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In this work, we explored the ac breakdown characteristics of C5F10O/CO2 mixtures under different electrode surface roughness. It was found that sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) outperforms C5F10O/CO2 mixtures in the ac breakdown experiments. The breakdown voltages of C5F10O/CO2 and SF6 are negatively correlated with the surface roughness, while SF6 is more sensitive to the electrode surface roughness than C5F10O/CO2. To reach the dielectric strength of SF6, an increase in pressure or mixing ratio of C5F10O/CO2 is needed, while the liquefaction temperature of C5F10O/CO2 will increase simultaneously. Considering the limitation of 20% drop in dielectric strength, the maximum acceptable surface roughness of the gases is determined. The controlling requirement of electrode surface roughness ${R}_{t}$ of 30 $\mu \text{m}$ in SF6 equipment is suitable for the design of C5F10O/CO2 equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor contact is one of the main causes of the internal fault of SF6 gas insulated equipment. Taking the most common over-thermal decomposition process of SF6 caused by poor silver-plated copper contacts as an example, this article combines with density functional theory (DFT) and establishes the gas–solid contact interface adsorption model of SF6 and its main decomposition characteristic products (SO2F2, SO2, SOF2, HF, and H2S) with solid silver. Adsorption energy, charge transfer, and density of electronic state were used to analyze the reaction activity of SF6 and its main decomposition products with the Ag surface. It is found that SF6 and SO2 are chemically adsorbed on the Ag surface, and the reaction activity is relatively strong. When chemical adsorption occurs, SF6 bonds with the metal surface by the 2p orbitals of F atoms, and SO2 is bonded to the metal surface by the 2p orbitals of O atoms. There is also a strong reaction trend between HF and Ag (1 1 1), while SO2F2, SOF2, and H2S only physically absorbed with the Ag (1 1 1) surface. This indicates that under the local overheating failure caused by metal contacts, SF6 will first undergo chemical adsorption in the SF6/Ag (1 1 1) system and then undergo a decomposition reaction near the metal surface rather than in free space. The participation of Ag reduces the difficulty of the decomposition reaction to some extent. The results lay a foundation for finally revealing the interfacial reaction process of SF6-Ag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of SF6 gas decomposition components for the fault diagnosis of gas-insulated equipment (GIE) has received widespread attention and been extensively adopted by the power industry. However, the present focus is mainly on the use of a component type or absolute content for generating qualitative judgments on the existence of a fault, and the practical diagnosis method for field diagnosis is extremely lacking. In this paper, ten-year fault data were collected and analyzed. Decomposition components were extracted and combined, based on the decomposition characteristics of SF6, and enhancement factors were given to three component characteristic quantities using fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm. The component characteristic quantities that characterized the high-energy discharge fault, partial discharge, and partial over-thermal fault of the device were extracted: % (SOF2+SO2), % (9SO2F2), and % (5CO2). With adoption of these characteristic quantities as the coordinate axes of the triangle coordinate system, a triangle fault diagnosis method for field diagnosis of SF6 GIE was constructed. The diagnosis method was validated by a large number of experimental data and field failure data, and 128 of the 150 experimental samples were correctly recognized. Moreover, the test conditions did not considerably affect the diagnostic results of the method. This technique can provide a simple and effective field diagnostics technology for the power industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study mainly aims to obtain the decomposition characteristics of SF6 under various degrees of negative partial discharge (PD) and establish a method for evaluating the internal PD fault for gas-insulated equipment (GIE). Thus, metal protrusion, a frequent insulation defect in DC GIE, was used in the study of PD characteristics from the initial discharge to the near breakdown process. Then, seven parameters for characterizing the development stage of PD were extracted, and the fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm was used for the categorization of PD into three degrees, namely, slight, medium, and severe. We performed SF6 decomposition experiments on the PD degrees to obtain the decomposition characteristics. Results show that the SF6 decomposition characteristics (formation and content variation of five characteristic components, namely, CF4, CO2, SO2F2, SOF2, and SO2) are closely related to PD status. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation theory was used for the establishment of a PD fault status assessment model, which was based on SF6 decomposition characteristics. Then, we evaluated the collected samples, and the accuracy of the evaluation method was up to 87.5%. This paper lays the foundation for future comprehensive assessment and fault diagnosis of insulation status of DC GIE on the basis of SF6 decomposition characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify the influence of pressure on SF6 decomposition under positive DC partial discharge (PD), SF6‐positive DC partial discharge decomposition experiments at different pressures were carried out. We found that the contents of SF6 primary decomposition products are proportional to E / P 3 / 2 exp − B d P / E. Keeping the chamber volume and external temperature constant, the difference of air chamber pressure means that the electronic mean free path is different. So, different pressures make a difference in the energy of free electrons obtained in a single flight, which results in the difference in the reaction rates of SF6 primary decomposition and further influences the formation of SF6 PD characteristic decomposition components. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the difference between the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) decomposition characteristics initiated by two sorts of insulation defects — free metal particles and metal protrusion defects — under negative DC partial discharge (PD), SF6 decomposition data was obtained under different DC voltages on the basis of constructing a SF6 decomposition experimental platform. The differences between the characteristic components and the characteristic ratios of the two defects at the same discharge quantity and voltage were systematically analyzed. Results show that the two defects have significant differences in the type of decomposition components, the yield sizes of the components, and the changes in the component ratios. This paper proposed c(CF4 + CS2)/c(CO2) and c(CF4)/c(SO2F2) as the characteristic ratios to characterize the fault severity of the two defects, and their physical nature were revealed. The combination of the above ratios with the existing c(SO2F2)/c(SOF2 + SO2) can construct a feature quantity for identifying the two defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decomposition characteristics of SF6 gas-insulated equipment remarkably vary under different working pressures (0.3?0.7 MPa). Thus, the influence of pressure should be considered when adopting decomposed components for spark discharge fault diagnosis. A series of experiments on SF6 spark discharge decomposition under various pressures were performed on the spark discharge simulation experimental platform. The influence of pressure on SF6 spark discharge decomposed components were analyzed quantitatively combined with molecule chemical decomposition mechanisms. Results show that the species of spark decomposed components do not vary under different pressures. However, pressure directly affects the accumulated energy of the electrons in the spark channel, leading to diverse dissociation intensities of electrons on SF6. This phenomenon further affects the rate of neutral-neutral molecule and ion-molecule reactions responsible for the decomposed components. Finally, the yields and effective generation rates of decomposed components CF4, SOF4, SO2F2, SOF2, and SO2 decline with varying degrees under increasing pressure. Moreover, mathematic regression equations were derived for the effective generation rates of the components influenced by pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To figure out the influence rules of trace H2O on SF6 decomposition characteristic components under spark discharge, a series of spark discharge decomposition experiments with various H2O contents were performed using needle-plate electrode to simulate metal protrusion insulation defect. The changing rules and mechanisms of five decomposition characteristic components were achieved quantitatively, indicating that no matter how much H2O was, there exist five main decomposition components: CF4, SOF2, SO2, SOF4 and SO2F2. The contents of the five decomposition components increased with the time extended, and resulting in the contents of SF6 spark decomposition components by the order: SOF2 > SO2F2 > SOF4 > SO2 > CF4. Additionally, the higher H2O content is, the stronger promoting effect on the generation of SO2F2, SOF2, SOF4 and SO2 is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoacoustic (PA) spectrum is a promising method in SF6 decomposition product detection. To develop an on-line monitoring device, a gas detection system based on PA effect was introduced. Three kinds of gases, SO2, CO2, and CF4, were chosen to test the device performance. Some experiments were conducted to get the relationship of PA signal and gas concentration. The minimum detection limit of each gas was also measured. After that, the influence of temperature on PA detection was studied under 30 °C−50 °C. It is found that the PA signals of SO2 (1360 cm ^-1 ), CO2 (2347 cm ^-1 ), and CF4 (1285 cm ^-1 ) all have negative temperature characteristics within that temperature range. Then, a temperature linear correction model was proposed. The maximum error between correction result and standard PA signal under reference temperature was <4%. The temperature correction method lays a foundation for manufacturing SF6 decomposition components on-line monitoring device. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) gas-insulated equipment (GIE) has been widely used in extra/ultra high voltage power transmission systems. During its operation, GIE inevitably experiences partial overthermal faults caused by poor contact. In this study, the SF₆ decomposition characteristic of partial overthermal faults was used to solve problems that cannot be detected effectively in GIE. First, a large number of experiments were conducted on an SF₆ overthermal decomposition system to obtain the overthermal decomposition characteristic of SF₆ below 400 °C. Then, from the perspective of the physical significance of engineering, three feature parameters, namely, total decomposition amount, effective formation rate, and ratio of characteristic components, were proposed to reveal the deterioration degree of the gas insulation medium as