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Although the development of energy and mineral resources strongly supports China's rapid industrialization and urbanization, it has led to a series of ecological and environmental problems. Strengthening the spatial regulation considering the ecological and environmental protection on energy and mineral resource development areas is an important aspect of realizing China's sustainable development. In this study, we mapped, categorized, and analyzed the ecological cumulative effects of the Chinese 134 prefectural mining units based on the pressure-state-response model, which is demonstrated as impact of mining activities on ecological environment, ecological environmental fragility, and ecological function. This investigation developed a stress zoning typology of the mining units based on scores of three dimensions of the ecological cumulative effects and classified 134 prefectural mining units into eight types of stress zones. A series of regulation and policy suggestions have been proposed to different types of zones from three aspects: space control, intensity control, and development mode control. The application of this evaluation and spatial zoning system will contribute to the refined spatial management of China's mining areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Atypical clinical features make it hard to identify VL in HLH in non-epidemic area. • VL is difficult to diagnose when traditional tests are ineffective, while mNGS is. • mNGS can be used as a detection method of HLH in children caused by rare pathogens. Visceral leishmaniasis-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (VL-HLH) is a secondary hemophagocytic syndrome, which can be life-threatening, caused by leishmania and transmitted by infected sandflies. Rapid and accurate identification of leishmania is crucial for clinical strategies. Here, we report an infantile infection in a non-epidemic area of China. The infant was a 9.5-month-old girl with fever, pancytopenia and hepatosplenomegaly, which meet the HLH-2004 standard, and the negative gene results exclude congenital HLH. However, chemotherapy is ineffective and is accompanied by severe infection. Fortunately, she is diagnosed with VL-HLH (visceral leishmaniasis-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis), as leishmania is detected by next-generation meta-genome sequencing (mNGS) and quickly relieved after treatment with libosomal amphotericin B (L-AMB). mNGS can detect leishmania in pediatric HLH, and should be performed as a new detection for VL-HLH, particularly for infants, who may not respond to HLH-2004 regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Magmatism formed during the initial stage (ca. 480Ma) and advanced stage (ca. 450Ma) of exhumation of subducted continental crust have been recognized in South Altyn western China. • Two stages of magmatism exhibits evidence for the partial melting of subducted continental crust during differential exhumation process of South Altyn in Palaeozoic. The early Palaeozoic continental subduction–collisional belt in South Altyn (SA) western China distributes a large amount of (ultra)-high-pressure ((U)HP) metamorphic and granitic rocks associated with subduction, collision, and exhumation. In this study, four granitic rocks were collected from Bashenwake located in eastern SA. The ages of the garnet-bearing alkali-feldspar granite (GAFG), garnet-bearing granitic gneiss (GGG), alkali-feldspar granite (AFG), and syenogranite (SG) are 458.0 ± 4.1, 483.0 ± 4.1, 450.0 ± 2.4, and 482.0 ± 4.9 Ma, respectively. Whole-rock major and trace elements and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope, and zircon Hf isotope compositions for all samples exhibit characteristics of a continental crustal source. Based on partial melting modeling, the source temperature of the GGG, GAFG, AFG and SG was concluded as 750–780 °C, 730–760 °C, 730–770 °C and ca. 800 °C, respectively. The source pressure was estimated as ca. 0.8 GPa for the GGG, GAFG and AFG, and ca. 1.2 GPa for SG. Combined with studies on (U)HP metamorphic rocks in SA, this study reveals that GGG is formed by metamorphism while SG is formed from partial melting of upper crustal rocks heated by upwelling mantle during the initial stage of exhumation (ca. 480 Ma) of subducted continental crust in SA. During further stage of exhumation of the subducted continental crust at ca. 450 Ma, the GAFG and AFG were formed from partial melting of GGG as a result of decreased pressure and further