to identify U.S. national policy. Our analysis identifies the policy-making process in each nation and elucidates how internationalization policy unfolded in both cases. Second, we compare the development of higher education internationalization policy efforts in the two countries, sequencing events, factors, and rationales that impacted national policy. This approach allowed us to compare the implications of having a centralized versus a pluralistic internationalization policy-making process in the 2000s. Our research shows that, in practical terms, there is more variation in higher education internationalization policy in the U.S. than in Japan. In both countries, policy dynamics were influenced by social and economic factors, and political factors influenced policy in the U.S. An academic and humanitarian rationale for internationalization policy was not central to the essence of the policy in either country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on issues relating to consolidation arguments and transnational government. It talks about the positive impact of democratic political globalization on economic globalization and some of the problems of global coordination involving the U.S. The relationship of democratic legitimacy and basic rights on transnational government is also discussed.

This paper investigates the changing nature of quality employment in the United States, considering the social and economic consequences of neoliberal policies on the quality and availability of good jobs. Neoliberalism and its policies have profoundly influenced the American economy and impaired the socioeconomic landscape. Access to quality employment is a critical component of the future of work, as it shapes worker identities and empowers them to meet household needs. Quality employment can curb rising inequality, reduce job polarization, close urban-rural divides, and halt the corrosion of trust in American social democracy. This paper proposes a new conceptual and analytical approach to evaluating trends and structural changes in quality employment across American industries. The analytical framework involves a composite indicator — the Quality Employment Index (QEI) — that measures industries' capacity to offer quality employment relative to one another. We use the QEI to rank fifteen American manufacturing industries from 2001 to 2018, and evaluate them in the context of the U.S. political economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- The motivation for this study is triggered by the fact that lately contract manufacturers in China have to deal with a number of unprecedented cost pressures such as currency fluctuations, the VAT rebate reduction, and minimum wage enforcement. As cost pressures in China continue to mount, this paper aims to analyze whether the US manufacturing outsourcing pendulum is swinging away from China and back to nearby Mexico, or towards emerging low-cost countries such as Vietnam, Indonesia, South Africa, Turkey or Argentina. Design/methodology/approach -- Analysis consists of comparing major cost drivers such as labor, currency, freight, and raw material and determined per unit price and the potential impact of currency fluctuations over the next five years. An example of Easle Pads (paper-based non-adhesive coated) is used to present the detailed analysis. Findings -- The outsourcing landscape today may change again in the near future as the VAT rebate is further reduced or eliminated or the impact of the Olympic Games finish. Assumptions will need to be updated to reflect any changes in the future. Though other countries such as Vietnam appear to be viable options, managers will need to take other factors into consideration when making outsourcing decisions. They will need to identify specific suppliers in a country and obtain quotes in order to finalize their decision. Research limitations -- The data analysis is supposedly very high-level. Many assumptions were applied lacking full detail, and duties and customs were not specifically addressed for each country. However, this organized approach is useful as a strategic decision tool in performing supplier searches to identify potential countries. Practical implications -- The paper helps shed light on the opportunities that exist in the emerging low-cost countries such as Vietnam and Indonesia. Other countries, such as Turkey and Argentina, also offer low labor costs, but may be better considered as regional sources of supply, rather than US outsourcing destinations. Originality/value -- The majority of studies on manufacturing outsourcing in relation to China concentrate on the reasons why one should choose China. The paper looks at manufacturing outsourcing away from China and identifies possible alternatives for contract manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an analysis of key stakeholders' internationalization experiences in selected universities in the United States (U.S.) and in Turkey. We used the phenomenological research methodology to understand internationalization experiences in two countries the conceptual framework for internationalization and analyzed the similarities and differences between higher education institutions in these two countries. The choice of the phenomenological research design was set to gain a detailed understanding of the internationalization experiences of key stakeholders. The findings shall be beneficial for both countries' university stakeholders who are interested in gaining a better understanding of the internationalization in their respective institutions as well as of the goals and outcomes of the strategies currently being employed. This paper contributes an intercultural perspective to the body of literature on internationalization. We have further shown how broad analyses of internationalization can be filtered down into localized contexts and specific institutional settings to illuminate the mechanisms behind the curtain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invites submission papers for the special issue on globalization in the Feminist Economics 2000 publication in the United Stats. Deadline for submission of papers; Names of guest editors for the special issue; Presentation of possible topics.

