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The article examines the idea of Europe conceived by Stefan Zweig and Hermann Ullmann in the similarly titled books about Brazil written in the late 1930s and early 1940s. In the political context between the great wars marked by the rise of Nazism, the question is posed regarding to what extent Europe continues to serve as a model of civilization and what the critical dimension is that is expressed in concepts reversing the roles of Europe and Brazil. One detects a partial rupture with dichotomous and hierarchical viewpoints about the relationship between the Old World and the New World, and new forms of relationship between these regions within the worldwide context are suggested.

Isabella Ou, I University of Minnesota i , and Evan Roberts, I University of Minnesota i Origins of a Violent Land: The Role of Migration There is substantial variation in violent crime rates across the US - can cultural differences explain this? Explaining Gender Differences in the Selection and Sorting of Migrants: Evidence from Canada-... This paper uses newly digitized border crossing records from 1906 to 1954 and US census data to study the selection and sorting of migrants from Canada to the United States. David Escamilla-Guerrero, I University of St. Andrews i , Miko Lepistö, I University of Helsinki i , and Chris Minns, I London School of Economics i Return Innovation: Evidence from the English Migration to the United States, 1850-1940 What drives the direction of innovation? Andrea Bernini, I University of Oxford i , Giovanni Facchini, I University of Nottingham i , Marco Tabellini, I Harvard Business School i , and Cecilia Testa, I University of Nottingham i The Power of Narratives: Anti-Black Attitudes and Violence in the US South Systematic discrimination and violence against minorities are enduring phenomena. [Extracted from the article]

THE MOVEMENT for racial and social justice that swept the nation in recent years has drawn greater attention to life-threatening inequities, bringing widespread promises of reform along with it. A [...]

Antonio Iodice, I University of Exeter and University of Genoa i SESSION 2: HISTORICAL LABOR MARKETS The Economics of Gender-Specific Minimum-Wage Legislation During the 1910s, twelve U.S. states passed and implemented the country's first minimum-wage laws. First, where rivers shift states form, and existing states expand their capacity. Lee J. Alston, I Indiana University i , Marie Duggan, I Keene State College i , and Julio Ramos, I Pennsylvania State University i SESSION 11: FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT Financing Industrialization in Russia and Germany A large literature debates what system best promotes the accumulation and allocation of capital, especially in late-industrializing countries, where capital market imperfections may be severe. In contrast, this paper leverages detailed firm-level data from late 19th-century Sweden showing that a sharp increase in industrial tariffs has a heterogeneous impact across firms: Initially low-productivity firms see an increase in productivity while initially high-productive firms experience a decline. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the papers of John William Colenso, the first Anglican Bishop of Natal, South Africa, and his family, which date from the 1850s through the 1930s, but most extensively cover the period 1874 to 1910. It comments on the family's efforts to defend the Zulu people of Natal and Zululand in South Africa, particularly noting Colenso's protests over the trial of Natal Zulu chief Langalibalele. His relations with colonial officials and with the Aborigines Protection Society (APS) are noted. The author also describes the location of archival materials in Great Britain and South Africa and comments on their use and value in historical research.

In the early twentieth century M.K. Gandhi articulated Satyagraha as a decentering quest for truth through everyday politics. Satyagraha privileged the "minor" or the marginalized over the dominant and everydayness and dwelling over history. In light of the contemporary criticisms of Gandhi, this paper examines Gandhian Satyagraha as a minor force that may hold him accountable for his entrenchment within dominant race and caste relations. The paper is divided into three sections devoted to "minor" matters of dwelling and ordinariness. I begin with an examination of Gandhi's politics through race and labor in South Africa, between 1896 and 1905. To understand Gandhi's racism in South Africa it is necessary to pay attention to his marginalization of social and legal narratives related to labor, agriculture, rent and places of habitation such as the hut. I then foreground Gandhi's marginalization of architecture in his discourses around Akash (the sky) and his body in 1932 and in 1942 during his incarcerations in Pune. Finally, I focus on the architecture of the huts built for him in Wardha in 1936–37 and the conflict that emerges between his conception of the social reproduction of labor as a minor voice within the self and his embrace of caste through varnashramadharma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a note on the research work conducted by writer Stanley Rothman and his colleagues about enrollment diversities and race relations found in American universities. They found that the higher the proportion of black students, the lower was the quality of education perceived by students, faculty and administration and the less satisfied the students were with their university experience. Further more at high-diversity colleges, more students report being unfairly treated because of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religious beliefs or political views. According to the author the study does not demonstrate that the presence of more black students, either reduces or fails to improve the quality of education for either white or black students because the perceptual measures used may not correspond to actual effects of the college on students' knowledge, abilities, values, intentions or future behavior. The study requires further examination of measures of social and educational consequences which are highly subjective in nature.

