11,471 results
Search Results
2. The material reasoning of folding paper.
- Author
-
Friedman, Michael and Rittberg, Colin Jakob
- Subjects
PAPER arts ,MATHEMATICAL proofs ,PATTERNS (Mathematics) ,NINETEENTH century ,CONTEMPLATION - Abstract
This paper inquires the ways in which paper folding constitutes a mathematical practice and may prompt a mathematical culture. To do this, we first present and investigate the common mathematical activities shared by this culture, i.e. we present mathematical paper folding as a material reasoning practice. We show that the patterns of mathematical activity observed in mathematical paper folding are, at least since the end of the nineteenth century, sufficiently stable to be considered as a practice. Moreover, we will argue that this practice is material. The permitted inferential actions when reasoning by folding are controlled by the physical realities of paper-like material, whilst claims to generality of some reasoning operations are supported by arguments from other mathematical idioms. The controlling structure provided by this material side of the practice is tight enough to allow for non-textual shared standards of argument and wide enough to provide sufficiently many problems for a practice to form. The upshot is that mathematical paper folding is a non-propositional and non-diagrammatic reasoning practice that adds to our understanding of the multi-faceted nature of the epistemic force of mathematical proof. We then draw on what we have learned from our contemplations about paper folding to highlight some lessons about what a study of mathematical cultures entails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Spectroscopic Investigations for the Dating of Paper from the Nineteenth Century.
- Author
-
Pigorsch, Enrico and Obenaus, Hanna
- Subjects
- *
XYLANS , *HEMICELLULOSE , *NINETEENTH century , *CELLULOSE fibers , *RAMAN spectroscopy , *WOOD-pulp , *ART historians - Abstract
The knowledge of the detailed material composition of paper can help art historians, archivist, librarians, paper historians, and conservators to determine the possible age of a document or a work of art. The dating of paper by the identification of specific paper components is especially applicable to paper from the 19th century. In this era, many changes in the paper production technology occurred and new raw materials were introduced in relatively short time intervals. ATR-IR and Raman spectroscopic measurements were used to analyze the chemical composition and structure of papers from the 19th century. The infrared spectra showed the general material composition of the papers. More specific information on the different paper components and their distribution in the paper were obtained by Raman microscopic measurements. The resulting Raman images visualize the detailed chemical structure of the papers including all components such as paper fibers, filler pigments, sizing agents, and color pigments. Special emphasis was made on the spectroscopic identification of different paper fiber types, like straw, esparto, and sulphite and sulfate chemical wood pulp, which were introduced to paper production during the second half of the 19th century. It could be shown that the specific spectral differences in the Raman spectra of the different paper fiber types are related to different amounts of hemicellulose xylan compounds on or in the cellulose fibers. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Fragments of Paper and Parchment in Musical Instruments: Binder's Waste for the Production and Repair of Lutes from the 16th to the 19th Century.
- Author
-
Kirsch, Sebastian
- Subjects
- *
SIXTEENTH century , *MUSICAL instruments , *PARCHMENT , *NINETEENTH century , *MUSICAL instrument repair , *LUTE music - Abstract
Paper and parchment were used for the production and repair of musical instruments from the 16th century onwards. Today, several layers of reused materials such as binder's waste can be found in instruments. This makes them carriers of materials of bibliographical and fragmentological interest. Based on the analyses of 96 lute instruments the reinforcing material is described and put into context with current approaches of the study of fragments and the material history of the objects. The use of vellum and reuse of parchment manuscripts was mainly common during the 16th century and for instruments made of materials of high density. Paper in the form of blank folios, reused prints, manuscripts, music staves and notes, or drawings can be found as material for the production and repair of lutes in all periods. The content or the exact edition of the reused prints or manuscripts could be identified in several cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Two level deacidification mathematical model for the description of transport of solid alkaline particles and diffusion of ions in a treated acid paper.
- Author
-
Danielik, Vladimír, Králik, Milan, Ambrová, Marta, Jurišová, Jana, Jablonský, Michal, Vizárová, Katarína, and Vajová, Izabela
- Subjects
MATHEMATICAL models ,SOLIDS ,IONS ,NINETEENTH century ,DISSOLUTION (Chemistry) ,PAPERMAKING - Abstract
Industrial progress in papermaking in the early nineteenth century led to the technologies that resulted in more acidic papers, which was caused mainly by the exploitation of alum (KAl(SO
4 )2 ) and rosin as sizing agents. The papers prepared by such technologies have degraded more quickly. From the 1930s various deacidification and preservation processes with basic agents have been developed. The most widespread deacidification process is with the aerosol (spray system) consisting of microscale particles MgO and perfluoroheptane (PFH) as a carrier (the so-called Bookkeeper process). The shortcomings of this process are the low dissolution of solid MgO particles and the transport to the interior of acidic paper. We have developed a theoretical two-level model of the Bookkeeper process suitable for prediction of deacidification extent. The model involves both the dissolution/reaction of the solid particles and transport of solvated ions and solid particles inside the bulk of paper. The developed model coincides with the results of the performed deacidification experiment. The model is also in good agreement with the Lucas–Washburn equation, which is usually used for the description of the penetration of a deacidifying agent into the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Rags Make Paper, Paper Makes Money: Material Texts and Metaphors of Capital.
