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Background: Trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) are a common result of the occurrence of natural and man-made disasters, the refugees are one of these traumas in which some resulted from political conflicts. Today, Palestinians are the largest refugee population in the world after the Nakba in 1948. This study aims to discover the impact of chronic war traumas on PTSD diagnosis and symptoms from 2006 to 2021. The current study is a follow-up of 607 adolescents and adults, aged between 10–30 years of which are also those children who participated in the 2006 study. This research used an adapted PTSD scale (PTSD-SRII, 33 items) from a validated original questionnaire developed by Altawil in 2008 to measure PTSD based on symptoms reported in DSM-IV and ICD-10. Results: The main findings show at least 97.2% of participants had experienced at least 6 traumatic experiences up to the year 2006 and 100% of the participants were exposed to traumas in 2021. This study found four categories of responses to chronic war trauma: (a) Acute group (n = 321, 52.9%) shows high PTSD symptoms in 2006 and in 2021; (b) Remitters group (n = 54, 8.9%) shows high PTSD symptoms in 2006 but did not show significant PTSD symptoms in 2021; (c) Delayed group (n = 204, 33.6%) shows no PTSD symptoms in 2006 but showed significant PTSD symptoms in 2021; (d) Resilient group (n = 28, 4.6%) had no PTSD symptoms in 2006 and did not show PTSD symptoms in 2021. Conclusions: The authors conclude that Palestinian children, youth, adults and their families in the Gaza Strip are continually at a huge risk of developing PTSD and other psychological problems. This means that Palestinians will suffer for a long time from PTSD, which should be called Chronic Traumatic Stress Disorder (CTSD) rather than PTSD. This PTSD or CTSD cannot be changed unless the root of the problem is solved by ending the 74 years of living under occupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Refugee children might have experienced violent and traumatic events before settling into a new country. In the United Kingdom, the number of refugee children is increasing; however, little is known about their psycho‐social and physical well‐being. Aim: This study aims to investigate the psychological well‐being and behaviour of refugee children compared to British‐born children on a number of psychological, social, behavioural, and health‐related issues and to investigate the role of friendship as a protective factor. Samples: This study utilized a sample of 149 refugee children recruited from two charities, 79 of which are children aged 6–10 years and 70 older refugee children aged 11–16 years. The study also included 120 non‐refugee children recruited from primary schools aged 6–10 years. Methods: This is a cross‐sectional study that investigates the psycho‐social well‐being of refugee children compared to non‐refugee British‐born children. The study explored symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, emotional and behavioural problems (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), self‐esteem, friendships and popularity, bullying and victimization, physical health, and psychosomatic problems. Results: Young refugee children reported more peer problems, functional impairment, physical health, and psychosomatic problems compared to the control children and older refugee children groups. On the other hand, older refugee children had lower self‐esteem (academic and social self‐peers) compared to the younger refugee children group. The differences between the groups were explained by friendship quality, number of friends, peer bullying/victimization, or sibling bullying/victimization except for physical health and psychosomatic problems. Conclusions: While refugee children were found to be at risk on various levels, the findings also point to the fact that social relationships including friendship quality and number of friends played an essential protective role. Conversely, bullying was a risk factor that explained many of the refugees' problems. These findings pave the way for future research to further probe into the well‐being of refugee children in the United Kingdom while also targeting relevant intervention schemes specifically tailored to address their needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wars on Gaza (2008, 2012 & 2014) have left thousands of children and adults exposed to traumatic events (UNICEF, 2017). This study seeks to study and compare the usefulness of three different intervention programs, namely Therapeutic, Psycho-social support and Focusing. These interventions have been developed based on a holistic and integrated approach aimed at empowering resilience among Palestinian patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD was assessed through a validated scale developed by Altawil (2016). The aforementioned interventions were found to be successful: a) In the Family Therapy Programme (FTP), PTSD diagnosis reduced from 82% before intervention to 20% after intervention; b) In the Community Wellness Focusing Programme (CWF), PTSD diagnosis reduced from 97% before intervention to 19% after intervention; c) In the Psycho-Social Support Programme (SANID), PTSD diagnosis reduced from 50% before intervention to only 14% after intervention. Establishing the impact of interventions can be difficult without good tools for evaluation or assessment. Therefore, PTSD scales must consider culture, specific needs and the context of trauma exposure using both quantitative and qualitative assessment tools. Future tools should examine On-going Traumatic Stress Disorder (OTSD) so that it reflects on-going conflict and trauma in war-torn environments worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]