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Determining the macronutrient requirements for commercially valuable aquaculture species remains crucial for maximising production efficiency. Yet, such information is lacking for Australian hybrid abalone (Haliotis rubra × Haliotis laevigata), particularly with respect to life stage and water temperatures. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary protein inclusion level on the growth performance, nutrient utilisation and nutritional quality of juvenile (3·3 g) Australian hybrid abalone reared at three different temperatures representative of winter (12°C), average annual (17°C) and summer (22°C) grow-out periods and fed five diets containing graded dietary protein levels of 35, 38, 41, 44 and 47 %. Abalone growth increased with increasing water temperature with weight gains of approximately 100, 280 and 380 % of their initial weight at 12, 17 and 22°C, respectively. Furthermore, the present study clearly demonstrated that higher dietary protein inclusion levels (41 %) than those currently used commercially (35 %) would significantly improve the growth performance when water temperatures are ≥17°C without any adverse impacts on nutrient utilisation, nutrient deposition or nutritional quality of the abalone soft tissue. For example, at 22°C abalone fed a diet containing 41 % protein obtained a significantly higher weight gain percentage (421 %) compared with those fed a diet containing 35 % protein (356 %). Lastly, it is suggested that maintaining a dietary protein inclusion level of 35 % or implementing a 'least cost' feeding approach during cooler seasons, or where water temperatures are ∼12°C, may be beneficial, considering only marginal growth improvements were observed during these periods of slow growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal changes in water temperature affect the utilization of dietary fatty acids in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Furthermore, fatty acid profiles of terrestrial oils dictate their suitability in terms of provision of metabolic energy and final product quality. An on‐farm, growth trial of Atlantic salmon was conducted in Tasmania, Australia over the final year of grow‐out (323 days), consisting of a 'summer phase' and a 'winter phase'. Poultry by‐product oil, canola oil and tallow were fed at high dietary lipid inclusion level (80%) to assess growth, fillet fatty acid composition and sensorial attributes. In the summer phase, the tallow diet appeared to provide added substrate for metabolic energy, potentially enhancing the deposition of n‐3 LC PUFA into the fillet, despite lower final weight and a reduced apparent lipid digestibility. Subsequent winter phase results suggested all diets adequately provided metabolic energy and fillet n‐3 LC PUFA concentrations were comparable. Additionally, this study highlights the importance of a well‐considered experimental design and subsequent statistical interpretation, for commercial scale, on‐farm feeding trials. Ultimately, this study demonstrates the importance of seasonally tailored diets for Atlantic salmon, using high terrestrial oil inclusion, under challenging Australian farming conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii), an iconic Australian freshwater fish, is subject to a small but growing aquaculture sector in Australia. Optimal larviculture techniques for this species have yet to be established, particularly with regard to the nutritional quality of starter diets. As such, optimisation of current Murray cod hatchery practices and feeding regimes is essential to maximize the production of high quality larvae and expand commercial aquaculture prospects. The aim of this investigation was to assess the effects of Artemia nauplii enriched with high levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA; ENR treatment), on the growth and fatty acid composition of larval Murray cod. Using untreated Artemia nauplii as a control treatment (CTL), larvae were fed either treatment to apparent satiation twice daily in triplicate groups of 700 fish with initial mean weights of 0.012 ± 0.06 g for 21 days at 19.85 °C. Survival was not significantly different between treatments (P >.05). Final mean weight and length, as well as specific growth rate, were significantly higher for ENR compared to CTL. Enriched larvae also contained significantly higher total lipid contents and across all three of the major fatty acid groups. Of the individual fatty acids, increases in ARA (20:4n-6) and DHA (22:6n-3) were recorded in the ENR fish, while CTL fish contained high concentrations of 18:4n-3, 20:4n-3 and 22:5n-3, which are intermediate fatty acids along the n-3 conversion pathway, suggesting desaturation and elongation toward EPA (20:5n-3) and DHA. Results demonstrate that enriched Artemia nauplii are vastly superior to untreated Artemia as a starter diet for optimal growth and fatty acid composition of Murray cod larvae. Thus, despite the clear ability of Murray cod larvae to undergo elongation and desaturation of ALA (18:3n-3), the present study demonstrates that this is not sufficient to sustain growth or LC-PUFA tissue levels akin to those possible through high dietary LC-PUFA intake. • Optimal larviculture techniques for Murray cod larvae should include live feed enrichment. • Enrichment of Artemia with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids improves the performance of Murray cod larvae • Murray cod larvae showed active elongation and desaturation of 18:3n-3 (α-linolenic acid). • In vivo long chain omega-3 biosynthesis in Murray cod larvae is not sufficient to compensate for limited dietary supply. • DHA content in Murray cod larvae is tightly regulated, and is limiting nutrient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes the Ohio 9834 and Ohio 9816 processing tomato inbreds tested in plot trials in the midwestern and eastern U.S., in Ontario, Canada and Victoria, Australia. Origin of the tomato inbreds; Physical description; Resistance property of the tomato to bacterial spot.