- Author
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SENCHYNE, JONATHAN
- Subjects
CAPITALISM in literature ,PRINT culture ,RAG paper ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
Because nineteenth-century paper was made from rags, the materiality of paper money became a likely ground from which to debate the nature of value in modern capitalism. On one hand, if paper money was backed by nothing but itself, then it was worth little more than itself: a gathering of lowly rags. On the other hand, the process of turning trashed rags into valuable paper modeled how capital could seem to grow out of nothing. Two nineteenth-century literary narratives provide examples of how rags performed considerable social and metaphorical work in the construction of an epistemology of capitalism and its "paper technologies." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. The Outline of the History of Mounting Art on Paper in Poland in the 19th and 20th Centuries.
- Author
-
Garczewska-Semka, Katarzyna
- Subjects
- *
PAPER arts , *ART history , *NINETEENTH century , *TWENTIETH century , *NATIONAL libraries - Abstract
The National Library of Poland holds three historical collections with a unified visual form. The arrangement of the Wilanów collection was carried out in the first half of the nineteenth century, whereas the Krasiński collection was arranged in the early twentieth century respectively the 1950's or 1960's in the case of drawings by Norwid. This contribution describes the structure of mountings found in these collections, as well as the historical context in which they were created. It serves as a starting point to provide an outline of the history of conservation methods and preservation of prints' and drawings' collections in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Visions of Nature: How Landscape Photography Shaped Settler Colonialism AND Colonization, Wilderness and Spaces Between: Nineteenth Century Landscape Painting in Australia and the United States: By Jarrod Hore. Oakland: University of California Press, 2022. Pp. 352. US$29.95 paper.: Edited by Richard Read and Kenneth Haltman. Chicago: Terra Foundation for American Art and the School of Design, University of Western Australia, 2020. Pp. 195. US$24.95 paper
- Author
-
Neath, Jessica
- Subjects
- *
COLONIES , *AMERICAN art , *ARTS endowments , *NINETEENTH century , *COLONIZATION , *LANDSCAPE photography , *LANDSCAPE painting , *UNITED States presidential election, 2020 - Abstract
I Visions of Nature i focuses on landscape photography produced in settler colonies of the Pacific Rim and employs an interdisciplinary approach, drawing on methodologies and theories from environmental history, geography, and art history. Both artists have appropriated imagery made by settler artists of their respective homelands to interrogate how settler visual culture took "land away from people". Visions of Nature: How Landscape Photography Shaped Settler Colonialism AND Colonization, Wilderness and Spaces Between: Nineteenth Century Landscape Painting in Australia and the United States: By Jarrod Hore. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. More Than Paper and Ink: Confederate Medical Literature and the Making of the Confederate Army Medical Corps.
- Author
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Privette, Lindsay Rae
- Subjects
- *
MEDICAL periodicals , *CULTURAL nationalism , *HISTORY of medical literature , *NINETEENTH century , *MEDICAL care , *HISTORY - Abstract
The article discusses the significance of the Confederate States of America Medical Department and the periodical the "Confederate States Medical and Surgical Journal" in advancing Confederate nationalism and identity during the U.S. Civil War, particularly concerning what is referred to as a Confederate intellectual independence.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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10. The Personal Papers of American Sailors, 1890s-1940s.
- Author
-
TUMMINO, ANNIE
- Subjects
- *
NAUTICAL training schools , *INFLUENCE (Literary, artistic, etc.) , *EYEWITNESS accounts , *AUTOGRAPHS , *NINETEENTH century - Abstract
Personal papers in the archives at Maritime College, State University of New York, document the lives of alumni from the school's founding in 1874 through the early decades of the 20th century. Journals, diaries, memoirs, and reminiscences located in these collections provide evidence of what it was like to work on a ship, far from home, travelling to foreign lands. In this article, I explore first-hand accounts of maritime life by Van Horne Morris, my maternal grandfather and a 1938 graduate of the Massachusetts Nautical School (now known as Massachusetts Maritime Academy), and several alumni of the New York Nautical School (now known as SUNY Maritime College), who graduated between 1896 and 1929. Close reading of their letters and manuscripts reveals echoes of a maritime literary tradition rooted in the antebellum-era United States. Comparing and contrasting the style and content of their writing to antecedents in the 19th century also illuminates continuity and changes in maritime labour and culture over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. The paper technology of confinement: evolving criteria in admission forms (1850–73).
- Author
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Sposini, Filippo M
- Subjects
- *
NINETEENTH century , *INSANITY (Law) , *PHYSICIANS , *JURISDICTION - Abstract
This paper investigates the role of admission forms in the regulation of asylum confinement in the second half of the nineteenth century. Taking the Toronto Lunatic Asylum as a case study it traces the evolution of the forms' content and structure during the first decades of this institution. Admission forms provide important material for understanding the medico-legal assessment of lunacy in a certain jurisdiction. First, they show how the description of insanity depended on a plurality of actors. Second, doctors were not necessarily required to indicate symptoms of derangement. Third, patients' relatives played a fundamental role in providing clinical information. From an historiographical perspective, this paper invites scholars to consider the function of standardized documents in shaping the written identity of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Paper, Plaster, Strings: Exploratory Material Mathematical Models between the 1860s and 1930s.
