Search

Background Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is a recognized symptom associated with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and is also the vascular manifestation of hand arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). The symptoms of HAVS and CTS are such that there is a significant possibility of misdiagnosis and an incorrect attribution of vascular and sensory symptoms. An understanding of the relationship between RP and CTS is essential when undertaking health surveillance of vibration-exposed workers presenting with combined vascular and sensory symptoms. Aims To clarify the relationship between CTS and Raynaud's phenomenon. Methods A systematic search was undertaken of studies that reviewed links between CTS and Raynaud's phenomenon (RP). Results A total of 4170 papers were identified, with 21 articles that were then reviewed in full, including 1 meta-analysis of 8 studies. Eighteen papers, not included in the meta-analysis, were found including 3 case control studies, 9 case reports, 2 prospective studies and 4 retrospective reviews. Papers were reviewed on the basis of the diagnostic criteria used for CTS and RP. Our review of the literature confirms a substantial body of evidence of a relationship between RP and CTS. Conclusions It is recommended that assessment of vibration exposed individuals who report concurrent RP and separate sensory symptoms suggestive of, or compatible with CTS, should formally exclude CTS before attributing symptoms to HAVS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although many coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) caught in recreational fisheries are harvested, a substantial number of salmon are released after capture. Mortality rates of coho salmon released from recreational fisheries are largely unknown in the marine environment. This two-year study investigated factors associated with post-release mortality and travel rate of coho salmon in a marine recreational fishery in British Columbia, Canada. Adult coho salmon were recreationally angled in the marine environment, affixed with acoustic tags, and tracked during their return migration to natal spawning streams using a network of acoustic receivers. We found post-release mortality to the first point of detection (∼50 km from release) was 31.5% (95% CI: 26.1 – 37.4%; n = 279). Scale loss, eye damage, bleeding, and smaller body size of coho salmon were associated with increased odds of mortality. Scale loss and smaller body size were also associated with slower migration rate post-release. Air exposure up to five minutes was not found to be a driving factor in mortality or travel rate. These fishing-related injuries can cause immediate physiological and behavioural disturbances, increase vulnerability to predation, infection, and disease, and delay migration as the fish recovers. Smaller coho salmon may also be less capable of overcoming capture stress. Our study highlights the importance of quantifying mortality of wild fish in their natural environment, and we suggest that small changes to fishing practices (e.g., smaller hook sizes, less handling, etc.) could make large differences in release survival thus encouraging a more sustainable recreational fishery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Between March 2021 and April 2022, there were 90 037 documented adolescent pregnancies in South Africa. Statistics SA reports that this number is growing. Pregnancy places adolescents at greater risk of psychiatry-related morbidity and may have far-reaching consequences for their children. To date, there is no published data describing the patient profile of adolescent pregnancies in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Aim: To describe the patient profile (demographics, schooling history and type of accommodation), pregnancy-related factors, substance use habits and contraceptive use in pregnant adolescents seen at a tertiary care maternal mental health clinic (MMHC). Setting: The MMHC at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. Methods: A retrospective file review of all pregnant adolescents referred to the MMHC between January and June 2022. Results: The mean age of the patients was 15.2 years; 72% attended school and 97.4% planned to return. Most pregnancies were unplanned (97.9%), wanted (84%) and presented in the second (41.24%) and third (51.55%) trimesters. Most did not report using substances (76.7%). Fifty percent of the participants met the criteria for a major depressive disorder. Repeating a grade was an identifiable risk factor for an increased Edinburgh depression score. An unplanned pregnancy was associated with a higher risk factor assessment. Conclusion: Pregnant adolescents represent a vulnerable population group. A greater understanding of this patient profile may inform early psychiatric and psychosocial interventions, improved service delivery and help-seeking behaviour. Contribution: This study gives significant insights into the challenges faced, as well as the health and social needs of pregnant adolescents. This contributes to wholistic care and opportunities for early intervention, including awareness of contraceptive use and the risks of substance use and adolescent pregnancy