The article presents commentary on a paper by Michael Elsby, Bart Hobijn, and Aysegül Şahin in the current issue entitled "The Decline of the U.S. Labor Share." Susanto Basu praises the paper and points out several unanswered questions it raises including whether labor's declining share of national income is a consequence of technological or country-specific reasons, or globalization. Brent Neiman cites three important contributions the paper makes.

There is no doubt that Africans have contributed immensely to the development of modern society. One remarkable attribute of global institutional landscape is the presence of Africans all over the world. Indeed, the roots of their spread lies in two historically distinct movements, that is, either involuntary (old Diaspora) or voluntary (new Diaspora). This has resulted in what is increasingly referred to as a global Africa. The major thrust of this paper is to critically examine the contributions of African Diaspora, with special focus on the new Diaspora in connection with the development in their host countries in the areas of politics and administration, economic and sociocultural aspects, education, medicine and information technology, among others. The new era of globalization is characterized by dynamic interaction, linking more countries and more people together than ever before. This development and the diversities of historical factors of new migration motivated Africans to migrate and settle in the US and the UK. The current reality that people are more transnational today than ever before is hinged on the fact that successful sustainable development and integration in the countries of study depend on human capital. The paper, therefore, concludes that the contemporary migration of Africans into the Diaspora has resulted in the development of their host countries and this has equally promoted their integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term 'global health' has become the dominant way to describe worldwide interventions on health since the 2000s. Despite significant discussions about the meaning of the term, there is still a lack of understanding about how it came to dominate global thinking and the implications of such a shift. This article traces the emergence and diffusion of 'global health' as a concept. It focuses particularly on the role of US experts and universities in shaping the 'global'. It uses a combination of interviews, literature review and archives to trace its apparition in expert discourses and diffusion in universities. It shows that the definition of 'global health' came out of and contributed to American dominance in globalization. In addition to bringing a fresh perspective on the origins of global health, the paper contributes to the globalization debates by showing the co-constitution of scientific and political fields in globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of intangibles has brought significant challenges for our understanding of capitalism and international trade. This paper develops a framework for the measurement of global trade that integrates trade in intangibles and trade in goods and services to analyse the global trade imbalance. Through in‐depth discussions of the five modes through which trade in tangibles are carried out, it develops an integrated framework for the measurement of international trade. Applying this framework to the estimation of trade imbalance of a group of the world's top innovative countries, we see significant adjustments of their trade balance. The overall trade deficit of the United States reduces by nearly half of its size from USD763 billion to 390 billion in 2015, the year for which we have the latest trade in value‐added data. The paper argues that the true picture of global trade imbalance is of much smaller scale than the traditional trade statistics suggest. Policy responses to rebalance should be discussed using a framework that fully incorporates different types of trade activities in the twenty‐first century. Implications of the new conundrum of globalisation are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this review of literature study is to examine the acculturation process of halal food to the American food culture. Further, is to determine the effects the acculturation of halal food on the consumer and food economy in the U.S. and globally. Irrespective of where a Muslim resides or travels to, consuming halal food is an obligatory religious dietary requirement for all Muslims worldwide. According to recent census estimates, there are nearly 3.3 million Muslims living in the U.S. This number represents nearly 1% of the total U.S. population. By 2050, this number will more than double. The U.S. is considered a melting pot of a mélange of many ethnic groups and is one of the most culturally and ethnically diverse countries in the world. Through both Muslims immigration to the U.S. and trade globalization, halal food was introduced to the American food culture. Migrant Muslims have not brought only their Islamic religious traditions to the U.S., but also their traditional halal food preparation, including butchering of animals for consumption, their distinct cooking styles, and other Islamic dietary practices. This paper offers an analysis of the process of acculturation and the transition of halal food products to both the Muslim and non- Muslim American consumers. This paper further examines the impact of the burgeoning halal food economy on the U.S. food industry and its share of the growing global halal food economy. There is a need for further research to study the long-term socioeconomic and environmental sustainability impact on the growing the global Muslim populations living in low-income counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the expansion of clientele’s demographics and international transactions, many law firms began to open doors to non-mainstreamers—minority lawyers to join the legal workforce. Decades have passed and the inequality in compensation between minority and non-minority attorneys is still one of the most controversial issues in the legal profession. Based on human capital and labor discrimination theory, we examine the productivity and compensation differences between minority attorneys and