- Author
-
Friedman, Michael
- Subjects
- *
PLASTER , *MATHEMATICAL models , *THREE-dimensional modeling , *NINETEENTH century , *CASE studies - Abstract
Does the materiality of a three-dimensional model have an effect on how this model operates in an exploratory way, how it prompts discovery of new mathematical results? Material mathematical models were produced and used during the second half of the nineteenth century, visualizing mathematical objects, such as curves and surfaces—and these were produced from a variety of materials: paper, cardboard, plaster, strings, wood. However, the question, whether their materiality influenced the status of these models—considered as exploratory, technical, or representational—was hardly touched upon. This article aims to approach this question by investigating two case studies: Beltrami's paper models vs. Dyck's plaster ones of the hyperbolic plane; and Chisini's string models of braids vs. Artin's and Moishezon's algebraization of these braids. These two case studies indicate that materiality might have a decisive role in how the model was taken into account mathematically: either as an exploratory or rather as a technical or pedagogical object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. The Butterfly Effect: Creating and Recreating the Story of Madame Butterfly, on Paper and on Stage.
- Author
-
Szuster, Magdalena
- Subjects
- *
GOSSIP , *RUMOR , *BUTTERFLIES , *INSPIRATION , *NINETEENTH century ,WESTERN countries - Abstract
The consequences of the partially coerced opening of Japan to the Western world in the second half of the 19th century went far beyond economic and political goals and considerations. The previously secluded land almost instantly became a source of artistic inspiration and endless fascination. Japonisme, the term by which the latest craze become known in France, was no passing fad. For many decades, Western artists, most of whom had never set foot in Japan, derived profound inspiration from all facets of the mysterious culture which unfolded in the period. Thus, with scant information and a lack of accurate records being available, common gossip and unfounded rumor filled in the blanks of official reports and naval tales, connecting the dots between the real and the imagined. In this paper, I succinctly examine the story of Madame Butterfly, cutting across time, genre and borders in the works of John Luther Long, David Belasco, Giacomo Puccini and Claude-Michel Schönberg/Alain Boublil. I contextualize the selected narratives within their socio-political frameworks, but also consider the ramifications of the past and presentday adaptations from the 21st-century perspective, in the light of current struggles for (adequate) representation. Lastly, I examine the production of Miss Saigon (2019-22) at the Music Theatre of Łódź, Poland to compare how the staging of such a musical in a predominantly racially homogenous country affects the perception of Orientalist works. As such this section is a case study based on personal interviews conducted by the author with the producers and cast members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. State Authority and Convict Agency in the Paper Panopticon: The Recording of Convict Ages in Nineteenth-Century England and Australia.
- Author
-
Ward, Richard
- Subjects
- *
STATE power , *NINETEENTH century , *AGENT (Philosophy) , *DIGITAL technology , *INFORMATION design - Abstract
The nineteenth century witnessed the creation of a 'paper Panopticon' designed to capture information about offenders in England, especially those who were transported to Australia. This article considers the effectiveness of this new record-keeping system and asks whether convicts had some agency within it. These questions are explored through a macroscopic analysis of the recording of convict ages in nineteenth-century England and Australia, made possible by the Digital Panopticon project. By using the methodological opportunities opened up by digital technologies, we can test the accuracy of historical records in new ways, and in the process develop a better understanding of the encounter between state authority and convict agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. An amusing optical toy for the hands?: reassessing nineteenth-century British paper peepshows through embodied knowledge.
- Author
-
Yu, Shijia
- Subjects
NINETEENTH century ,IMAGINATION ,LIBRARY media specialists ,TOYS ,VISUAL culture - Abstract
My article examines the structure of the nineteenth-century British paper peepshow and the experience of using it. Inspired by the agenda of media archaeology, I argue that an analysis of this medium that goes beyond excavating details of an obscured optical recreation can bring new insight into our understanding of peep media and nineteenth-century visual culture. By discussing the origin and circulation of the paper peepshow and detailing the clear distinction between it and media like the peepshow box and pop-up books, I detach the paper peepshow from the genealogy of these media while stressing the significance of its intermedial relationship with other nineteenth-century visual entertainments. I then adopt the notion of embodied knowledge to explore users' engagement with this medium, drawing from personal handling experience in archives as well as theoretical conceptualisations. My article argues that peering into the paper peepshow should be understood as an act of creativity and imagination, and that the tactile played a crucial role in users' interaction with this medium. This study thus fits well in debates about the embodied or multi-sensory vision in the nineteenth-century context, and functions as another example that affirms the active agency of users of visual recreations of this period. Overall, by analysing significant features of the paper peepshow and the experience of peeping into it, my research also constitutes a small but important expansion in the current understanding of peep media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Les petits pas de la Paix Note sur le courant "Humane Education".
- Author
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MICHALON, Jérôme
- Subjects
EDUCATION ,HISTORY of education ,DOMESTIC violence ,SCHOOL children ,CHILD abuse ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
Copyright of Education et Societes is the property of INRP and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Political Papers and Presidential Campaigns in the Republic of Texas, 1836-1844.
- Author
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Pribanic-Smith, Erika J.
- Subjects
NEWSPAPERS ,HISTORY of newspapers ,REPUBLIC of Texas, 1836-1846 ,PRESIDENTIAL elections ,PRESIDENTIAL candidates ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
During Texas's decade as a republic, its newspapers never galvanized into a truly partisan press. The newspapers of Texas were political, but rather than focusing on party principles, they opposed or supported political candidates during the republic's four presidential elections, with two-term President Sam Houston as the pivotal figure. The independence of most newspapers from party patronage and influence and their patriotic elevation of the good of the country over loyalty to any faction demonstrated that editors did not fully adopt the American style of press partisanship they experienced before moving to Texas. Elections in the republic revolved around personalities instead of policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. "You have been the Soldiers friend or we would not dare appeal to you": The Papers of Illinois Governor Richard Yates as a Window on Civil War Medicine.