mantle upwelling. Consequently, the exhumation age of subducted continental crust in eastern SA is ca. 30 Myr earlier than that in western SA. Thus, the geochronology and petrogenesis of four granitic samples in this study exhibit one of very few evidence for partial melting of subducted continental crust during the exhumation and also provide magmatism exhibits evidence for the differential exhumation model of eastern SA in Palaeozoic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greater understanding of the topological evolution characteristics of the supply side of urban transport systems could help urban planners and policy makers uncover patterns of both city growth and road development. This paper examines the road network topological evolution characteristics of a unique government-oriented development district, Shanghai Pudong New District, from 1995 to 2007, where a road-name–based dual approach is adopted to capture the homogeneity and functional continuity of different segments. The urban road network is found to evolve from a broad-scale system to a scale-free system driven by the government interventions. A generalized extreme value distribution is utilized to provide a general form for the road network topological evolution model with a good fit. This scale-free road network has shown to be effective in supporting economic development. This paper offers a new perspective that describes the patterns of topological evolution characteristics for transportation planners regarding network design and urban planning in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four episodes of granitic rocks at 517, 501-496, 462-451, and 426-385 Ma occurred in the South Altyn subduction-collision complex. The first episode of granite emplacement predates the formation of the ophiolite type mafic rock (≥500 Ma), and the three subsequent episodes can be temporally correlated to high-pressure (HP) to ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism at ca. 500 Ma, retrograde granulite-facies metamorphism at ca. 450 Ma, and amphibolite-facies metamorphism at ca. 420 Ma, respectively. A comprehensive study of these granitic rocks, along with the regional geological background, mafic-ultramafic rocks, and HP-UHP metamorphism, indicates that the four episodes of granitic magmatism are sequentially derived from the partial melting of the earlier subducted oceanic crust at 517 Ma, the thickened continental crust due to continental subduction at ca. 500 Ma, the mid-upper crust in response to slab breakoff at ca. 450 Ma, and the tectonic transition from contraction to extension at ca. 420 Ma. The formation age of 517 Ma for oceanic adakite provides a direct constraint on the time of the oceanic subduction in South Altyn. In addition, there is a ca. 10 Myr interval between the oceanic subduction to the continental deep subduction, suggesting that the Early Paleozoic tectonic evolution might have been a successive process in South Altyn. The four episodes of formation of granitic rocks, mafic-ultramafic rocks, and HP-UHP metamorphic rocks have fully recorded the tectonic evolution, beginning with the oceanic subduction, followed by continental subduction, and later exhumation during the Early Paleozoic in South Altyn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent unmanned mining is a key process in coal mine production, which has direct impact on the production safety, coal output, economic benefits and social benefits of coal mine enterprises. With the rapid development and popularization of 5G+ intelligent mines and coal mine intelligent equipment in China, the intelligentization of intelligent unmanned mining has become an important research topic. Especially with the promulgation of some Chinese policies and regulations, intelligent unmanned mining technology has become one of the key technologies of coal mine production. To understand the connotation, status quo and development trends of intelligent unmanned mining, this paper takes the relationship between key technologies and engineering application of intelligent unmanned mining in China as the perspective. It is proposed that the intelligent unmanned mining technology is in the whole process of working face mining. A research structure of unmanned follow-up operation and safe patrol is changing to the mode of intelligent adaptive mining, followed by the basic concepts and characteristics of intelligent unmanned mining. Relevant researches that maybe beneficial to the proposed research content are reviewed in four layers, which