on mental health, benefiting all South African adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Great Oxidation Event was a period during which Earth's atmospheric oxygen (O2) concentrations increased from ∼10−5 times its present atmospheric level (PAL) to near modern levels, marking the start of the Proterozoic geological eon 2.4 billion years ago. Using WACCM6, an Earth System Model, we simulate the atmosphere of Earth-analogue exoplanets with O2 mixing ratios between 0.1 and 150 per cent PAL. Using these simulations, we calculate the reflection spectra over multiple orbits using the Planetary Spectrum Generator. We highlight how observer angle, albedo, chemistry, and clouds affect the simulated observations. We show that inter-annual climate variations, as well short-term variations due to clouds, can be observed in our simulated atmospheres with a telescope concept such as LUVOIR or HabEx. Annual variability and seasonal variability can change the planet's reflected flux (including the reflected flux of key spectral features such as O2 and H2O) by up to factors of 5 and 20, respectively, for the same orbital phase. This variability is best observed with a high-throughput coronagraph. For example, HabEx (4 m) with a starshade performs up to a factor of two times better than a LUVOIR B (6 m) style telescope. The variability and signal-to-noise ratio of some spectral features depends non-linearly on atmospheric O2 concentration. This is caused by temperature and chemical column depth variations, as well as generally increased liquid and ice cloud content for atmospheres with O2 concentrations of <1 per cent PAL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the research on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been conducted in high-income countries (HICs). However, PTSD and AUD commonly co-occur (PTSD þ AUD) are both associated with high global burden of disease, and disproportionately impact those in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This narrative review attempts to synthesize the research on prevalence, impact, etiological models, and treatment of PTSD þ AUD drawing from research conducted in HICs and discussing the research that has been conducted to date in LMICs. The review also discusses overall limitations in the field, including a lack of research on PTSD þ AUD outside of HICs, issues with measurement of key constructs, and limitations in sampling strategies across comorbidity studies. Future directions are discussed, including a need for rigorous research studies conducted in LMICs that focus on both etiological mechanisms and on treatment approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article four main things are done. First, the difference between 'disaster preparedness' and the established field of 'disaster planning' is denoted. The latter, confusingly, is seen as post hoc aftermath response rather than prepared forethought. Second, there is a discussion about the similarities between 'disaster clean-up' in Roman times which was extorted as taxation from the poor to subsidize the rich and neo-liberal taxation policy in today's advanced economies, which similarly expropriate the poor to enable the rich to extort more wealth at the poor's expense. Third, we explore some weaknesses of ostensibly 'green' policy-making, which betrays traits of narcissism, egotism and vanity which should be avoided at all costs because they occasion failure and further raids on the taxpayer base in many cases. Finally, 10 papers are introduced, ranging from varieties of 'circular City', to rainfall harvesting, green space accounting and transition to wooden construction and revitalization of urban shrinkage settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affect and cognition have both been associated with communication across one's social network during ageing. Thus, it is important to consider how communication varies by different aspects of one's social network, and by communication mode, including phone, email and social media. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between technology-mediated communication, depression and an executive function-related fluid-reasoning measure among older adults. Data were drawn from the Health and Retirement dataset's 2016 wave. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine the link between communication modes (phone, email and social media) with children, family and friends with a fluid-reasoning cognition measure and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, controlling for demographic covariates, among 3,798 older American adults. Phone and email communication, but not social media, were significantly related to depression and cognition. The model fit was considerably stronger for the analyses with cognition than depression. Curvilinear associations were found for communication via phone and email with cognition, suggesting moderate amounts of communication by phone and email across social groups were most closely linked with higher scores on fluid reasoning. For depression, curvilinear relationships were found for talking on the phone with family and friends, and emailing for children and family, indicating that moderate communication levels revealed the lowest depression