- Author
-
Schroeder-Lein, Glenna R.
- Subjects
MILITARY medical personnel ,MEDICAL personnel -- Recruiting ,MEDICAL examinations of military personnel ,AMERICAN Civil War, 1861-1865 ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
The article focuses on papers on applications for military medical personnel in Civil War medicine by Illinois Governor Richard Yates. Topics include enlistment of Richmond Wolcott and appointment of Dr. Edward D. Kittoe of Galena, Illinois, military regiments with surgeons, and Illinois' state Board of Medical Examiners.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Asbestos in Australia: From Boom to Dust: Edited by Lenore Layman and Gail Phillips. Melbourne: Monash University Publishing, 2019. Pp 368. A$39.99 paper.
- Author
-
Reese, Henry
- Subjects
- *
ASBESTOS , *ORAL history , *DUST , *NINETEENTH century , *SOCIAL history , *POLLUTANTS - Abstract
"Asbestos in Australia: From Boom to Dust" is a comprehensive and highly readable edited volume that explores the intersection of environment, industry, and public health in Australian life. The book synthesizes diverse literatures on asbestos in Australia, providing an overview of its business, economic, and social history from its rise as a "miracle mineral" in the late nineteenth century to its decline in the face of mounting medical evidence and public outcry. The collection includes historical, legal, and medical perspectives, as well as oral histories from communities affected by asbestos mining. It serves as a valuable reference work and highlights the ongoing challenges posed by industrial pollutants in Australia. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. On the Same Page: Paper Technology Practices in the Humanities and the Sciences.
- Author
-
Musil-Gutsch, Josephine
- Subjects
MEDIEVAL manuscripts ,PLANT fibers ,PLANT size ,PALEOGRAPHY ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
In Vienna around 1900 the paleographer Theodor von Sickel was searching for a botanist to microchemically analyze samples of medieval paper manuscripts. If the material components (the plant fibers and sizing) of the manuscript paper could be determined, then Sickel would acquire crucial information on the origin, dating, and production methods of the manuscripts. Fortunately for him, he met the Viennese botanist Julius von Wiesner, who was also a pioneer in microscopy, and thus began a remarkable collaboration. I have examined the material objects used in their collaboration—the manuscript samples as well as the objects they were stored in—and have, as a result, been able to identify the collaborators' practices of knowledge organization and knowledge production. I can thus make the following two interrelated claims: first, that the interdisciplinary collaboration between the sciences and the humanities, represented in this case study by botany and paleography, led to the production of new knowledge, namely, a paleographic dating principle for medieval manuscripts; second, that this new knowledge came about precisely because the practices of knowledge organization and hence of knowledge production, which I have identified as being the practices of paper technology , were shared by the collaborators. The case study examined in this article suggests that, thanks to these shared practices, the divide between the humanities and the sciences at the end of the nineteenth century was not as great as is generally believed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Technology's Victims: The Breaker Boys, Ellen Webster Palmer, and the BIA.
- Author
-
Stout, Zoe
- Abstract
Explores, in a reprint of the 1989 Junior Division National History Day winning paper, the history of some technological developments in Pennsylvania's coal mining industry. Examines the "breaker boys," youths who sorted coal in severe working conditions. Introduces Ellen Webster Palmer, who addressed the problem by organizing the Boys' Industrial Association (BIA). (CH)
- Published
- 1991
22. PAPER ROUTES: BLEAK HOUSE, RUBBISH THEORY, AND THE CHARACTER ECONOMY OF REALISM.
- Author
-
CHAPPELL, PATRICK
- Subjects
WASTE management in literature ,SOCIAL conditions in England ,PAPER in literature ,WASTE paper ,THEMES in literature ,NINETEENTH century ,ECONOMIC history - Abstract
A literary criticism is presented of the English novel "Bleak House," by Charles Dickens. Particular focus is given to the characters of the book's scavenging through rubbish, including in search for waste paper. An overview of the book's representation of the England's economic and social conditions in the 19th century, including of the slums of London, England, is provided.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. 'A Story, Exemplified in a Series of Figures': Paper Doll versus Moral Tale in the Nineteenth Century.
- Author
-
Field, Hannah
- Subjects
TOY & movable books ,PAPER dolls ,HISTORY of the book ,CHILDREN'S literature ,DOLL industry ,DOLLMAKING ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
Early in the nineteenth century the London publishers and printsellers, S. and J. Fuller, packaged paper dolls and storybooks together in their Temple of Fancy paper doll books. This article examines the tension between the narratives of these works-typically moral tales for children in which a love of clothing is punished-and the accompanying paper dolls, which celebrate costume and dressing up. The textual morals against love of clothing are gendered in problematic ways, with female characters mortified for this flaw more readily than male characters. However, the variety of potential reading experiences offered by the form of the paper doll book, in which picture and word are separate, is viewed as a challenge to the gendered moral content of the stories. Ultimately this article argues that the form of the paper doll book sheds new light on D. F. McKenzie's (1986) ideas about how readers make meaning from texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Frédéric Flachéron's Paper Negatives, 1848–1852.
- Author
-
Panadero, Laura, Eremin, Katherine, and Bulat, Elena
- Subjects
X-ray spectroscopy ,X-ray fluorescence ,PHOTOGRAPH collections ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of the American Institute for Conservation is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS ON EARLY PHOTOGRAPHS: METHODS DEVELOPMENT FOR TESTING WAXED PAPER NEGATIVES.