include basic theory, key technology, mining mode, and overall design system theory and technology. Finally, the current intelligent unmanned mining mode and future trends in this field in China are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization has been considered a driver of PM 2.5 pollution and the attributed health burden. This study systematically measured the spatiotemporal and urban-rural heterogeneity of PM 2.5 -attributed health burden drivers, including income, population, baseline mortality rate, and PM 2.5 level. The results reveal the significantly positive contribution of disposable income and the periodical and urban-rural differentiation of population contribution to PM 2.5 -attributed health burden. The difference in driver performance due to socioeconomic development and urbanization stages might be an important determinant for different or even opposite results of previous studies. Policymaking for mitigating PM 2.5 -attributed health risk could incorporate the re-assessment and driver determination for PM 2.5 -attributed health burden into the construction and development plan from the overall urbanization perspective. The urbanization-perspective driver decomposition could be synergized with the flow analysis, equality evaluation, and policy benefit estimation to achieve further direction-determining and quantitative assessment of the urban-rural PM 2.5 health risk management strategies. • We decomposed the urbanization drivers of PM 2.5 health burden in China 2008–2021. • Drivers were determined as population, baseline mortality rate, income, and PM 2.5. • New driver disposable income showed significant driving influence. • Urban-rural heterogeneity of the drivers was presented during urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread application and interest in awake prone positioning stems from its ease and availability and its ability to enhance patients' oxygenation. Nevertheless, due to the absence of consensus over the regimen of awake prone positioning, the efficacy of awake prone positioning remains uncertain. To explore the optimal regimen for awake prone positioning, including the timing of initiation, ideal daily duration, and strategies for improving patient comfort and encouraging adherence. Retrospective observational study. Two university-affiliated hospitals in Shanghai. Between December 2022 and February 2023, a total of 475 patients with COVID-19-related pneumonia who received awake prone positioning were observed. The data were collected from the hospital's electronic medical record system. The differentiation efficiency of peripheral blood oxygen saturation [SpO 2 ]:fractional oxygen concentration in inspired air [FiO 2 ] ratio at first awake prone positioning for different outcomes was tested by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. The Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to analyze the relationship between time to occurrence of 28-day outcomes and collected variables. Kaplan–Meier curves were plotted with the percentage of 28-day outcomes according to the SpO 2 :FiO 2 ratio at first awake prone positioning after controlling covariates through Cox regression. The best efficiency in predicting patient outcomes was achieved when the cutoff SpO 2 :FiO 2 ratio at first awake prone positioning was 200. Patients with a reduced SpO 2 :FiO 2 ratio (≤ 200) experienced more adverse respiratory outcomes (RR = 5.42, 95%CI [3.35, 8.76], p < 0·001) and higher mortality (RR = 16.64, 95%CI [5.53, 50.13], p < 0.001). Patients with a SpO 2 :FiO 2 ratio of ≥ 200 at first awake prone positioning, longer duration between first awake prone positioning and admission, more awake prone positioning days, and better awake prone positioning completion were significantly protected from 28-day adverse respiratory outcomes and mortality. Initiating awake prone positioning with a SpO 2 :FiO 2 ratio exceeding 200, increasing the number of awake prone positioning days, prolonging the time between first awake prone positioning and admission, and achieving better completion of awake prone positioning were found to be significantly associated with reduced adverse respiratory outcomes and mortality. ClinicalTrials.gov ; No.: NCT05795751 ; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kyanite-bearing garnet pelitic gneiss from the Jianggalesayi area in southern Altyn Tagh high pressure/ultra-high pressure belt was proved to have been experienced UHP metamorphism (>12 GPa) by the discovery of kyanite and spinel exsolution microstructure in