levels. Implications for how older adults' social support may contribute to depression and cognition status are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone is a frequent site of tumor metastasis. The bone–tumor microenvironment is heterogeneous and complex in nature. Such complexity is compounded by relations between metastatic and bone cells influencing their sensitivity/resistance to chemotherapeutics. Standard chemotherapeutics may not show efficacy for every patient, and new therapeutics are slow to emerge, owing to the limitations of existing 2D/3D models. We previously developed a 3D interface model for personalized therapeutic screening, consisting of an electrospun poly lactic acid mesh activated with plasma species and seeded with stromal cells. Tumor cells embedded in an alginate-gelatin hydrogel are overlaid to create a physiologic 3D interface. Here, we applied our 3D model as a migration assay tool to verify the migratory behavior of different patient-derived bone metastasized cells. We assessed the impact of two different chemotherapeutics, Doxorubicin and Cisplatin, on migration of patient cells and their immortalized cell line counterparts. We observed different migratory behaviors and cellular metabolic activities blocked with both Doxorubicin and Cisplatin treatment; however, higher efficiency or lower IC50 was observed with Doxorubicin. Gene expression analysis of MDA-MB231 that migrated through our 3D hybrid model verified epithelial–mesenchymal transition through increased expression of mesenchymal markers involved in the metastasis process. Our findings indicate that we can model tumor migration in vivo, in line with different cell characteristics and it may be a suitable drug screening tool for personalized medicine approaches in metastatic cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues: Meta‐analysis was used to estimate the effect of forming implementation intentions (i.e., if‐then plans) on weekly alcohol consumption and heavy episodic drinking (HED). Sample type, mode of delivery, intervention format and timeframe were tested as moderator variables. Approach: Cochrane, EThOS, Google Scholar, PsychArticles, PubMed and Web of Science were searched for relevant publications to 31 March 2021. Random‐effects meta‐analysis was used to estimate the effect size difference (d) between individuals forming versus not forming implementation intentions on weekly consumption and HED. Key Findings: Sixteen studies were included in meta‐analyses. The effect size difference for forming implementation intentions on weekly alcohol consumption was d+ = −0.14 confidence interval (CI) [−0.24; −0.03]. Moderator analyses highlighted stronger effects for: (i) community (d+ = −0.38, CI [−0.58; −0.18]) versus university (d+ = −0.04, CI [−0.13; 0.05]) samples; (ii) paper (d+ = −0.26, CI [−0.43; −0.09]) versus online (d+ = −0.04, CI [−0.14; 0.06]) mode of delivery; and (iii) volitional help sheet (d+ = −0.34, CI [−0.60; −0.07]) versus implementation intention format (d+ = −0.07, CI [−0.16; 0.02]). In addition, effects diminished over time (B = 0.02, SE = 0.01, CI [0.03; 0.01]). Forming implementation intentions had a null effect on HED, d+ = −0.01 CI [−0.10; 0.08]. Implications: Forming implementation intentions reduces weekly consumption but has no effect on HED. Conclusion: This review identifies boundary conditions on the effectiveness of implementation intentions to reduce alcohol consumption. Future research should focus on increasing the effectiveness of online‐delivered interventions and integrating implementation intention and motivational interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employee assistance programmes (EAPs) are designed to provide organisational support to employees, which is increasingly critical to improving employees' well‐being in the current macro and micro environment of pandemic and work pressure. Despite their potential significant role as part of human resource management (HRM), EAPs in China are under‐researched. Drawing on academic and practical sources of literature in both English and Chinese, this review study sheds light on the current state of research and practice of EAPs in China. We examine why, what and how EAPs are adopted in organisations in China and highlight differences between the public and private sectors in their EAPs, as well as the role of Chinese culture and guanxi with leaders in the delivery of EAPs. We also point out research avenues to extend the research field both theoretically and thematically, including the role of artificial intelligence and digital technology as part of effective EAPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the salient impacts of daily experiences, scarce research has measured various daily minor experiences and evaluated their influences on adolescent well-being in their daily life. This study assessed the exposure to multiple aspects of daily hassles and uplifts in adolescents' daily lives, and examined the links between the level, types, and diversity of these exposures and adolescents' daily physical and mental well-being. Ninety-nine adolescents (12–17 years old, M = 14.6, 51.5% White, 53.5% female) completed a 30-day daily diary study. Multilevel modeling revealed