Objective: To describe the development of a new position statement regarding balancing the risks and benefits of sun exposure for Australian adults., Methods: We conducted a Sun Exposure Summit in March 2021, with presentations from invited experts and a workshop including representation from academic, clinical, policy, and patient stakeholder organisations. The group considered advice about balancing the risks and benefits of sun exposure for Australian adults and developed a revised consensus position statement., Results: The balance of risks and benefits of sun exposure is not the same for everybody. For people at very high risk of skin cancer, the risks of exposure likely outweigh the benefits; sun protection is essential. Conversely, people with deeply pigmented skin are at low risk of skin cancer but at high risk of vitamin D deficiency; routine sun protection is not recommended. For those at intermediate risk of skin cancer, sun protection remains a priority, but individuals may obtain sufficient sun exposure to maintain adequate vitamin D status., Conclusions: The new position statement provides sun exposure advice that explicitly recognises the differing needs of Australia's diverse population., Implications for Public Health: Mass communication campaigns should retain the focus on skin cancer prevention. The new position statement will support the delivery of personalised advice., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest David Whiteman reports a relationship with Pierre Fabre Australia that includes speaking and lecture fees. Peter Ebeling reports a relationship with Healthy Bones Australia that includes board membership. Peter Ebeling reports a relationship with the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research that includes board membership. Peter Ebeling reports a relationship with International Osteoporosis Foundation that includes: board membership. Peter Ebeling reports a relationship with the Asian Pacific Consortium on Osteoporosis that includes board membership. Craig Sinclair reports a relationship with Cancer Council Victoria that includes employment. Christian Girgis reports a relationship with the Australian and New Zealand Bone and Mineral Society that includes board membership. Christian Girgis reports a relationship with the University of Sydney that includes employment. Stephen Shumack reports a relationship with the Australasian College of Dermatologists that includes non-financial support., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Clinical exome sequencing typically achieves diagnostic yields of 30%-57.5% in individuals with monogenic rare diseases. Undiagnosed diseases programmes implement strategies to improve diagnostic outcomes for these individuals., Aim: We share the lessons learnt from the first 3 years of the Undiagnosed Diseases Program-Victoria, an Australian programme embedded within a clinical genetics service in the state of Victoria with a focus on paediatric rare diseases., Methods: We enrolled families who remained without a diagnosis after clinical genomic (panel, exome or genome) sequencing between 2016 and 2018. We used family-based exome sequencing (family ES), family-based genome sequencing (family GS), RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and high-resolution chromosomal microarray (CMA) with research-based analysis., Results: In 150 families, we achieved a diagnosis or strong candidate in 64 (42.7%) (37 in known genes with a consistent phenotype, 3 in known genes with a novel phenotype and 24 in novel disease genes). Fifty-four diagnoses or strong candidates were made by family ES, six by family GS with RNA-seq, two by high-resolution CMA and two by data reanalysis., Conclusion: We share our lessons learnt from the programme. Flexible implementation of multiple strategies allowed for scalability and response to the availability of new technologies. Broad implementation of family ES with research-based analysis showed promising yields post a negative clinical singleton ES. RNA-seq offered multiple benefits in family ES-negative populations. International data sharing strategies were critical in facilitating