quartz (precursor stishovite). In this study, three stages of retrograded metamorphism (M2–M4) after the UHP metamorphism (M1) were identified for the UHP pelitic gneiss. The HP granulite-facies stage (M2) was characterized by the mineral assemblage of garnet+kyanite+K-feldspar+rutile+quartz±ilmenite, recording the P-T condition of >1.12 GPa and ≈850–930 ºC. The granulite-facies stage (M3) was represented by the mineral assemblage of garnet rim+K-feldspar+sillimanite (Sill1)+biotite (Bt1)+plagioclase (Pl1)+ilmenite+quartz, and confined under P-T conditions of 0.5–0.8 GPa and ≈770–795 ºC. The late cooling stage M4 was accompanied by the appearance of fine-grained Pl2, Sill2 and Bt2 in the matrix, and the P-T conditions were 0.4–0.6 GPa and <675 ºC. A clockwised P-T path was obtained for the pelitic gneiss in the P-T pseudosection, which showed a deep subduction/collision processes with subsequent exhumation and cooling. Combined with the corresponding multistage metamorphic assemblages, the age dating results implied that the zircons from the gneiss have integrated the recording peak metamorphic (M1, 484±3 Ma) and retrograded metamorphic ages (M2 to M3, 450±2 Ma). There was about 32 Ma interval during the first exhumation from the upper mantle depth (>350 km) to the lower crust depth (≈40–20 km), resulting in an average exhumation rate of 9.11–9.70 mm/yr. In the southern Altyn Tagh region, the HP and UHP rocks from different areas had identical peak metamorphic ages. Therefore, contemporary UHP and HP rocks with different metamorphic evolutions were recognized coexisting in the same orogenic belt, which can be interpreted by the model of subduction channel. The continental crustal were subducted to different depths along the direction of the subduction channels at ≈500 Ma, suffered different grade metamorphism, and then returned to the surface along the subduction channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution and climate change are issues of worldwide concern. Synergizing air pollution control and climate mitigation have been an important national policy of China. This study develops bivariate and integrated synergy indexes (BSI and ISI) to investigate the synergy states between air pollution and CO 2 emission. The synergy indexes are based on the correlation coefficient and established from exploiting the internal comparability of the data. Using the BSI and ISI , we evaluated the correlation and synergy states between air pollution (involving ambient PM 2.5 and ozone) and CO 2 emission in Chinese cities from 2015 to 2020. The results present the city-level trends and heterogeneities of synergy between air pollution and CO 2 emission. The averaged value of BSI PM2.5-ozone , BSI PM2.5-CO2 , and BSI ozone-CO2 for all cities and assessing years were −0.239, −0.291, and −0.242, indicating a generally and globally weak synergy. The synergy states between air pollution and CO 2 emission were relatively significant and complex in specific regions. Combined with the local spatial association and decoupling analysis, we further identified the primary variables and key areas for synergistic control. This study provides a systematic idea and case demonstration for city-level synergy assessment through transforming and expanding the data usage capacity. The method and process are applicable to various scales and regions, which would be of reference value for synergy assessments in other countries and regions. [Display omitted] • We developed the bivariate and integrated synergy indexes. • We evaluated the synergy between air pollution and CO 2 emission at the city-level. • Local spatial association and decoupling analysis supported the synergy assessment. • Most Chinese cities show insignificant synergy of air pollution and CO 2. • BTHS, YRD, and the JJAH are key areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Clockwise P–T evolution is recorded by the South Altyn Tagh felsic gneiss. • The felsic gneiss was exhumed from eclogite-facies to granulite-facies within 20 Myr. • HP–HT eclogite-facies records were preserved in the weakly deformed felsic gneiss. • The HP mineralogical records were further eliminated by the strong deformation. Felsic gneisses are usually the dominant rock types in most high-pressure (HP) and ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terranes, although their peak metamorphic conditions and complete P–T paths are rarely known. This lack of knowledge is attributed to the high variance of mineral assemblages at HP/UHP conditions of the felsic gneisses, or