different associations between the level and types of daily hassles and uplifts and adolescent well-being on the same day. Experiencing diverse daily hassles was linked with more emotional problems, and experiencing diverse daily uplifts was related with lower negative affect. The findings underscore the importance of including level, types, and diversity of both daily hassles and uplifts in research to better characterize adolescents' daily experiences. The findings also highlight the concurrent and potential cumulative effects of daily minor social events and mundane experiences in adolescent development in their daily lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood maltreatment (CM) and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are two primary forms of interpersonal victimization that have been associated with a host of deleterious health outcomes. Studies over the past decade have begun to use a range of biologically informed methods to better understand the role biology plays in the relationship between CM, ACEs, and later life outcomes. This line of research has shown that both forms of victimization occur at sensitive periods of development, which can increase the likelihood of "getting under the skin" and influence health and behavior across the life course. This review examines the current state of knowledge on this hypothesis. One hundred and ninety-nine studies are included in this systematic review based on criteria that they be written in English, use a biologically informed method, and be conducted on samples of humans. Results reveal that latent additive genetic influences, biological system functioning captured by biomarkers, polygenic risk scores, and neurobiological factors are commonly associated with exposure and response to CM and ACEs. The implication of these findings for the existing body of research on early life victimization and recommendations for future research and policy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Primary health care (PHC) focuses on health promotion and disease prevention; however, acute episodes and emergencies still occur at this level of care. The World Health Organization (WHO) proposes strengthening emergency care at a PHC level as a way of lessening the burden of disease on the overall health system. It is not known how health care practitioners at the PHC level experience management of emergencies. Aim: To explore and describe the experiences of PHC practitioners dealing with emergencies at PHC facilities in Gauteng, South Africa. Setting: The study was conducted in the District Health Services of Gauteng province in South Africa, including clinics, community health care centres and district hospitals. Methods: Using a qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposively selected sample of professional nurses and doctors from various levels of the district health care system. Data were transcribed and analysed using qualitative thematic analysis. Results: Various themes were identified related to the individual confidence and competence of the PHC practitioner, the team approach, the process of role and task allocation and the need for training. Conclusion: The study provided a voice for the needs of health care practitioners dealing with emergencies at the PHC level. The designing of a targeted and contextually appropriate approach to emergency care training of health care practitioners in the PHC setting that improves team dynamics and team performance, is recommended. Contribution: The insights of PHC practitioners dealing with emergencies contribute contextual relevance to any strategic improvement of care at this level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Between March 2021 and April 2022, there were 90 037 documented adolescent pregnancies in South Africa. Statistics SA reports that this number is growing. Pregnancy places adolescents at greater risk of psychiatry-related morbidity and may have far-reaching consequences for their children. To date, there is no published data describing the patient profile of adolescent pregnancies in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Aim: To describe the patient profile (demographics, schooling history and type of accommodation), pregnancy-related factors, substance use habits and contraceptive use in pregnant adolescents seen at a tertiary care maternal mental health clinic (MMHC). Setting: The MMHC at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. Methods: A retrospective file review of all pregnant adolescents referred to the MMHC between January and June 2022. Results: The mean age of the patients was 15.2 years; 72% attended school and 97.4% planned to return. Most pregnancies were unplanned (97.9%), wanted (84%) and presented in the second (41.24%) and third (51.55%) trimesters. Most did not report using substances (76.7%). Fifty percent of the participants met the criteria for a major depressive disorder. Repeating a grade was an identifiable risk factor for an increased Edinburgh depression score. An unplanned pregnancy was associated with a higher risk factor assessment. Conclusion: Pregnant adolescents represent a vulnerable population group. A greater understanding of this patient profile may inform early psychiatric and