The article offers information on the Race Relations in America: Surveys and Papers from the Amistad Research Center, 1943-1970 from publishing firm Adam Matthew.

In December 2022, the death of Christopher Clunis was made public. He had actually died in February 2021. Christopher Clunis was convicted of the manslaughter of a stranger, Jonathan Zito. He attacked Mr Zito at a train station. This paper will argue that this terrible event became a totemic symbol of the wider failings of the policy of community care. The image of Clunis being driven away from Court was repeatedly used in newspaper and other media reports as a reference point. The image reflects a number of long-standing traits in the representation of the "mentally ill." These are combined with a racial stereotype of Black men. The paper examines historical representations of the mentally ill as a context for a discussion of the Clunis case. The paper uses the work of Stuart Hall as an analytical tool to examine the questions of race and representation, and the moral panic following failings of community care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milani provides information about its applicability in a number of courses including intermediate macroeconomics and discusses how to adjust the material presented based upon the background and mathematical ability of the students. In this second issue of our Teaching Economics Symposium, we highlight another set of pedagogy techniques that range from innovations in teaching environmental macroeconomics to using short movie clips in principles courses. In the face of the increased demands for alternative teaching methods and modalities over the past several years, economics' instructors have developed new techniques and tools that will likely be implemented for years to come. [Extracted from the article]

Syracuse University and Texas A&M student newspapers are being criticized for running what some have labeled racist cartoons. The staff of Syracuse's The Daily Orange apologized in February for the [...]

Apartheid had been enduring before the United Nations (UN), since its adoption as a state policy in South Africa. But in the early years of the global organisation, the UN's members responded to apartheid in very different ways from one another. The UN anti-Apartheid regimes arose and then evolved with particulars that had an impact on South Africa's race relations. The impact of the UN's anti-Apartheid regimes on South Africa's race relations is obscured and creates a gap that has yet to be scrutinised in the country's relations with the world. To learn about this impact, it is proper that the paper examine UN resolutions with a special focus on adopted decisions of the General Assembly (GA) about racial conflict in South Africa during the period between 1952 and 1974. An analysis of GA decisions is critical because it reveals the persistence and intensifying international unacceptability of racial discrimination and the desirability of applying sanctions to South Africa, and it makes the UN a focus for anti-apartheid lobbying. It is also critical because they provided a conduit for the UN to disseminate information about apartheid, monitor member state actions related to the matter, and address South Africa's denial of the UN's authority to address the issue. The period under study is important because it exposed the contradiction with which white South Africans lived and had lived over the centuries, that their sense of right and justice had driven them to give with one hand; and that their fears had made them take away with the other, and it marked the beginning of increased international opposition to South Africa's apartheid policy action, which led to an eventual suspension of the country from participating in the work of the GA. This paper concerns the impact of the UN's anti-apartheid regimes on South Africa's race relations. It reveals that the UN body has, over the years, sought solutions rather than merely engaging in rhetoric in a setting in which South Africa's policy of apartheid provided a concrete precedent. The paper used qualitative research methods to analyse the impact of the UN's anti-Apartheid regimes on South Africa's race relations. Sources used for analysis included published books, journals, and internet sources. The article sheds light on international policymaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cleveland Gazette was established in the midst of the major civil rights setbacks of the late 19th century. Although Cleveland, Ohio, provided a racially liberal climate, the Gazette revealed incidents of discrimination against Blacks and demanded that the incidents be corrected. As the Gazette reflected and commented on interracial behavior, it not only exemplified the Black press's role as a barometer for race relations, but also the importance of racial equality in a democratic society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When White people are predominantly in power and the discipline has yet to grapple with its own involvement in oppressive and racist ideologies, the concept of empowerment has the potential of being misused, or worse, abused. This is my experience and observation within Community Psychology (CP). In this paper, I interrogate the history of CP, especially the interplay of colonized knowledge production practices and the concept of empowerment, and uncover the use and abuse of well-meaning community psychological principles by scholars and leaders without the critical racial awareness to apply them to communities to which they do not belong. Lastly, I offer a "slash and burn" approach to starting over., (© 2023 The Authors. American Journal of Community Psychology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Community Research and Action.)