collaborations to establish novel disease-gene associations. Finally, the integrated approach of a multiskilled, multidisciplinary team was fundamental to having diverse perspectives and strategic decision-making., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: In about half of all patients with a suspected monogenic disease, genomic investigations fail to identify the diagnosis. A contributing factor is the difficulty with repetitive regions of the genome, such as those generated by segmental duplications. The ATAD3 locus is one such region, in which recessive deletions and dominant duplications have recently been reported to cause lethal perinatal mitochondrial diseases characterized by pontocerebellar hypoplasia or cardiomyopathy, respectively., Methods: Whole exome, whole genome and long-read DNA sequencing techniques combined with studies of RNA and quantitative proteomics were used to investigate 17 subjects from 16 unrelated families with suspected mitochondrial disease., Findings: We report six different de novo duplications in the ATAD3 gene locus causing a distinctive presentation including lethal perinatal cardiomyopathy, persistent hyperlactacidemia, and frequently corneal clouding or cataracts and encephalopathy. The recurrent 68 Kb ATAD3 duplications are identifiable from genome and exome sequencing but usually missed by microarrays. The ATAD3 duplications result in the formation of identical chimeric ATAD3A/ATAD3C proteins, altered ATAD3 complexes and a striking reduction in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complex I and its activity in heart tissue., Conclusions: ATAD3 duplications appear to act in a dominant-negative manner and the de novo inheritance infers a low recurrence risk for families, unlike most pediatric mitochondrial diseases. More than 350 genes underlie mitochondrial diseases. In our experience the ATAD3 locus is now one of the five most common causes of nuclear-encoded pediatric mitochondrial disease but the repetitive nature of the locus means ATAD3 diagnoses may be frequently missed by current genomic strategies., Funding: Australian NHMRC, US Department of Defense, Japanese AMED and JSPS agencies, Australian Genomics Health Alliance and Australian Mito Foundation.

Background: Actinic keratoses are the most common actinic lesions on Caucasian skin. Cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen is commonly used to treat actinic keratoses, but there have been few studies examining the true rate of cure in everyday dermatologic practice., Aim: To determine prospectively the true efficacy of cryosurgery as a treatment for actinic keratoses in everyday dermatologic practice., Methods: A prospective, multicentered study (a subsidiary study of a photodynamic therapy trial) was performed. Patients with untreated actinic keratoses greater than 5 mm in diameter on the face and scalp were recruited. Eligible lesions received a single freeze-thaw cycle with liquid nitrogen given via a spray device and were reviewed 3 months thereafter. Each center used their preferred freeze time. The only treatment criterion was complete freezing of actinic keratoses and a 1-mm rim of normal skin. Treated lesions were assessed as complete response or noncomplete response. The influence of the duration of freeze, cosmetic outcomes, and adverse events were examined., Results: Ninety adult patients from the community with 421 eligible actinic keratoses were recruited. The overall individual complete response rate was 67.2%[SEM = +/-3.5%; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 60.4-74.1%]. Complete response was 39% for freeze times of less than 5 s, 69% for freeze times greater than 5 s, and 83% for freeze times greater than 20 s. Cosmetic outcomes were good to excellent in 94% of complete response lesions. The main adverse events were pain, stinging, and burning during treatment, and hypopigmentation after healing., Conclusions: Cryosurgery is an effective treatment for actinic keratoses. The true complete response rate is significantly lower than that previously reported. The freeze duration influences successful treatment. Adverse events are mild and well tolerated.