well as to represent the development trend and severity of a partial overthermal fault. Results show that total decomposition amount CT, CT1, and CT2 can depict the degradation degree of the GIE insulation medium and the carbonic metal structure caused by a partial overthermal fault, which can be a good index to differentiate partial overthermal fault temperatures. The effective formation rate of each characteristic component RRMS is closely related to temperature and can reflect the development trend of a partial overthermal fault. The feature ratio CO2/(SO₂F₂+SOF₄+SOF₂+SO₂+H2S) can reveal whether a partial overthermal fault involves organic insulation materials. H2S/(SO₂F₂+SOF₄) can depict the severity of a partial overthermal fault. Log10(SOF₂+SO₂)/(SO₂F₂+SOF₄) and its effective value TCRRMS3 can represent the deterioration degree of GIE and provide excellent correlation with the severity of a partial overthermal fault, and thus, it can be used to evaluate the severity of a partial overthermal fault quantitatively. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To explore the influence mechanism of trace H2O on SF6 decomposition characteristics under partial thermal fault and establish the foundation of using SF6 thermal decomposition principle to diagnose the thermal fault of SF6 electrical equipment, a series of artificial thermal fault decomposition experiments with different H2O concentrations were conducted on the designed SF6 thermal decomposition experimental system. A trace water injector was used to control the content of trace H2O accurately and gas chromatograph, chromatography-mass spectrometry as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to measure decomposed components. Finally, the thermal decomposition characteristic under 340 ° was achieved. The analysis results indicate no matter how much H2O content is, SF6 can decomposes into many kinds of decomposition characteristics, such as CO2, SOF2, SO2, SOF4, SO2F2, H2S, HF. The concentrations of all these decomposition characteristics increase with the time extended, but change differently with the increase of H2O content, because H2O plays different role in the formation process of each decomposition characteristic components. The variation of H2O content not only affects the production of the decomposition characteristic components, but also makes SO2 and HF gradually evolved into the main characteristic components of SF6 thermal decomposition. In addition, the higher the H2O content is, the stronger the promoting effect on SO2 and HF is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SF6 decomposition characteristics under partial discharge (PD) are not only associated with insulation fault type and its severity but also closely related to the H2O content of in the equipment. This paper studies the decomposition characteristics of mixture gas SF6/H2O with six different gradients of trace H2O under the same PD energy, selects SO2F2, SOF2, CO2, and CF4 as the characteristic components, and analyzes the influence regularity of trace H2O on each of the component concentration, effective formation rate and characteristic ratio. Results show that H2O creates favorable conditions for generating SO2F2 and SOF2 owing to the capacity to capture F atom and inhibit low fluorine sulfides from recombining into SF6. As a result, the concentration and effective formation rate of SO2F2 and SOF2is positively related with H2O. Whereas H2O has no evident influence on CO2, it can consume intermediate by-products CF2 and CF3 which restrain CF4 generation. Each characteristic ratio decreases sharply and then becomes stable with increment of H2O. The defined effective characteristic ratio effectively reflects its relationship with H2O, whereas obtained mathematical expression between each effective characteristic ratio and trace H2O lays solid foundation for fault diagnosis of SF6 insulated equipment based on SF62 decomposition characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To obtain the influence regularity of trace O2 on SF6 decomposition characteristics under partial discharge (PD) and establish the foundation of using SF6 decomposed components to diagnose the insulation status of SF6 electrical equipment, first, a series of PD decomposition experiments with different O2 concentrations (%)were conducted on a special experiment platform. The variation regularity between the concentrations of characteristic components and the different content of O2 were obtained quantitatively. Second, the correlation coefficient r testing method was applied to identify the associated influence of trace O2 on the decomposed characteristic components and characteristic ratios. Based on this, an exponential regression model of the related characteristics was developed. Finally, the influence mechanism of trace O2 on SF6 decomposition progress was explained reasonably. The results show that under the PD caused by metal protrusion insulation fault without organic solid insulated materials, CO2, SO2F2, and SOF2 were the mainly decomposed components in the specific range of trace O2. Although no obvious influences of the trace O2 on the concentrations of CO2 and SOF2 as well as the ratio c(CO2)/c(SO2F2+SOF2), it is notable that the trace O2 is negatively and positively related to the concentration of SO2F2 and the ratio c(SOF2)/c(SO2F2), respectively. The exponential regression model can minimize the effect of trace O2 on the fault diagnostic result when using SF6 decomposed components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partial discharge (PD) with different energy always occurs before a serious breakdown in sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) insulating