to the effects of retrograde-related overprinting. Thus, it is difficult to distinguish whether felsic gneisses underwent HP/UHP metamorphism. In this paper, we focus on the felsic gneiss that has been previously documented as having formed under HP granulite-facies metamorphism with peak P–T of > 1.15 GPa and > 860 °C from the Danshuiquan locality in the South Altyn HP – UHP belt. The Danshuiquan felsic gneiss is strongly deformed and is spatially associated with weakly deformed garnet-rich felsic gneiss. On the basis of detailed microstructure observations on mineral assemblages and phase equilibria modelling, three stages of metamorphic evolution for the weakly deformed garnet-rich felsic gneiss are identified. The first stage is represented by garnet cores, revealing a prograde P–T path from 1.5 GPa/750 °C to 2.1 GPa/900 °C. The second stage is characterized by garnet mantles with multiphase inclusions, defining HP eclogite-facies metamorphic conditions of 2.2–2.6 GPa/950–1100 °C. The third stage is represented by the composition of garnet rims, biotite, and plagioclase, suggesting an HP granulite to amphibolite facies decompression cooling process to 1.1–1.3 GPa/710–770 °C. In contrast, the strongly deformed felsic gneiss just records a deformation-related decompression process from 1.1 to 1.2 GPa/750–760 °C to 0.87–0.98 GPa/760–770 °C, and finally to 0.83 GPa/740 °C. Zircon U–Pb dating yields c. 920 Ma protolith ages, c. 500 Ma eclogite-facies ages, and c. 480 Ma granulite to amphibolite facies retrograde ages for the Danshuiquan felsic gneisses. Our results show that the Danshuiquan felsic gneisses underwent a similar metamorphic evolution process to that of Yinggelisayi HP–UHP rocks in the eastern segment of the South Altyn Tagh. Most HP mineralogical records tend to be eliminated by the strong deformation at crustal depths (∼30 km), meaning that the peak metamorphic conditions of the studied felsic rocks in UHP metamorphic terranes are previously underestimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Petrography, mineral chemistry and pressure–temperature (P–T) estimates were carried out for the eclogite from the South Altyn in NW China. The results suggest three stages of metamorphism: an ultra-high pressure (UHP) eclogite-facies metamorphism at 717–871°C and ≥2.8GPa, a high pressure (HP) granulite-facies metamorphism at 624–789°C and 1.42–1.52GPa, and an amphibolite-facies metamorphism at 597–728°C and 0.99–1.17GPa. Cathodoluminescence investigation revealed that zircons from the retrograde eclogite display a distinct core-rim structure. Cores are grey-white luminescent and contain mineral inclusions of Garnet+Omphacite+Rutile+Quartz, suggesting eclogite-facies metamorphic origin. The rims are dark grey luminescent and contain Garnet+Clinopyroxene+Pagioclase inclusions, forming at HP granulite-facies conditions. A few residual zircon grains with mottled internal structure also occur as the metamorphic cores. LA-ICPMS zircon U–Pb dating yielded three discrete age groups: (1) a Neoproterozoic protolith age of 752±7Ma for the residual grains, (2) an eclogite-facies metamorphic age of 500±7Ma for the metamorphic cores, and (3) a HP granulite-facies retrograde age of 455±2Ma for the rims. These ages indicate that the protolith of the Altyn eclogite probably formed in response to breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent during the Neoproterozoic; it was subjected to continental deep subduction and UHP metamorphism during early Paleozoic (~500Ma) and subsequently underwent two stages of retrograde metamorphism during exhumation. The petrological and geochronological data suggest a clockwise P–T–t path for the UHP eclogite. According to pressures and ages for the peak UHP eclogite-facies and the retrograde HP granulite-facies metamorphism, an exhumation rate of 1.2mm/yr was estimated for the eclogite, which is considerably slower than that of some UHP rocks from other UHP terranes (>5mm/yr). While the peak metamorphic age of 500Ma is consistent with previous dates of 480–504Ma, it is 40–60Myr older than the HP/UHP metamorphic ages of 420–461Ma for UHP eclogites in North Qaidam. The retrograde metamorphic age is 455±2Ma for the Altyn eclogite, which is 30–55Myr older than ~400–425Ma for the North Qaidam eclogites. These age differences suggest that the South Altyn and North Qaidam eclogites do not belong to the same HP/UHP metamorphic zone. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Newly identified garnet–corundum silica-undersaturated pelitic granulites in the Mianlüe Tectonic Zone of the South Qinling belt, central China, preserve a distinct mineral assemblage of garnet + corundum + biotite + plagioclase ± kyanite + sillimanite + staurolite and are therefore useful for deciphering the metamorphic evolution of the zone. Most of the garnet porphyroblasts preserve prominent major- and trace-element zoning, which provides evidence for two stages of garnet growth, under subsolidus conditions and then fluid-absent conditions, during prograde metamorphism. The distinctive yttrium annuli in garnet grains are most likely the result of the breakdown of xenotime. Four stages in the pressure–temperature (P–T) evolution of the granulites are inferred from the results of P–T pseudosection analysis together with petrographic observations. The first stage records the early prograde evolution, comprising isobaric heating at ~7 kbar from 580 to ~700 °C, and the later-stage prograde evolution with increasing pressure and temperature to the peak-pressure stage. The second stage is marked by the maximum X Grs in the garnet mantle, indicating the peak conditions in the high- P –high- T granulite facies of 830 °C at ~11.7 kbar. The third stage is characterized by a continued increase in pyrope in the garnet rim, suggesting decompression with slight heating from the peak pressure to reach the peak temperature at ~9.4 kbar and ~850 °C. The late retrograde cooling stage is represented by further decompression after the peak temperature, accompanied by the growth of staurolite. 7–13 mol% melt was produced during prograde metamorphism via the reaction sill + bi + pl → g + crn + melt. Although later melt loss reduced the bulk-rock Si and Al, the low-Si and high-Al–Fe bulk compositions of restite were inherited mainly from the protolith, which comprised high-Fe sediments (bauxites) derived from weathering of adjacent mafic rock. U–Pb dating of metamorphic zircon rims yielded two age clusters: ~227 Ma represents the timing close to peak-pressure conditions, and 222–217 Ma represents the timing of post- T max cooling to the solidus. Monazite U–Pb ages of 212–206 Ma are interpreted as the timing of further retrograde cooling under the solidus. The geochronological data and clockwise P – T paths indicate the garnet–corundum pelitic granulites record a complete metamorphic P–T–t history, including crustal thickening during continental collision/subduction and subsequent exhumation and cooling during the early Mesozoic. Combined with recent high-precision early Neoproterozoic data, we proposed that the MTZ was formed as a result of Grenvillian oceanic plate subduction and the assembly of Rodinia during the early Neoproterozoic and that it also records processes related to continental collision/subduction during the early Mesozoic. • irst report of garnet–corundum granulites from Mianlüe Tectonic Zone (MTZ). • Fe Al-rich granulites originated from high-Fe sediments (bauxites). • Clockwise P–T–t evolution is recorded by MTZ granulites. • The MTZ records continental collision/subduction during the early Mesozoic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shale oil is hosted in nanopores of organic-rich shales, so pore characteristics are significant for shale oil accumulation. Here we analyzed pore characteristics of 39 lacustrine shale samples of the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation (K2qn) in the Songliao Basin, which is one of the main shale oil resource basins in China, using field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and low-pressure nitrogen adsorption. We accomplished fractal analysis, correlation analysis using correlation matrix and multidimensional scaling (MDS), and prediction of fractal dimensions, which is the first time to predict pore fractal dimensions of shales. Interparticle pores are highly developed in K2qn. These shales have mesoporous nature and slit-shaped pores. Compared with the second and third members (K2qn2,3), the first member of the Qingshankou Formation (K2qn1) has a larger average pore diameter, much smaller surface area, fewer micropores, simpler pore structure and surface indicated by smaller fractal dimensions. In terms of pore characteristics, K2qn1 is better than K2qn2,3 as a shale oil reservoir. When compared with marine Bakken Formation shales, lacustrine shales of the Qingshankou Formation have similar complexity of pore structure, but much rougher pore surface. This research can lead to an improved understanding of the pore system of lacustrine shales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]