non-minority counterparts. The sample consists of 554 firm-year observations of the 200 largest U.S law firms from 2013 to 2016. We use OLS with clustered standard errors by year. We find minority partners are more likely to provide relatively routine and template-based services, which do not command fee premium, which results in low productivity of minority partners. We find that minority partners are compensated less than their non-minority counterparts after controlling for productivity. This paper aids in the understanding of diversity in the workplace and the effect of diversity on a firms’ productivity and the type of services to provide. Also, this paper has implications on the compensation gap between minorities and their non-minority counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countering the drive to erect walls between nations and communities, the burden is increasingly on educators to develop in students essential skills and dispositions for a more hospitable future. Global education is essentially aimed at addressing the realities of increasingly networked societies and porous exchanges of knowledge, capital, and products among people and groups around the world. This paper examines how global education is enacted in two schools in Singapore and the United States. Given that a central characteristic of the twenty-first century is globalization, global education is inevitably embedded in the discourse of twenty-first century competencies utilized by policymakers worldwide. However, while global education has typically been studied as a singular subject such as Human Rights or integrated into History, Social Studies, or Civics Education, this study differs as it examines two schools that have adopted a whole-school approach to global education. That is, global education is embedded in the culture of schooling and infused across curricula subjects. The first part of the paper provides an overview of global education and its two key emphases – globalism and global citizenship. The second part discusses the tensions emerging from observations of global education in the two schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior to the pandemic, approxiately 42,000 students from countries in sub-Saharan countries in Africa enrolled in U.S. universities (IIE 2021). Despite this strong and growing presence, little research exists focusing on their experiences of education in the U.S. Through a small-scale study of the experiences of graduate students from sub-Saharan African countries, we see evidence of material and discursive representations of race that produce material inequalities that are then used to legitimize racial formations. We couple these experiences to the background of campus internationalization policies and the university's responses to argue that the policies reproduce and reinforce cultural and social racism that positions white Americans as the norm and unproblematically contributes to Western supremacist positionality in the academy and beyond for economic benefit. In this paper, we demonstrate ways in which the implementation of campus internationalization programs is part of the larger discourse of racism on both the national and international arenas, perpetuating white superiority and implementing policies that reproduce the inequities that reify and legitimize neoracism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global leadership has been identified as a critical success factor for large multinational corporations. While there is much writing on the topic, most seems to be either general advice (i.e., being open minded and respectful of other cultures) or very specific information about a particular country based on a limited case study (do not show the soles of your shoes when seated as a guest in an Arab country). Both kinds of information are certainly useful, but limited from both theoretical and practical viewpoints on how to lead in a foreign country. In this paper, findings from the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) research program are used to provide a sound basis for conceptualizing worldwide leadership differences. We use a hypothetical case of an American executive in charge of four similar teams in Brazil, France, Egypt, and China to discuss cultural implications for the American executive. Using the hypothetical case involving five different countries allows us to provide in-depth action oriented and context specific advice, congruent with GLOBE findings, for effectively interacting with employees from different cultures. We end the paper with a discussion of the challenges facing global executives and how corporations can develop useful global leadership capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Inca's Florida is a work that can be understood in the context of Iberian globalization, displacements and migrations characteristic of the sixteenth century, and in which we can see the interest that the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega had in the events that were unfolding on the other side of the Atlantic in search of new territories. Thus, in the first pages of the book, the author refers to the transatlantic voyages and explorations that had been carried out, in that period, in the south of the current United States, from the exploits of Cortés to the expedition of Hernando de Soto (1539). Without ceasing to focus on La Florida, this paper contains two sections: in the first one, I propose certain Garcilasian aspects related to the phenomenon of globalization; in the second, I will comment on the fundamental lines of the critical edition of this work that I recently published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of energy consumption's Green Quality Index (GQI) on carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions in the United States from 1970 to 2021. At this point, the estimated models control for the effects of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, urban population, and globalization on CO 2 emissions. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag estimations demonstrate that GQI and globalization reduce CO 2 emissions in the short- and long run. However, GDP per capita and urban population are positively related to CO 2 emissions in the short- and long-run. Different estimation techniques confirm the long-run baseline findings. Potential policy implications for reducing CO 2 emissions in the United States are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For urban policymaking, inequality in large U.S. metropolitan areas appears as a principal consequence of a trichotomy of motives over resources allocation, consisting of urban economic development, ecological sustainability and socioeconomic equity. In the case of global cities, a greater inequality appears to result, in part, from the propensity for urban economic-development motives to pursue and/or maintain worldwide centrality, connectivity and command over the dynamic forces of globalization. Such global-city development priorities are reflected in the endogenous urban content and institutional makeup distinguishing "global-city status," a characterization attributable to only a handful of places in the U.S. As a cross-sectional comparison of 53 large metropolitan areas (MSA), this paper examines the hypothesis that MSAs having a higher index value for "global-city status" exhibit comparatively greater socioeconomic inequality than MSAs with a lower index value. It produces statistical evidence supporting this thesis, with wide-ranging implications for globalization's imprint on metropolitan areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This autoethnographic paper exposes the multiple barriers encountered by an international doctoral female student in the United States: health issues especially Covid-19, institutional, political, geopolitical, knowledge production and economic factors. Reproduction theory, the world-system analysis and intellectual imperialism are used to examine these factors exposing the illusion of equity in international higher education and its role in perpetuating the imbalances and exclusion of large groups of people and entire countries. Contrary to the narrative, international students are often part of these large excluded groups of people but are not regularly included in the discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization's effects continue to reverberate across the continents creating winners and losers in all regions of the world. In developing countries, where there are numerous workers, low labor standards, and low environmental production standards, numerous jobs are created. Those jobs help the developing country economies grow while exploiting their resources. Developed countries, where jobs can no longer be created so easily due to the higher cost of doing so, face other challenges. In the developed countries, populations believe that the lower cost of services and products created in poorer areas are inevitable; and the populations are resigned to the higher unemployment and shifting nature of employment. But there is disagreement regarding what should be done about the fiscal deficits and poverty simultaneously created. In previous papers, we built upon and extended international business, strategic management, and property rights economics literatures via game theory. Specifically, we introduced a framework, which explains the globalization related issues facing the United States and other developed countries. In this paper we empirically test this previously developed framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an editorial where the author discusses the economic implications of the elections in various countries in the European Union and also on the economic development in the U.S. and the European Union and the failure of globalization and the reasons for the failure and the migration policies.

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the relationship between geographical diversification and the underwriting performance for the world's largest reinsurance groups. It also aims to verify that the form and nature of the relationship between diversification and performance follow an S-shaped curve with increased diversification of the largest reinsurance groups. Design/methodology/approach – Analysis in the paper is based on the concept of Geographical Spread Index defined and calculated by UNCTAD. Data on largest reinsurance groups in the world are published annually by Standard & Poor's for only a limited number of reinsurance groups. To overcome the small sample problem, a re-sampling procedure from the original sample, similar to a bootstrap sample, is used to validate the results. Findings – The results show that, overall, international geographical diversification has a positive effect on a reinsurance firm's underwriting performance but that this relationship is not linear. It rather follows an S-shaped curve. Although data limitation does not allow more sophisticated investigations, the results reported in this paper are nevertheless significant. It seems that at an early stage of expansion in proximate markets there are efficiency gains for the firm. With increased internationalization there may be a diminution in performance because of higher transaction costs or learning costs for new markets. Further expansion in foreign markets brings back efficiency and higher performance. Research limitations/implications – Only cross-section data for a small sample of companies are available and therefore it is not possible to analyze the dynamics of geographical diversification. A firm may deliberately expand for long-term strategy reasons such as market share even though this is detrimental to medium-run performance. Also, the analysis cannot provide any answer to the existence or not of a maximum level of international diversification beyond which performance would decline. Originality/value – In the literature on firm diversification in the financial services sector, product diversification and performance has received significant attention with mixed results but except for a few papers, the internationalization aspect has not been examined. The reinsurance sector is important since reinsurance activities are, by nature, more geographically diversified than other financial activities. Furthermore, the largest European reinsurance groups dominate this worldwide market and many reinsurance companies have, in the past decade, increased their foreign direct investment and acquired other