- Author
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Canosa, Elyse, Hodgins, Gregory, and Weaver, Gawain
- Subjects
RADIOCARBON dating ,RADIOACTIVITY measurements ,PHOTOGRAPHY ,PHOTOSENSITIVITY ,PHOTOGRAPHS ,NINETEENTH century ,PHOTOGRAPHERS - Abstract
The earliest years of photography were full of experimentation and innovation; many photographers from this era carefully documented their experimental procedures. Consequently, it is possible to reproduce historically accurate photographs and negatives today. One of the oldest forms of photographic technology is the waxed paper negative, popular during the mid-19th century. It consists of a photosensitive sheet of writing paper coated with a layer of wax to render it transparent. Modern waxed paper negatives made using 19th century paper can potentially pass for historically significant 19th century negatives. This poses problems to museums and others interested in studying or collecting authentic 19th century photographic images. We have developed methods for separating the organic components of waxed paper negatives and measuring their radiocarbon content as a means of distinguishing between modern and historic waxed paper negatives. By detecting the presence or lack of bomb carbon in a given negative, this process can act as a tool for authentication. We have mainly focused on the extraction and 14C measurement of the wax component, reasoning that modern photographers might have easy access to 19th century paper, but would less likely use 19th century beeswax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Public and Personal Letters: Julia Griffiths and Frederick Douglass' Paper.
- Author
-
Meer, Sarah
- Subjects
- *
ANTISLAVERY movements , *NINETEENTH century , *POLITICAL participation - Abstract
This essay examines Julia Griffiths' contributions to Frederick Douglass' Paper, arguing that Griffiths had a stronger sense than Douglass of the newspaper as an instrument of sociability, and that letters were crucial to its production. The paper's multiple and overlapping forms of circulation blended print, manuscript and private communication. Griffiths' own column took the form of a letter, borrowing the warmth and familiarity of personal correspondence. Part of the mid-century flowering of British and American women's periodical writing, it adopted the developing conventions of the travelling correspondent, and demonstrates some of the wider cultural aspirations of Douglass's anti-slavery newspaper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. A pena e o papel. Viajantes no Rio Grande do Sul- século XIX.
- Author
-
Conforto, Marflia
- Subjects
GERMAN watercolor painting ,TRAVELERS' writings ,HISTORY of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil ,BRAZIL description & travel ,HISTORY of travel ,WOMEN travelers ,HISTORICAL source material ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
The article discusses the watercolor paintings of German painter Hermann Rudolf Wendroth and travel narratives written by travelers on visits to the Rio Grande do Sul region of Brazil during the 19th century. Topics discussed include the history of travelers and travel narratives in the region beginning in the 17th century, collected women's travel narratives relating to the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the 19th century, and the literature of travel narratives as a source of information on the geography, culture, and history of the Rio Grande do Sul region in Brazil.
- Published
- 2009
28. Les papiers de la liberté Une mère africaine et ses enfants à l'époque de la révolution haïtienne.
- Author
-
Scott, Rebecca J. and Hébrard, Jean M.
- Subjects
SLAVERY laws ,DEPORTATION ,SOCIAL classes ,SLAVE narratives ,FRENCH colonies ,NINETEENTH century ,HISTORY - Abstract
The article analyzes the relation between slavery and the structures and practices of law with reference to a story of a woman named Rosalie who, in the late 18th century, was deported as a slave to the French colony of Saint-Domingue (modern day Haïti). Efforts made by Rosalie in regaining her liberty are highlighted. Role of law and judicial processes in upholding and challenging the structures of caste and white supremacy that emerged after the end of slavery is discussed.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. How lives became lists and scientific papers became data: cataloguing authorship during the nineteenth century.
- Author
-
CSISZAR, ALEX
- Subjects
- *
AUTHORSHIP , *SCIENCE publishing , *HISTORIANS of science , *CATALOGS , *NINETEENTH century , *HISTORY - Abstract
The Catalogue of Scientific Papers, published by the Royal Society of London beginning in 1867, projected back to the beginning of the nineteenth century a novel vision of the history of science in which knowledge was built up out of discrete papers each connected to an author. Its construction was an act of canon formation that helped naturalize the idea that scientific publishing consisted of special kinds of texts and authors that were set apart from the wider landscape of publishing. By recovering the decisions and struggles through which the Catalogue was assembled, this essay aims to contribute to current efforts to denaturalize the scientific paper as the dominant genre of scientific life. By privileging a specific representation of the course of a scientific life as a list of papers, the Catalogue helped shape underlying assumptions about the most valuable fruits of a scientific career. Its enumerated lists of authors’ periodical publications were quickly put to use as a means of measuring scientific productivity and reputation, as well as by writers of biography and history. Although it was first conceived as a search technology, this essay locates the Catalogue’s most consequential legacy in its uses as a technology of valuation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. The Brown Papers: The Record of a Rhode Island Business Family.
- Author
-
HEDGES, JAMES B.
- Subjects
BUSINESSMEN ,FINANCIAL statements ,BUSINESS records ,UNITED States economy ,AMERICAN Revolutionary War, 1775-1783 ,ECONOMICS ,NINETEENTH century ,ECONOMIC history - Abstract
The article presents an in-depth analysis of the archives of the Brown family, collected at the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University. In it the business activities of the family from the 18th to 20th centuries are charted. Comments are given highlighting the historical value of the papers, citing their remarkable comprehensiveness for such a long period. Issues addressed within the collection include records of business conditions and transactions during the Revolutionary War, the transitions in international business networks after the war, and the family's Western frontier land speculation ventures during the 19th-century.