psychosocial interventions, improved service delivery and help-seeking behaviour. Contribution: This study gives significant insights into the challenges faced, as well as the health and social needs of pregnant adolescents. This contributes to wholistic care and opportunities for early intervention, including awareness of contraceptive use and the risks of substance use and adolescent pregnancy on mental health, benefiting all South African adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender disparity persists in the United States; women are still paid less than men and are also subject to discrimination in the workplace based on the fact that they may become mothers. Further, there is evidence to indicate that single mothers are judged more harshly than their married mother counterparts and single fathers. As a form of amelioration, some women self medicate with alcohol and according to the CDC), alcohol use disorder (AUD) is on the rise for women. Although there is research on gender disparity, the motherhood penalty, and AUD, there are no experiments testing socio-cognitive judgments on those combined factors and specifically examining what we term "the single motherhood penalty". Therefore, in two experiments using between-participants designs, participants rated a picture of a person (female or male) paired with a brief description where marital status (single or married) and type of ailment (alcohol or physical) was manipulated. In Experiment 1, a passive AUD manipulation did not show a clear single motherhood penalty. In Experiment 2, the results of an active AUD manipulation supported the predicted single motherhood penalty (Experiment 2a), but did not show an analogous single fatherhood penalty (Experiment 2 b). These findings are the first to offer empirical evidence that socio-cognitive judgments might perpetuate the interplay of the single motherhood penalty and AUD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the most common glaucoma subtype, is more prevalent and severe in individuals of African ancestry. Unfortunately, this ancestral group has been historically under-represented among genetic studies of POAG. Moreover, both genetic and polygenic risk scores (GRS, PRS) that are typically based on genetic data from European-descent populations are not transferable to individuals without a majority of European ancestry. Given the aspirations of leveraging genetic information for precision medicine, GRS and PRS demonstrate clinical potential but fall short, in part due to the lack of diversity in these studies. Prioritizing diversity in the discovery of risk variants will improve the performance and utility of GRS and PRS-derived risk estimation for disease stratification, which could bring about earlier POAG intervention and treatment for a disease that often goes undetected until significant damage has occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of the half-holiday in North Staffordshire during the mid-1870s facilitated a dramatic increase in association football activity throughout the region. However, the game was undoubtedly still in its formative stages, with various sets of contrasting rules being applied simultaneously by clubs and players, which created a significant amount of confusion and, at times, conflict. In 1877, the Staffordshire Football Association was established to provide association football in North Staffordshire with greater governance, including establishing a cup competition and adopting Sheffield Rules. Regional football associations played a central role in the growth of the game in England during the final decades of the nineteenth century, yet few scholars have sought to investigate their functions, activities and impact. This paper begins to address this gap in the literature by examining the formative years of the Staffordshire FA and exploring how it influenced the development of the game in North Staffordshire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally vulnerable populations are negatively impacted by policy and practice. For vulnerable youth, risks to growth, development, and a lack of participation in decisions about their lives are common. Leadership programs are frequently implemented to address the risks faced by vulnerable youth. This review sought to describe the goals, content, and outcomes of existing youth development programs to better understand if they are meeting the needs of vulnerable youth. A scoping review was conducted using the PRISMA-ScR methodology. Ten electronic databases and grey literature were searched. A total of 89 youth development programs were identified. The goals, content, and outcomes of the programs were thematically analyzed. Four foci emerged, namely, youth, relationship, community, and social justice-focused development. A youth focus was most commonly represented, and the social justice focus was the least represented. Most programs addressed only one focus area. If youth development programs are to provide youth with both the skills to engage with and opportunities to change their circumstances, then all four focus areas need to be included. Secondly, a need for the active involvement of youth in both the planning and implementation of programs was identified. Finally, safeguarding