Lambeth Palace Library's primary function is to preserve the records of the Church of England, but there are ample opportunities for researchers to use these archives to better understand Britain's histories of citizenship, race relations, and migration in the twentieth century. Lambeth Palace Library (LPL) houses documents on projects on race relations undertaken by the British Council of Churches and the Church of England's Board of Social Responsibility's Race and Community Relations Committee, as well as Archbishop Michael Ramsey's correspondence from his tenure as Chair of the National Committee of Commonwealth Immigrants. These papers attest to the Church of England's significant role in urgent national debates on migrant rights and race equality, and the work of organisations representing the interests of Commonwealth migrants as they actively sought the support of church leaders in their campaigns. LPL collections reveal the important place British churches had in building networks, providing funding and supplying resources to support anti‐racist organisations, and the ways ideas of Britishness were contested in the 1960s and 1970s around the passage of the Commonwealth Immigrants Acts and Race Relations Acts. Papers in LPL collections can also be used to critically examine post‐imperial formations of Whiteness, xenophobia and the racialisation of British citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What happens after border externalization? States and regional organizations of the Global North increasingly engage in transnational migration management that seeks to prevent potential irregular migration beyond their territory. Despite the impressive financial and political resources the involved actors mobilize to reach this goal, little is known about the effects of this strategy on their target states and populations. This paper conceptualizes border externalization as a spatial intervention that absorbs contingent migrant flows into an interplay of capital and race. It argues that the immobilization and differential integration produced through externalization can serve as a spatial fix for labor shortages in transit "migration" states. This differential integration disempowers the targeted migrant population and aggravates racial antagonisms. Hence, border externalization is not just a (by-)product of racist ideology and policy, but also intensifies racial hierarchies in the space it intervenes into. The paper studies this through the case of the "EU-Turkey Deal" and Turkey's Syrian refugee population, building on document analysis and primary interview data with industry representatives, farmers, NGO workers, and government officials. On a theoretical level, the paper thereby contributes to the recent trend that reinserts the border into global processes of racialized capital accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted countries all over the world, not only in relation to public health responses, but on multiple other societal levels. The pandemic has uncovered structural inequalities within and across societies and highlighted how race remains a powerful lens through which public policy responses are constructed and pursued. This paper examines (im)mobilities in Australia in the context of Asian, and more specifically Chinese-Australian citizens and residents, and how these have been framed in racialized discourses that justified exclusionary practices reminiscent of the White Australia ideology. The paper focuses on how Chinese Australians' mobilities have been (mis)represented and attacked in public and political discourse with particular attention to the situation of Chinese international students' (im)mobilities. Our conceptual attention in this paper, however, is not only on the racialization of mobilities but also immobilities, underpinned by an understanding of the relationality between Othered 'migrants' and hosts, as well as between mobility and immobility. We conclude by discussing future patterns of mobility, how these will impact prospective migrants including international students, and what future forms of mobilities might mean for Australia as a country highly dependent on migrants for its economic, social and cultural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NHL has a long-standing, problematic relationship with race. The North American sporting and racial climate have brought even more attention to this reality. A notable tactic to counter the accusation of reinforcing racism within sports corporations, including the NHL, is publicly associating themselves with minoritized organizations. This often occurs through formal partnerships or the acquisition of minoritized-founded entities, initiatives, and organizations. This paper considers how salient discourses of race and Blackness are articulated by the hosts and contributors of NHL Studio's Soul on Ice: The Podcast (SOIP) as an acquired NHL entity. The NHL aims to reposition itself on issues of race and the portrayal of Black members within hockey through SOIP. The podcast gives a platform to empower Black voices within White hockey culture but also problematically enmeshes the NHL within the commodification of Black culture and hardship. The acquisition of Soul on Ice: The Podcast by the NHL is used to sanitize and shield the league while reinforcing the normative Whiteness of hockey. Further, the consequences of the leagues' commodification of Blackness and the nuanced experiences of Black NHL players and community members shared via the podcast are unpacked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

