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Thirty-two topsoil samples were collected to analyze the residue levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in topsoil of arid and semiarid areas of northwest China in 2011. Results showed that DDTs were the dominant contaminants with a mean concentration of 12.52 ng/g. The spatial distribution characteristics indicated that α-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were mainly used in rural sites, whereas hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and endosulfan were detected mostly in urban areas. DDTs, heptachlor, and chlordane were found almost equally in both urban and rural areas. Source identification revealed that the current levels of HCHs in soils were attributable to the residues from their historical use and fresh usage of lindane (γ-HCH). DDTs were mainly from historical use and fresh usage of dicofol, and HCB was emitted from the chemical industry. It was also found that the current soil levels of heptachlor were mainly from its historical usage, endosulfan from fresh input, and chlordane from long-range atmospheric transport, respectively. The noncarcinogenic health risk assessment with a model was also conducted using USEPA standards for adults and children. Results indicated that health risk under nondietary exposure to OCPs decreased in the sequence of ΣDDT > ΣHCH > HCB > Σheptachlor > Σendosulfan > Σchlordane. According to the reference dose from the USEPA, the health risk under nondietary exposure to OCPs in the soil samples was at a relatively safe level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Although abundant natural gases have been discovered in Carboniferous and Ordovician reservoirs in the Tazhong area, central Tarim basin, their genetic origins is still an open question because of significant variations in chemical and carbon isotopic compositions. In the present study, three samples representing the possible gas sources were pyrolyzed using sealed gold tubes to investigate their gas potentials, and chemical and carbon isotopic signatures. The samples were a crude oil, a low maturity kerogen and a high maturity kerogen. The results show that the chemical and isotopic compositions of gaseous pyrolysates from the three samples are quite different. Generally, the gases from oil cracking are compositionally wetter and isotopically lighter than those from kerogen cracking at similar thermal levels. The large quantities of methane experimentally observed in oil cracking gases are mainly associated with the re-cracking of wet gases at very high maturity levels. Methane in gases derived from kerogen, especially high maturity kerogen, in contrary, is mainly generated by the demethylation reaction. The diagrams of δ 13C1 vs. δ 13C2–δ 13C3 and C2/C3 vs. δ 13C2–δ 13C3, along with natural gas plots, have proven to be a very effective tool in the genetic interpretation of natural gases from kerogen and oil cracking in the Tarim basin. Their combined application shows that two types of gas source can be identified in the Tazhong area. The first type is oil cracking gas, mainly discovered in Carboniferous reservoirs of the central fault horst area, but also partly in Ordovician reservoirs, such as in the wells TZ45, TZ44b and TZ 16. The other is kerogen cracking gas occurring largely in Ordovician reservoirs, especially in the North Slope area. The two types of gases, however, are mixed in many reservoirs as their generation is overlapped in time and/or space. This mixing process is especially obvious for methane. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The formation and evolution of Silurian sandstone reservoirs, which are characterized by the coexistence of reservoir bitumen with different types of commercial oil pools in a very extensive area around the slope and uplift areas of the Manjiaer Depression in the Tarim Basin, NW China, are still in question. In this paper we report our investigations on the geological and geochemical characteristics of this reservoir. The results show there are four types of oil shows in the reservoir: severely biodegraded solid bitumen, biodegraded heavy oil, normal oils and light oils with slight biodegradation. Three suites of petroleum inclusions were identified in the reservoir which were formed during the early Devonian, Triassic to Cretaceous and late Tertiary, respectively. Petroleum in the Silurian sandstone reservoirs mainly originated from the mid-lower Cambrian source rock and mid-upper Ordovician source rock. The thermal maturity evolution of the source rocks in slope areas has shown that there were three main stages of oil generation that controlled the formation of the above three stages of petroleum inclusions. This evidence indicates that the Silurian reservoir has experienced three petroleum charge events during its geological history. The first charge event occurred during the early Devonian and it resulted in giant paleo-pools, which gradually evolved into the presently widespread bitumen due to the combination of biodegradation and thermal alteration. The second charge covered a long period from Triassic to Cretaceous and probably was related to both the mid-lower Cambrian source rock and the mid-upper Ordovician source rock. The petroleum generated during this stage mixed and interacted with the low matured residual bitumen and eventually formed the present soft bitumen and some residual heavy oils in the reservoirs. The third charge event, mainly associated with the mid-upper Ordovician source rocks, occurred mainly during late Tertiary and accounted for most of the present commercial petroleum pools (mainly normal and light oils). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]