companies in part because of the belief that only very large players will have the cost advantages necessary to remain competitive in global markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine recent trends in R&D offshoring by US multinational enterprises (MNEs) against a well-established conceptual framework derived from transaction cost and internalization theories, as well as challenges to it. Design/methodology/approach – The paper develops and tests a parsimonious model of cross-country variation in R&D performed by affiliates of MNEs based on a 31-country, 15-year dataset of US non-bank majority-owned foreign affiliates (MOFAs). Findings – Consistent with the implications of transaction cost and internalization frameworks, the findings show that the location of R&D offshoring is significantly determined by ownership of physical assets by MNEs in the host country and host country technological capability. Practical implications – R&D offshoring can enhance the quality and the quantity of knowledge flows between home country and host country R&D centers. The resulting positive knowledge spill-over effects can increase the welfare and productivity of an MNE and its home country in the long run. Originality/value – The paper provides a comprehensive explanation for MNEs' R&D offshoring based on transaction costs, internalization framework and technological factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates a structural New Keynesian model to test whether globalization has changed the behavior of U.S. macroeconomic variables. Several key coefficients in the model–such as the slopes of the Phillips and IS curves, the sensitivities of domestic inflation and output to “global” output, and so forth–are allowed in the estimation to depend on the extent of globalization (modeled as the changing degree of openness to trade of the economy), and, therefore, they become time-varying. The empirical results indicate that globalization can explain only a small part of the reduction in the slope of the Phillips curve. The sensitivity of U.S. inflation to global measures of output may have increased over the sample, but it remains very small. The changes in the IS curve caused by globalization are similarly modest. Globalization does not seem to have led to an attenuation in the effects of monetary policy shocks. The nested closed-economy specification still appears to provide a substantially better fit of U.S. data than various open-economy specifications with time-varying degrees of openness. Some time variation in the model coefficients over the postwar sample exists, particularly in the volatilities of the shocks, but it is unlikely to be related to globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines the potential negative consequences of the internationalisation of American higher education from the perspective of positional competition theory. This analysis suggests that internationalisation efforts undertaken by colleges and universities contribute to positional competition between students vying for admission, between graduates competing for prestigious, well-paying jobs, and between higher education institutions themselves, who compete for prestige. As positional competition necessarily involves displacing other in obtaining advantage for one's self, the paper further describes how the positional competition engendered in part by the internationalisation of higher education contributes to the replication of social patterns of inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the late 1990s, particularly since the global financial crisis, the core inflation of main developed economies’ has been persistently below target. The factors hindering the achievement of inflation targets are nothing more than commodity price, oil supply, weakness of aggregate demand, and various other factors. In addition, technology and globalization have also played a significant role. This paper uses an extended hybrid New Keynesian Phillips Curve (NKPC) model to quantify the contribution of technology and globalization variables to inflation in the United States (U.S.). The analysis suggests that technology and globalization well explain the low inflation dynamics in the U.S., as the impact of globalization on domestic inflation has been weakening over the past 20 years or so, while the impact of technology on inflation has been increasing. At present, technology exerts a greater role than globalization on low-inflation in the U.S.. This raises a different perspective for understanding the phenomenon of low inflation in the U.S. and other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outsourcing is a business strategy to cut costs by relocating jobs from high-cost countries, like the USA, to low-cost ones, like India. The practice involves moving the jobs and transferring knowledge, technologies, and capabilities. Outsourcing has been growing in scale and scope in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) occupations, and it has implications for the current and future demand of STEM workers. Some jobs will be rendered obsolete as they migrate to low-cost locations, while others, which are complementary to outsourcing, will see demand increases. The paper reviews the theories about which jobs will be vulnerable to outsourcing and the empirical data. It describes the political and policy discussion about STEM outsourcing and how it has been coupled with the STEM workforce shortage debate. Lastly, it explores the implications for STEM educators, workers, and students. Many STEM jobs have already been outsourced and many more are vulnerable. STEM educators, workers, and students can take practical steps to adapt to outsourcing. STEM educators can modify curricula towards skill and knowledge areas less vulnerable to outsourcing and provide tools to students to become better stewards of their own careers. Workers can better steer their careers by closely tracking outsourcing trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to explore the dominant positions in the debates on globalization in American social studies education. Specifically, the paper illustrates that, first, globalization is conceived of as more of an unprecedented new age and less of a historical development. Second, it