That racial justice should in some form improve race relations is of no contest, but beyond what or just how do we improve race relations beomes a viable quandary to consider, especially when Bell (1980) warns us that the dilemma of interest convengence is inextricably tied to civil rights. Meantime, in acknowledging that headway in civil rights was wrought with interest convergence--that is, still benefitting whites--one may question as to what headway are we making or engaging in with respect to racial justice if the dilemma of interest convergence still exists? Furthermore, the existence of whiteness in a white supremecist society inadvertently, or at times, deliberately, inoculates everything. When complexifying racial justice with the dilemma of interest convergence and the ever presence of whiteness, to what extent can whiteness infiltrate racial justice in ways that never fully allow whites to see the harm they enact on others and thus, by not seeing, never really redress the grievances of people of color? This theoretical paper draws from critical race theory and critical whiteness studies to investigate the ways in which whiteness and interest convengence impact modern day racial justice efforts. Using a methodology of critical race hermeneutics this paper analyzes racial justice movements and unveils three tactics where whiteness and interest convengence still are at play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the activism of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement and argues that the missing link in the movement is the class question, which has impacted on its tactics, strategies, and modus operandi. Since its emergence, the BLM movement has won some concessions in police reforms, defunding of police, policy changes in use of body camera and greater transparency in policing, yet the problems of racism, police brutality, over-policing, and police killings persist. What seems to be problematic is the narrow understanding of the problems and the cosmetic nature of police reforms that have failed to address the capitalist root of the problem. By sidestepping the class question, the movement has failed to understand that racism, police brutality, and police killings are essential tools used by the ruling class and the state in the American capitalist system to sustain its rules, domination, and control. By taking the class question off the agenda, the engagement of the BLM movement has been reduced to the race question and race consciousness, which led to a failure to unpack racism and policing as class questions and draw the tactics of the movement around the class question. The solution to this impasse is to understand black struggle as a subset of class struggle and prioritise the radicalisation of the black working class as a social base to connect with the black underclass and American working class in general and externalise the issues as generic problems facing Americans. The paper concludes that it is the unity of the American working class that can confront the capitalist underpinning of the problems of racism, police brutality, and extra-judicial police killings in American society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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An introduction is presented in which editor discusses various articles within the issue on topics including interview with Murray Stein, cultural history of African American and richness of Africanist cultures.