- Published
- 1941
31. CONSTRUCTORES DEL "BUEN GUSTO": LA CRÍTICA DE ARTE EN CHILE A PRINCIPIOS DEL SIGLO XX.
- Author
-
Zamorano Pérez, Pedro and Madrid Letelier, Alberto
- Subjects
- *
PAPER arts , *NINETEENTH century , *ART criticism , *TWENTIETH century , *HEGEMONY - Abstract
Towards the end of the nineteenth century and the initial of the twentieth, art writing was exercised in Chile by theorists that acted provided of a certain authority adding a roughly traditional and European-rooted model. They marked a certain hegemony over the space of local culturea situation that will be modified later with the emergence of critical actors from the literary field. This paper reviews the work of some traditional critics, analyzing the keys and the context of their theoretical discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Montaged Gardens – On Paper: The Red Books by Landscape Designer Humphry Repton.
- Author
-
Reese, Achim
- Subjects
LANDSCAPE gardening ,LANDSCAPE architects ,GARDENS ,CONSUMER goods ,NINETEENTH century ,DESIGNERS - Abstract
The Red Books represented the most important working tool of landscape architect Humphry Repton (1752-1818). To give his clients an impression of his suggestions for improvement, he used an artifice that can be understood as montage. After all, his method reveals a certain similarity to the architectural montage used by director Sergei M. Eisenstein in his essay »Piranesi, or the Fluidity of Form«. Eisenstein, however, in both his works as a director and a theoretician, aimed at overcoming a realism that had defined bourgeois art in the 19th century. Trough the work of Repton, on the other hand, the landscape garden, once an aristocratic privilege, was transformed into a bourgeois consumer good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. El canje de la moneda mexicana por el peso provincial en Puerto Rico (1895-1896) y Bartolomé Maura y Montaner.
- Author
-
Navarro Zayas, Ángel Osvaldo
- Subjects
PAPER money ,PESO (Mexican currency) ,FOREIGN exchange ,PROVINCES ,NINETEENTH century ,HARD currencies - Abstract
Copyright of Documenta & Instrumenta is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. THEORY ON THE INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC ORIGIN OF MALIGNANT DISEASES WITH REFERENCE TO THE POLISH SCHOLARS' PAPERS - HISTORICAL ESSAY.
- Author
-
Paliga, Renata Elżbieta
- Subjects
TRANSMISSIBLE tumors ,ETIOLOGY of cancer ,NINETEENTH century ,CANCER cells ,BACTERIOLOGY ,HEALTH care reminder systems - Abstract
Copyright of Epidemiological Review / Przegląd Epidemiologiczny is the property of National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Escrito en los huesos y el papel. Una revisión de las colecciones antropológicas del Museo de La Plata.
- Author
-
Sardi, Marina L. and Del Papa, Mariano C.
- Subjects
MUSEUM curators ,INDIGENOUS peoples ,NINETEENTH century ,SKELETON ,FORMALDEHYDE ,ARCHAEOLOGICAL human remains - Abstract
Copyright of Revista del Museo de Antropología is the property of Museo de Antropologia - IDACOR and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Currency from Opinion: Imitation Banknotes and the Materiality of Paper Currency in Britain, 1782-1847.
- Author
-
Lahikainen, Amanda
- Subjects
- *
PAPER money , *SATIRE , *VALUE (Economics) , *PAPER money design , *EIGHTEENTH century , *NINETEENTH century , *HISTORY ,ECONOMIC conditions in Great Britain -- 1760-1860 - Abstract
Paper money, graphic satire, and imitation banknotes comprised a vibrant part of visual culture in Britain over the long nineteenth century, collectively shaping belief in paper credit. Artists, entrepreneurs, and politicians competed with each other to assign value to the unfixed sign of paper money and stabilize the social relationships it represented. Satirists seized on the unstable form of paper money as an ideal medium for social criticism and whimsical jokes, while others used the form for advertisement. Based on surviving examples, this essay gives the first history of this virtually unknown genre of prints, imitation banknotes, and demonstrates their complex relationships to the acceptance of paper as a medium fit to carry value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Hair in the Disraeli Papers: A Victorian Harvest.
- Author
-
Hay, Daisy
- Subjects
- *
HAIR , *19TH century collectors & collecting , *MATERIAL culture , *ARCHIVES - Abstract
The Hughenden Collection of Disraeli Papers at the Bodleian Library in Oxford comprises over 50,000 items relating to the life and work of Benjamin Disraeli and his family. This article tracks hair through the Hughenden Collection in order to explore the collecting habits of Mary Anne Disraeli. It argues that reading Mary Anne Disraeli's story through hair – both hair as object, held in an archive and hair as represented in archival text – reveals aspects of that story occluded by reading only those archival texts with self-evident documentary value. It thus makes the case for a holistic reading of the Disraeli archive, and Victorian collections of personal papers more generally, by taking Mary Anne Disraeli as its central case study. In so doing it also illuminates her story, and points to the necessity of reading the stories of forgotten women through archival silences and absences. Section I reviews recent scholarship on hair in nineteenth-century Britain in order to contextualize Mary Anne Disraeli's case. Section II anatomizes the Hughenden hair collection in order to illuminate Mary Anne's history, her impulses as a collector, and the extent to which her activities complicate scholarly narratives about the sentimental commodification of Victorian hair. Section III gestures towards recent work on the archive and material culture to tease out the consequences of her example for our reading of the archive and our understanding of the texture of Victorian ‘thing culture’ more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Gestalt switches in Poincaré's prize paper: An inspiration for, but not an instance of, chaos.