is conceived of as more of a natural process and less as an ideological project. All in all, this paper argues that globalization should be approached as a historic and discursive condition in the field of social studies education. To do so, educators should include more skeptical perspectives and critical voices about globalization. Also, they need to approach the vocabulary used to frame globalization discursively, rather than as an objective fact. The paper contends that the different positions taken in the debates on globalization are part and parcel of the social imaginary of globalization. The paper has ramifications not only for American social studies education but also for related subjects such as civics and citizenship education elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the preliminary results of a large-scale survey which examined Internet marketing applications in the internationalisation of UK SMEs Although there are some examples of innovative practice, few UK SMEs are utilising the full potential of the World Wide Web (WWW) in international marketing In this respect, practice m the UK lags several years behind that in the US. Given that the Internet will have a revolutionary impact on the conduct of international trade, a major education and training initiative is required to improve knowledge and understanding in this area and to encourage more effective use of the Internet to support SME internationalisation. In the absence of such an initiative, a further decline in the UK's international competitive positron can be expected as other nations embrace the global marketing opportunities made potable by the Web. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary concern of this paper is the structural characteristics of an industry that generate returns to transnational integration: manufacturing scale economies and technological intensity. Integration is operationalized as intrafirm flows of resources. Intrafirm trade as a proportion of all international sales is used as an index of integration across 56 manufacturing industries containing U.S.-based firms. Ordinary least-squares analysis of the determinants of integration--technological intensity, manufacturing scale, advertising intensity, and internationalization (as a control) reveals that technological intensity, advertising intensity, and the control are significant and scale is not. I argue that technology is the primary determinant of cross-border integration and the importance of manufacturing scale has been overemphasized, and conclude by discussing the implications of the increasing cost and complexity of technology for the state-based political system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociology of Sport Journal is the property of Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Given recent arguments among economists on the impacts of trade globalization, this paper looks at the time series and across country data to discuss trade and its impacts on worker's pay especially in developed countries. Based on the data published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor between 1978 and 2006 among 13 countries, the paper analyzes and examines the relationship between the growth rates of a country's productivity and the worker's real compensation in manufacturing sectors. The results reveal a pattern that the growth of worker's compensation has declined especially in the developed world during 1992-2006 when compared with the period of 1978-1991. Base on the findings, the paper discusses these questions. What are the reasons and implications of the trend? What are arguments surrounding productivity and worker compensation? What are the impacts of free or freer trade on worker compensation in the future? What are the differences between developed nations and newly industrialized nations in workers' compensation growth in the age of globalization? What are the implications for free trade theory in general and the factor equalization theory in specific? Unlike studies which focus on issues of trade effects and inequalities between tradable and non-tradable industries within a nation, this paper analyzes and compares trade impacts of worker compensation in both developed and newly industrialized economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The IT industry developed in the United States and was then transmitted to Japan and further to Taiwan, South Korea, and China. Adopting the 'Flying Geese development' model as its analytical framework, this paper examines the development of the IT industry and the changes in the exports and imports of the five economies. This paper estimated comparable time series data on the production, export, and import of IT goods and IT services separately for the five economies. It found that the US has already reached the reverse import stage for IT goods while East Asian economies are at the export stage. Furthermore, only the US exports IT services to the other four. It also provides an econometric analysis of the mechanism of international transmission of the IT industry. This paper also takes into account foreign direct investment, OEM, and mobility of IT specialists into the analysis and refers to the possibility of leapfrogging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization and the revolution in technological communications are major forces of change in higher education. This environment, when coupled with the needs of adult learners and the rising costs of tuition at traditional colleges and universities, has stimulated the emergence of for-profit, degree-granting higher education in the United States. This paper examines the growth of for-profit higher education, provides a cost/profit analysis, and gives examples of for-profit universities that are increasing international in scope. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these developments for traditional colleges and universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most controversial aspects of globalization is capital-market liberalization—not so much the liberalization of rules governing foreign direct investment, but those affecting short-term capital flows, speculative hot capital that can come into and out of a country. In the 1980s and 1990s, the IMF and the US Treasury tried to push capital-market liberalization around the world, encountering enormous opposition, not only from developing countries, but from economists who were less enamoured of the doctrines of free and unfettered markets, of market fundamentalism, that were at that time being preached by the international economic institutions. The economic crises of the late 1990s and early years of the new millennium, which were partly, or even largely, attributable to capital-market liberalization, reinforced those reservations. This paper takes as its point of departure a recent IMF paper, to provide insights both into how the IMF could have gone so wrong in its advocacy of capital-market liberalization and into why capital-market liberalization has so often led to increased economic instability, not to economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines to what extent globalization has contributed to the decline in the labor share of US national income. It argues that globalization can influence the national labor share (NLS), even though its impacts first occur to the tradable sector. It then empirically estimates the effect of globalization on the labor share in the manufacturing sector, and uses the resulting estimates to infer the effect of globalization on the NLS. Our estimations indicate that not all globalization indicators are negative on the labor share. However, between 1999 and 2009, the included indicators of globalization cut the manufacturing labor share by about 3-6 percentage points, directly contributing to about 20-36 percent of the decline in the NLS in that period. Moreover, that tally is very likely to underestimate the total effect of globalization on the US labor share because the paper's estimates do not capture the indirect effect of globalization on the labor share of the non-tradable sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demographically and economically, there is an ongoing global shift that has resulted in the uneven development and distribution of monetary, human and knowledge capital. This paper first examines and consolidates economic, social and urban theories of growth and decline and demonstrates how globalisation has conceptually shifted the spatial scale and trajectory of urban change theories. The examination of the population trajectories of the 100 largest American cities from 1980 to 2010 demonstrates that the majority either grew or shrank continuously. This trend counters early cyclical models and supports the argument that globalisation has altered population trajectories. Second, conceptualisations of urban shrinkage trajectories are reviewed and a two-dimensional trajectory typology encompassing both economic and demographic change is presented. The diversity of urban shrinkage experiences is demonstrated through the application of the typology to the 20 largest shrinking American cities, 12 of which experienced overall population loss and simultaneous economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary economic globalization is typically seen as a product of both trade and economic liberalization after the Second World War and of technological advances that have made it possible to overcome coordination and management of geographically dispersed production units. Trade liberalization and technological advances were certainly important variables, but I argue that it was neo-protectionist American policies of the early 1980s that provided the initial catalyst for globally networked production processes. American protectionism encouraged Japanese investment in the United States that allowed US car manufacturers to learn the essentials of network manufacturing as practiced by Japanese transplants in the United States. In the next stage of global network manufacturing, liberal trade played a much more pivotal role because the global supply chains could not obviously be maintained without liberal trade. In this paper, I also discuss the likelihood of a reversal and suggest that globalization is unlikely to reversed in a significant way. Liberal trade is essential to the integrity of global supply chain networks, but these new production processes have themselves created a firewall against future systemic protectionism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the significant changes in the economy and the society occurring under neo-liberalism as a base, this paper analyzes the extent to which government policies, including federal, state, and local, and labor activism since the Great Recession constitute challenges to neo-liberalism in the United States. It investigates the legacy of neo-liberalism including the ineffective federal governmental response to the COVID-19 economic and health crisis, and the emerging discourse within the Democratic Party calling for a major reorientation of government policy away from neo-liberalism. It concludes by discussing the effects of the neo-liberal agenda on economic well-being and evaluating whether the neo-liberal agenda has been successful in its own terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose -- The purpose of this paper is to study the decline of the Tuareg, and explore the emergence of traditional elements of Tuareg culture to circumvent formal barriers to trade. Design/methodology/approach -- This paper examines the history of the Tuareg through the lens of the New Development Economics. Findings -- This paper examines three elements of past Tuareg wealth: the caravan trade as spontaneous order; the unintended consequences of forced modernization policies under colonization and post-colonial states; and contemporary problems from hindered freedom of trade. The bad news is that the Tuareg are facing impediments from failed states with low economic and political freedom. The good news is that traditional elements in the Tuareg's entrepreneurial culture are re-emerging to circumvent formal barriers. Research limitations/implications -- The literature on the Tuareg is largely pessimistic, as the Tuareg's traditions have largely been quashed by post-colonial boundaries and failed states. The New Development Economics offers a new perspective, with two implications. First, there is hope for the Tuareg, and a possible win-win, if the local states adopt a