equipment. The high electromagnetic energy of PD can cause the insulation gas SF6 to decompose into various components. Component types and their formation rate are directly related with insulation fault severity. Hence, PD energy can be evaluated based on the characteristics of SF6 decomposition, which could be further used to diagnose insulation status. This paper focuses on the SF6 decomposition mechanism under PD, establishes the feature parameter to describe PD energy, and clarifies the feature parameter?s physical significance. In addition, this paper defines the effective energy characteristic ratio ERRMS and analyzes the relationship between ERRMS and PD energy. Finally, this paper discusses the influence regularity of trace H2O and O2 on ERRMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the decomposition characteristics of SF6 under thermal fault, which can further improve the method of using SF6 decomposed components to diagnose inner insulation status of SF6 insulated equipment. Hence, the thermal fault simulation system of SF6 electrical equipment is designed and serials of experiments are conducted. It initially gets SF6 thermal decomposition characteristic for temperature below 400°C. Then it analyzes decomposed component species and their generation regularity, determines the main characteristic component of SF6 thermal decomposition and chooses the key component to represent fault severity. The result shows that: SF6 begins to decompose obviously at 300°C and the main decomposition components contain CO2, SO2F2, SOF2, SOF4, SO2 and H2S; the improvement of fault temperature will promote the decomposition of SF6, but the formation regularity of each decomposed component is different; H2S is the special component only appears when thermal fault proceeds to some degree (above 360°C). Hence, decomposed components and their formation regularity can be used to diagnose the SF6 equipment thermal fault. H2S can be used as the key component to represent fault severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To obtain relationship between concentration of SF6 decomposed characteristic components (or their concentration ratio) during the formation process and partial discharge qualities and pulse repetition rate, this paper used needle-plate electrode to simulate outthrust insulation fault and conducted a serial of experiments. First, the SF6 decomposition characteristic under different PD strengths is obtained. Then this paper defines average discharge qualities per second as QSEC. It considers both apparent discharge qualities and discharge pulse repetition rate, and analyzes the relation feature between SF6 decomposition characteristic (both concentration of component and their effective formation rates RRMS) and QSEC. Besides, it proposes C(SO2F2)/C(SOF2) as the energy characteristic ratio (ER) to represent PD energy, and defines the effective energy characteristic ratio as (ERRMS). Moreover, it achieves the inner correlation feature between QSEC and all the characteristic component concentration, the RRMS of each characteristic component and ERRMS. The results show that: since number of C atoms from stainless steel surface and content of trace H2O and O2 in gas chamber were limited, both decomposed component concentration and component concentration ratio accords with the famous "Logistic Population Model" growth trend in ecology, which means they present ???S???-curve increase with QSEC. The proposed ER can effectively indicate the amount of PD energy and the defined ERRMS can objectively reveal the variance regularity of PD energy with QSEC. Hence, the correlation mathematic formula between ERRMS and QSEC is obtained and ERRMS can be used as the new characteristic parameter to represent PD energy. It establishes the foundation for the further fault diagnosis research. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

[Display omitted] • SF 6 and Ti 3 C 2 (OH) 2 surface have strong interaction during adsorption process. • Structure of SF 6 changes obviously with low-fluorine sulfide formed as a result of chemical adsorption. • Ti 3 C 2 T x terminated by hydroxyl is potential to be a catalyst for SF 6 decomposition. At present, searching for efficient methods to degrade sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6) is a worldwide hotspot. Due to the abundant active groups on the surface, MXene is regarded as an ideal catalyst support. In this paper, the potential active sites of Ti 3 C 2 T x (T = OH, F, O) for SF 6 degradation were studied using density functional theory (DFT) method. The results show the adsorption of SF 6 on Ti 3 C 2 (OH) 2 is significantly stronger than that on Ti 3 C 2 F 2 and Ti 3 C 2 O 2. Among typical adsorption sites on Ti 3 C 2 (OH) 2 , SF 6 exhibited the strongest interaction at OH-1 site. Complex electron orbital interactions occurred between SF 6 and Ti 3 C 2 (OH) 2. Adsorption energy reached −6.739 eV and about 1.414e transferred from Ti 3 C 2 (OH) 2 to SF 6. Structure of SF 6 changed obviously and chemical adsorption occurred in this process. However, on Ti 3 C 2 F 2 and Ti 3 C 2 O 2 , gas–solid interactions were weak and the structures had little change, which was mainly physical adsorption. Compared with common catalysts such as Ag, α ‑Al 2 O 3 and BaTiO 3 , Ti 3 C 2 (OH) 2 showed better catalytic activity for SF 6 degradation. By strong adsorption of the active site on the surface, the degradation products were separated from each other, which weakened SF 6 recombination and promoted the further degradation. The results provide theoretical support for MXene acting as a catalyst to efficiently degrade SF 6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]