- Author
-
Zuchowski, Lena Christine
- Subjects
- *
ASYMPTOTES , *HISTORY of mathematics , *CHAOS theory , *RHETORICAL analysis , *NINETEENTH century - Abstract
I analyse in detail the construction of asymptotic surfaces in Sections 16-19 of Poincaré (1890), also known as the prize paper. There are two prime reasons for doing so. Firstly, this part of the prize paper contains an interesting argumentative strategy, which I call Poincaré's gestalt switch. Secondly, it has been claimed that the prize paper contains one of the first descriptions of chaotic motion. I will argue that the latter claim is false, although both the gestalt switches and the graphical representation which Poincare (1890) chose for the asymptotic surfaces might well have provided the inspiration for later works in chaos theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Of nomads and khanates: heteronomy and interpolity order in 19th-century Central Asia.
- Author
-
Buranelli, Filippo Costa
- Subjects
HISTORICAL sociology ,SUNNI Islam ,HISTORICAL literature ,NINETEENTH century ,NOMADS ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
Scholars of International Relations (IR) and Global Historical Sociology alike have recently become more and more interested in Eurasian order(s). Yet, most recent works on Eurasian historical international relations approach the subject from a long durée perspective, mostly focusing on "big polities" from a "high altitude." Central Asia, or "Turkestan," and its constitutive polities such as the khanates of Bukhara, Khiva, and Khoqand and the vast array of nomadic groups surrounding them are yet terra incognita in IR, specifically with respect to the pre-Tsarist period. By relying on both primary and secondary sources, this inductive research reveals how precolonial Central Asia was an interpolity order on its own, premised on heteronomy and based on the institutions of sovereignty between the khanates and suzerainty between khanates and nomads; territoriality; Sunni Islam; trade and slavery; diplomacy; and war and aq oyluk. This paper contributes to filling this gap, and to the broader literature on Eurasian historical orders, in three respects. First, it adds granularity, detail, and specificity to current IR knowledge on Eurasia by looking at smaller polities as opposed to empires, which as noted have been the main analytical focus so far. Second, the paper adopts an emic approach to uncover local practices, institutions, and norms of precolonial Central Asia, thus adding to the recent "Global IR" debate. Third, by focusing on a case where heteronomy was the rule, this paper adds a new case to the literature on the entrenchment and durability of heteronomy in historical IR and contributes to its theory-building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Art Treasures of the United Kingdom and the United States: The George Scharf Papers.
- Author
-
Cottrell, Philip
- Subjects
- *
OLD Masters (Artists) , *EUROPEAN painting , *HISTORY of art collecting , *HISTORY , *NINETEENTH century - Abstract
The article focuses on the papers of the 19th-century British art connoisseur and curator George Scharf. The author notes that the papers, which are housed at the National Portrait Gallery in London, England, represent a remarkable repository of unpublished information regarding hundreds of old master paintings. Particular focus is paid to a series of papers relating to the art collections of the industrialist Abraham Darby IV and the art dealer John Watkins Brett. The paintings, which toured the U.S. in the 1830s, are related to early efforts to establish the first American national gallery. In addition, the author comments on the display of the paintings at the "Art Treasures of the United Kingdom" exhibition held in Manchester, England in 1857.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Komunikační písemnosti moravských panství: Případová analýza na příkladu komunikace panství Třebíč, Uherský Brod, Veveří a Židlochovice na konci 18. a v první polovině 19. století.
- Author
-
Kovárová, Kateřina
- Subjects
NINETEENTH century - Abstract
The study is based on an analysis of the communication papers of selected manorial nobility administrations, mainly from the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, using four large Moravian estates Třebíč, Uherský Brod, Veveří and Židlochovice as examples. It is concerned with individual types of documents and the form of communication between the particular levels of instance administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Scientific research papers by native Bengali authors during the nineteenth century.
- Author
-
Roy, Sanku Bilas and Sen, Subir K.
- Subjects
- *
BENGALI authors , *SCIENCE writers , *TECHNOLOGY writers , *NINETEENTH century , *BENGALI (South Asian people) - Abstract
This note aims at preparing a list of papers on the contribution of native Bengali authors during the 19th century in the field of science and technology (S&T). A distribution profile of subjects and authorship pattern has also been prepared. The major sources of information are the Catalogue of Scientific Papers of the Royal Society of London; A Bibliography of Physics, Astronomy, Astrophysics and Geophysics in India: 1800-1950 compiled by S. N. Sen and Santimay Chatterjee; The Centenary Review of the Asiatic Society and the Index to the publications of the Asiatic Society (1788-1953). Other sources such as available bibliographies of authors, primary journals and Internet resources have also been used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
43. Iron-gall inks: a review of their degradation mechanisms and conservation treatments.
- Author
-
Melo, Maria João, Otero, Vanessa, Nabais, Paula, Teixeira, Natércia, Pina, Fernando, Casanova, Conceição, Fragoso, Sara, and Sequeira, Sílvia O.