policy of laissez faire and international trade, rather than assimilation or repression. Second, this theoretical lens can be used in other cases throughout Africa (and the world) involving post-colonial borders. Originality/value -- There already exists a rich literature on the Tuareg. This paper uses the New Development Economics to examine the history of the Tuareg's decline - and to find hope in traditional elements of Tuareg entrepreneurship emerging to circumvent local failed (and predatory) states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of a longitudinal study of Indians who initially arrived in the United States in pursuit of a dream for the specific purpose of fulfilling academic and/or professional goals and who eventually elasticized their stay as they became permanent residents or naturalized citizens. While literary works abound with poignant tales of the trauma of adjustment, the relative smooth transition into the middle-class mosaic, or the fierce retention of ethnic distinctiveness, there are limited historical and sociological analyses of the Indian immigrant experience, fewer still of the professional Indian woman's immigrant experience, and none about the structural-cultural dichotomy of the potential immigrant who has not quite burnt his (or her) bridges behind him (her). While the longer study takes into account both the historical and demographic changes in the pattern, nature, type, and extent of Indian immigration since WWI era to the present, this paper focuses on case studies of the post-1965 generation of Indian immigrants who came for the next three decades, who had no definitive plan of adopting the United States as their country of residence, but who eventually did. Their structural assimilation and cultural distinctiveness is juxtaposed against the post-millennium transnational group. While the statistical data is primarily collated from census records, the behavioral and attitudinal components of the profile are based on data gathered through participant observation, survey responses, and independent interviews. Respondents provided information about ancestry, patterns of socialization, motivation to relocate to the United States temporarily, their imagined and actual role in the country of adoption, and the problems of alienation and adaptation. This data is then analyzed keeping in view the intersection of class, gender, and now the post-millennium transnational in an age of globalization. In the course of this analysis, the triple marginalization of the Indian professional woman remains constant, while the American Dream undergoes a redefinition twice; once during the transition from the preimmigrant to the immigrant stage, and a second time, now, in the imagery and life-style of the newest transnational in the age of globalization in a new milieu, even a new terrain, India. With the exponential rate of increase in the return of the prodigal, now back to India where jobs and gadgets abound, has the American Dream turned full circle? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to develop a contextualized definition of the phenomenon of rapidly internationalizing ventures (RIVs) - such as born globals or international new ventures - building upon the commonly noted dimensions of internationalization: speed, degree and scope. Design/methodology/approach – The study builds on a theory informed review of 62 empirical studies on RIVs from the USA and the European Union and an empirical survey among 103 academics in the field of international entrepreneurship. Findings – After specifying the core characteristics of RIVs (speed, degree, and scope of internationalization), it is shown that the discrepancies in definitions result in a dysfunctional fragmentation of empirical results. Thus, research on the phenomenon of RIVs urgently needs contextualized definitions because the three core characteristics are context-sensitive, and will therefore manifest themselves differently across contexts. Research limitations/implications – The paper contributes to international entrepreneurship research by introducing a feasible strategy for defining RIVs which ensures the identification of the very same phenomenon across different contexts, thus bridging the gap between different research contexts and enabling a common body of knowledge to evolve. Practical implications – This insight is particularly important for identifying, analyzing and understanding how managers in RIVs recognize and exploit opportunities in a global sphere and what drives their behaviour and development paths with regard to international activities. Originality/value – Based upon the theoretically-driven identification of the core characteristics of RIVs, the paper formulates the concept of contextualized definitions which enable researchers to identify the phenomenon within any specific context. These relative definitions are suitable for identifying the very same phenomenon in diverse contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

here are at least 5 visible signposts that should serve as a warning to the entrenched institutions of higher education. We can ignore them at our own peril. Failing to take them to heart and change our programs we stand a good chance of being out stripped by our competition. For this paper competition includes foreign institutions of higher learning and the for-profit colleges and universities within the United States. The purpose of this paper was to explore the warning signs and examine what actions traditional higher education should take to reform itself to remain vibrant and an integral pathway to social mobility [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines continuity and change in employment relations in two key industries – auto assembly and retail banking – across five countries: the USA, Australia, Germany, South Korea and China. The subsequent papers that constitute this symposium are discussed drawing on the varieties of capitalism (VoC) approach. Particular emphasis is laid on the interplay between continuity and change in employment relations in different types of capitalism, the conceptualization of Asian VoC and the industry-specific effects of globalization on employment relations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]