needs to be highlighted in any program working with vulnerable youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium alloys are known for their excellent corrosion resistance; however, low surface hardness results in poor wear resistance, which limits its potential application. This study employs a novel two-step process to embed a hard Ni coating containing a mixture of nanosized particles (Al2O3 and TiO2) into the surface of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy using an electric arc produced during the inert tungsten gas welding process. The surface of the sample was evaluated using Vickers Microhardness, Scanning electron microscopy, Energy dispersive spectroscopy and pin-on-plate wear testing. Microstructural analysis showed that impregnating the titanium surface with Ni/(Al2O3 and TiO2) nanomaterials resulted in the formation of a hard martensitic structure to a depth of approximately 2 mm below the surface. The changes observed are driven by modification of the surface chemistry and the presence of nickel, causing grain size reduction, solid solution strengthening and dispersion strengthening of the treated layer by the nanoparticles. The hardness of the treated layer increased by more than 180% when 40 nm Al2O3 and 30 nm TiO2 particles were embedded into the surface. Similarly, the wear resistance of the treated surface improved by 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Animal Assisted Interventions have become increasingly popular in the university setting; however, there is limited research exploring their potential on an Australian university campus and participants' views prior to implementation. Therefore, this study aimed to explore university staff members' and students' interest in participating in an Animal Assisted Intervention and their perspectives on intervention characteristics. Participants indicated their preferred intervention characteristics for the location of the intervention, frequency of participating, and ways of hearing about the intervention. Participants also discussed various considerations that may impact the intervention (such as the accessibility of the location, the impact of workload on participating, the effectiveness of promotion strategies, and factors that may assist therapy animal welfare, such as the therapy animals' handlers). Gaining an insight into the university community's views prior to implementation may ensure the intervention is feasible to implement and can be beneficial to both humans and therapy animals. Animal Assisted Interventions (AAIs) have become increasingly popular in the university setting; however, there is limited research exploring their potential on an Australian university campus and participants' views prior to implementation. Therefore, this study aimed to explore university staff members' and students' interest in participating in an AAI and their perspectives on intervention characteristics. This was a mixed methods study, using an online survey and semi-structured interviews. The survey had 344 responses, and 45 interviews were conducted. A large majority of participants (86%) were interested in participating in an AAI. In the survey, participants indicated their preferred intervention characteristics for the location of the intervention, frequency of participating, and ways of hearing about the intervention. Participants also expressed concerns regarding therapy animal welfare. In interviews, participants discussed various considerations which may impact the intervention (such as the accessibility of the location, the impact of workload on participating, the effectiveness of promotion strategies, and factors that may assist therapy animal welfare, such as the therapy animals' handlers). Gaining an insight into the university community's views prior to implementation may ensure the intervention is feasible to implement and can be beneficial to both humans and therapy animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment investigated the effects of diet composition on rumen, vaginal, and uterine microbiota of beef heifers. Fifteen rumen-cannulated, pubertal Angus-influenced heifers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design (28-d periods and 21-d washout intervals). Dietary treatments included diets based on (as-fed) 100% grass hay (HF), 60% grass hay + 40% corn-based concentrate (INT), or 25% grass hay + 75% corn-based concentrate (HG). Treatments were offered individually to heifers once daily at 2% body weight. Rumen, vaginal, and uterine samples were collected on days 0 and 28 of each period. Data were analyzed using orthogonal contrasts (linear and quadratic), using results from day 0 as independent covariates and heifer as the experimental unit. Ruminal pH on day 28 decreased linearly (P < 0.01) as concentrate inclusion increased. Uterine and vaginal pH on day 28 were not affected by treatments (P ≥ 0.35). Within the rumen samples, Bacteriodetes was the most abundant phylum and its relative abundance linearly decreased (P ≤ 0.01) with the inclusion of concentrate. Prevotella was the most abundant genus within the rumen but was not affected by treatments (P ≥ 0.44). Genera with relative abundance ≥1% (average across treatments) in the rumen that were impacted by treatments (P ≤ 0.01) included Bacteroides , Pedobacter , Dysgonomonas , Caloramator, and Ruminococcus. Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum in the vagina and uterus, but it was unaffected by treatments (P ≥ 0.16). Prevotella was the most abundant genus in the vagina, and its relative abundance increased (P < 0.01) with the inclusion of concentrate. Other genera with relative abundance ≥1% that were significantly affected (P ≤ 0.05) by treatments were Clostridium, Pedobacter , Roseburia, Oscillospira, Faecalibacterium, Caloramator, Paludibacter, Rhodothermus, and Porphyromonas. In uterine samples , Prevotella was the most abundant genus but was unaffected by treatments (P ≥ 0.29). Genera with relative abundance ≥1% in the uterus that were significantly affected (P < 0.01) by treatments were Caloramator , Paludibacter , and Thalassospira. Collectively, inclusion of concentrate in the diet altered the bacterial composition within the rumen as well as shifting bacterial populations within the vagina and uterus. Research is warranted to further understand the impacts of these diet-induced microbiota changes on reproductive function and performance of beef heifers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola Müller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is an invasive pest of elm trees, Ulmus spp. L. Natural enemies are thought to be important in controlling elm leaf beetles, but their natural enemy community is poorly described in many areas of the invaded range. The aim of this research was to identify parasitoids and predators of elm leaf beetle in Colorado, an area with frequent pest outbreaks and where few natural enemies have been described. We present new state records of the egg parasitoid Oomyzus gallerucae Fonscolombe (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and the larval-adult parasitoid Erynniopsis antennata Rondani (Diptera: Tachinidae) in Colorado. Parasitism of elm leaf beetle eggs and larvae was <3% during the 2021 sampling season. Both parasitoid species were nearly absent early in the season, and parasitism peaked in late summer. We also identified six species of elm leaf beetle predators, several of which are newly documented to consume elm leaf beetle. Considering the low levels of parasitism and few predators observed in our study, it seems unlikely that natural enemies effectively control elm leaf beetles in Colorado. Additional research is needed to develop effective methods to control this invasive insect pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theory strengthens the methodological and interpretive stance of a research study and is most fruitful when theoretical understandings are shared within collaborative research teams. This paper describes an approach to engaging productively with a theory, specifically the theory of practice architectures. Such engagement enabled the use of the theory for data gathering and analysis within an Australian mixed-methods research study – Exemplary Early Childhood Educators at Work. Within the study, the theory offered a substantive lens for exploring exemplary educator practices and the organisational arrangements within early childhood education (ECE) sites that made those practices possible. The 'unpacking' of the theory of practice architectures led to the development of a suite of resource materials. This paper acts as an invitation to interact with and think on a practice theory and provides insight into the positive transformation of educational practices for the benefit of individuals and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past research has demonstrated that romantic attachment insecurity is a risk factor for dating violence in adolescence. However, few studies to date have longitudinally examined whether earlier relational experience, such as perceived closeness with parents, may serve as an antecedent of this relationship. To examine longitudinal associations among youths' perceived closeness with parents, romantic attachment insecurity, and perpetration of dating violence in adolescence. Adolescents (N = 1016) were recruited from seven public high schools in south Texas and reported on their perceived closeness with parents, romantic attachment styles, and perpetration of physical and psychological dating violence at three assessments between 2010 and 2014. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Adolescents' romantic attachment anxiety, but not attachment avoidance, significantly mediated the relationship between low perceived closeness with parents and the perpetration of physical and psychological dating violence in late adolescence. Multi-group analyses showed the mediation model only held for females but not males, and for Hispanic youth but not for Non-Hispanic White, African American, and youth of other races and ethnicities. Through its link to romantic attachment anxiety, perceived closeness with parents could play an important role in the perpetration of dating violence in adolescence, especially for girls and Hispanic youth. Findings suggest that dating violence interventions may benefit from targeting aspects of parent–child relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing research uses intensive longitudinal