- Subjects
NITROCELLULOSE ,OXIDATION-reduction reaction ,IRON ,NINETEENTH century ,FOURTEENTH century ,ACRYLIC paint - Abstract
Iron-gall inks are an essential element of our written cultural heritage that is at risk of a total loss due to degradation. This degradation leads to the loss of the support, particularly the cellulose-based support. Intending to stabilize it, we have come a long way from the nineteenth-century cellulose nitrate laminations to the relatively recent phytate treatments; nevertheless, less invasive treatments are needed. To pave the way for developing safer and more sustainable treatments, tailored as much as possible to the object, this paper reviews the conservation treatments and the advances that have taken place over the last decade in our understanding of the degradation mechanisms of iron-gall inks, based on a careful selection of references to support a concise microreview. This discussion is based on the currently accepted models based on the Fe
3+ -gallate and the identification of degradation products for iron-gall inks observed in heritage objects, including manuscripts dating from the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries and drawings from the fifteenth to nineteenth centuries. The degradation promoted by iron-gall inks induces scission of cellulose through acid catalysis and/or redox reactions. The causes of these acid-base and redox reactions are also assessed. Finally, we detail the state-of-the-art conservation treatments used to mitigate iron gall ink deterioration, covering treatments from the late nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century, followed by the presentation of current phytate treatments and new postphytate treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. A Premier, a Tin Box, and a Landlady: Ellen Cooke and the Norquay papers.
- Author
-
Friesen, Gerald
- Subjects
- *
WOMEN scholars , *HISTORICAL source material , *ARCHIVAL resources , *NINETEENTH century , *HISTORY ,19TH century Canadian history - Abstract
The article offers information on the Canadian scholar Ellen Gillies Cooke and her contributions to Manitoba and Canada's historical record. Topics include her gift of thousands of documents to the Archives of Manitoba which include office records of Manitoba premier John Norquay and a significant amount of her personal research on the Norquays, the mystery of the office documents being in typed form when the premier's office did not have a typewriter, and its implications in archival practice.
- Published
- 2015
45. La circulación de “papeles" ilustrados en Tierra Firme a finales del periodo colonial. La “vida filosófica" de Francisco Isnardi.
- Author
-
Silva Beauregard, Paulette
- Subjects
- *
LATIN American philosophy , *INTELLECTUALS , *INTELLECTUALS -- Political activity , *NINETEENTH century , *HISTORY , *INTELLECTUAL life ,VENEZUELAN social conditions - Abstract
Towards the end of the colonial period the east coasts of the General Captaincy of Venezuela were the setting of an intense movement of ideas, papers and people, as well as of conspiracies and confrontments (both armed and unarmed). In that context emerged the figure of Francisco Isnardi, who would soon be imprisoned for alleged intentions to conspire. The study of this case of treason, especially of the suspect's library, which was confiscated, allows us to present a set of problems regarding the diffusion of enlightened values in Tierra Firme during that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
46. The papers of W. E. Adams (1832–1906).
- Author
-
Saunders, David
- Subjects
- *
RADICALISM , *MEMOIRS , *CHARTISM , *MANUSCRIPT collections , *NINETEENTH century , *INTELLECTUAL life - Abstract
This note draws attention to the recent discovery of the papers of the Chartist and newspaper editor W. E. Adams (1832–1906), summarizes their contents and explains why they are to be found in the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History in Moscow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Inconvertible Paper Money, Inflation and Economic Performance in Early Nineteenth Century Argentina.
- Author
-
Irigoin, Maria Alejandra
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMIC history , *FINANCE , *MONETARY policy , *NINETEENTH century ,ARGENTINE history - Abstract
Assesses the performance of the economy in the River Plate area in Argentina from the 1820s to the 1860s. Expansion of the rural economy; Micro- and macroeconomic consequences of inflationary financing; Contemporary financial and monetary circumstances; Buenos Aires' implementation of a 40-year process of dealing with inconvertible paper money.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. A LITERATURA DOS VIAJANTES DO SÉCULO XVI AO XIX E SUAS IMAGENS DE INSTRUMENTOS MUSICAIS INDÍGENAS.
- Author
-
RODRIGUES, Walace
- Subjects
MUSICAL instruments ,SIXTEENTH century ,PAPER arts ,NINETEENTH century ,INDIGENOUS peoples ,TRAVELER attitudes - Abstract
Copyright of Itinerários - Revista de Literatura is the property of Itinerarios - Revista de Literatura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
49. Os vales do museu contam a história: a emissão de dinheiro de emergência na Colônia Dona Francisca do século XIX.
- Author
-
Marcos, Nicolas and Leite de Camargo Guedes, Sandra Paschoal
- Subjects
CELEBRITIES ,NATIONAL museums ,NINETEENTH century ,CULTURAL property ,FUNCTIONALISM (Social sciences) - Abstract
Copyright of Revista Confluências Culturais is the property of Fundacao Educacional da Regiao de Joinville - FURJ and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
50. Scaffolding the Revolution? Socialist Worker, 1972-74.
- Author
-
Copley, Keith
- Subjects
SOCIALISM ,POLITICAL parties ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
Marxist politics in Britain have been characterised by marginality, despite the long-term existence of political groups and parties self-described as Marxist dating back to the late nineteenth century. A major activity of such groups, certainly before the dominance of the internet, has been the production of newspapers, seen as the essential scaffolding with which to build their organisation and influence within the labour movement. One of the most successful, albeit briefly, of these in the post-war period was Socialist Worker, produced by an unorthodox Trotskyist grouping originally known as the International Socialists. This study critically examines the most intense period of popularity for this paper, between 1972 and 1974, to illuminate what this can tell us about the political function of this now largely redundant form of left-wing activism, how it related to the wider socio-political context of the era, and finally what lessons it may contain for the role of an agitational leftist media today in a markedly different political-cultural eco-system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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