This paper considers three moments in the treatment of data about race and identity in India. Many elements go into the development of data imaginaries as these change over time. A complete history is beyond the scope of this paper, but I develop three key episodes to explore critical but changing features of interrelations between race, identity and statistical arguments historically. One aim is to explore key features of the argument developed by two significant individuals -- Thomas Nelson Annadale and P.C. Mahalanobis -- as they sought to develop databases that could answer questions about race formation and, in the case of Mahalanobis, might also be used to develop statistical methods on the one hand and aid governance on the other hand. A second aim is to use this historically based but highly selective investigation to uncover key features of the ideology with which the government of India has presented Aadhaar, its vast biometric identification system powered by authentication technologies afforded by artificial intelligence. This enables me to identify different forms of racial or ethnic identity that could be -- and in one or two cases actually have been -- implicated in the way Aadhaar has been used in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colour-blindness is a prominent concept across disciplines in the US but is less prominent and still an emerging and under-utilised conceptual tool in the European and Swedish context. Existing research measures colour-blind attitudes – defined as the belief that race does not matter. In this paper we examine what happens when we translate these US measurements and understandings of colour-blind attitudes to the Swedish context? We present the results from two quantitative studies conducted between 2009 and 2020 in Sweden. Based on these results, we discuss the possibilities, limitations, and implications of replicating the theoretical concepts from the US in the Swedish context and propose possibilities for measuring colour-blindness quantitatively. The paper thereby not only contributes to the theoretical and methodological discussion on understanding colour-blind attitudes in the European context but also highlights the prominence of colour-blind racial attitudes in Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines school leaders' evasive attitudes towards race in Salt Lake City (SLC), Utah, between 1969 and 1975. Salt Lake's unique demographic status as predominantly white and Mormon underscored elements of white anti-Black racism under the guise of innocence. Utilizing critical whiteness theory and historical inquiry to analyze archival documents and interviews, I highlight one white superintendent, Arthur Wiscombe, and his failed attempts to confront anti-Blackness in schools as he navigated his conflicting values of racial justice, good intentions, and white Niceness. Framing the past as prologue, I uncover the historical legacy of white supremacy's influence on local school policies and leaders' actions, and make explicit connections to the repetition of these patterns today. Contemporary iterations of white supremacy rely on the same tools of whiteness used during intense periods of integration and racial awareness in Salt Lake City in the 1960s and 1970s. I conclude that white educational leaders must look more closely at the 'nice', color-evasive discourse that enables them to maintain power and privilege in their communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revisits Fleeming Jenkin's anonymous review of Charles Darwin's Origin of Species, published in the North British Review in June 1867. This review is usually revered for its impact on Darwin's theory of descent with modification. Its classical interpretation states that Jenkin, a Professor of Engineering at the University of Edinburgh, made a compelling case against natural selection based on the fact of "blending inheritance" and the "swamping" of advantageous variations. Those themes, however, are strikingly absent from Jenkin's text. They were later read into Jenkin's text by scholars trying to explain how Darwinian selection was reconciled with Mendelian genes and the birth of the Modern Synthesis. While many scholars have tried to measure Jenkin's effect on Darwin, the value of the 1867 review remains unclear. This paper re-examines its content and concludes that Jenkin's "able review" was in fact written by an engineer whose competencies in biology were very low. Focusing on the figure of the shipwrecked white sailor isolated on an island inhabited by Black people, this paper also underlines the racial assumptions behind Jenkin's review. "Blending inheritance" is thus a theme linked to theoretical reworkings on the question of race and skin colors, taking its root in Galton's typology of heredity. Darwin was probably mostly unimpressed by Jenkin's review. The problems raised by the review were not so much "blending inheritance" and "swamping" but a conundrum of problems related to the effects of intercrossing on variation and reversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article lists articles and papers on African American experience including "Tracking: A Return to Jim Crow," by G. Ansalone, "Lost-Found Nation: Nation of Islam Sparked Controversy," by K. Baker, and "Gwendolyn Brooks: Ebony and Postwar Race Relations," by M. Bryant.

Presents articles and papers by African Americans or about the African-American experience. "An analysis of race equality policy and practice in the city of Birmingham, U.K.," by T. Abbas and M. Anwar; "Hemochromatosis and iron-overload screening in a racially diverse population," by P.C. Adams and colleagues; "Colorectal cancer in African Americans," by S. Agrawal and colleagues.

Lists notable articles and papers by African Americans or about the African-American experience. "Matters of race: An interview with Orlando Bagwell," by B. Abrash; "Spectrum and prevalence of cardiac sodium channel variants among black, white, Asian, and Hispanic individuals: Implications of arrhythmogenic susceptibility and brugada/long QT syndrome genetic testing," by M.J. Ackerman and others; "The roles of race, class, and residential preferences in the neighborhood racial compositions of middle-class blacks and whites," by R.M. Adelman.