designs to examine antecedents and consequences associated with dynamic affective processes. These studies often rely on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) to measure affect. Studies assessing the structure of the PANAS are largely cross-sectional in nature and cannot always disentangle within-person variability from between-person differences in affect. A paucity of studies examines structural similarities and differences in affect at the between- and within-person levels, and few have done so with short-form versions of the PANAS. This study investigates the multilevel factor structure of the 10-item PANAS–short-form in a sample of young adults (n = 272) measured daily consecutively over 1 month. Additionally, dynamic relations between positive and negative affect, depressive symptoms, stress, and physical symptoms were examined. Results support a three factors within and two factors between multilevel structural model. Distinct dynamic relations were observed among positive affect, negative affect, stress, and physical symptoms at the within level. Positive and negative affect were correlated with depressive symptoms, stress, and physical symptoms at the between level. Findings indicate the need to disentangle structural components of positive and negative affect when conducting intensive longitudinal studies to examine correlates linked to dynamic affective processes. Public Significance Statement: This study supports the multidimensional and multilevel structure of affect as dynamic processes assessed through a short-form version of the PANAS. This finding has implications for applied researchers interested in examining antecedents and consequences associated with between- and within-person differences in affect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review seeks to understand the implications of using "adoption" to evaluate agricultural soil management outreach in the twenty-first century. The act of changing from one practice to another practice is referred to as "adoption". The concept of adoption is closely associated with the design and evaluation of agricultural extension programs. Although focusing on adoption is deeply entrenched in agricultural extension, some scholars question the usefulness of the concept in light of the complexity and uncertainty that characterises farming in the twenty-first century. We present a purposeful review of literature that considers adoption in relation to three general approaches to agricultural extension; top-down, bottom-up and co-constructionist, with an emphasis on land management in Australia. The conceptual fit of adoption as a measure of success for each extension approach is explored. We conclude that the usefulness of adoption of individual practices or tools as a measure of success needs to be considered in context. Failing to reflect on what adoption means in any particular program or activity risks ignoring or misunderstanding real change and impacts and /or shaping activities to fit a simple, linear adoption expectation. We suggest that adoption remains a useful concept, but could be best considered as a gateway to increased reflection and reflexivity when projects and activities are being developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality Symptom Rating Scale (CAPP SRS) is a relatively new measure of psychopathic personality disorder (PPD) based on the CAPP concept map of psychopathy. To investigate the CAPP SRS, we identified the most plausible formal test structure for the test using the framework proposed by Slaney and Maraun, identified an appropriate quantitative characterization of that test structure, and then statistically evaluated it based on analysis of CAPP SRS data collected from a multisite sample of 314 adult male correctional offenders and secure hospital patients in Scotland and England. Overall, the CAPP SRS survived falsification when observed test data were compared to expectations based on the unidimensional monotone latent variable or UMLV model of Holland and Rosenbaum. CAPP SRS composite scores calculated consistent with the UMLV model had good measurement precision and good external validity with respect to scores on an established test of PPD. The findings provide provisional support for the test validity of the CAPP SRS and highlight the importance of theory-driven evaluations of test validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution is critical of Neo-Schumpeterian innovation studies for a historic tendency to reify 'industrial' capitalism as its main conceptual framing model. This includes blind spots concerning the sustainability-free advocacy of 'green revolution' chemical fertilizer, pesticide and herbicide practice in industrialist food production. The Coronavirus contagion has alerted regional scientists to these lacunae and this contribution attempts to re-balance the prevailing traditional industrialist bias by considering alternative, more sustainability-informed innovation emphases. These include efforts to conceive innovative sustainable spatial planning models. A particular omission has been re-appraisal of the negative sustainability effects of global tourism. We do this by analyses of 'territorial innovation', including considerations of 'new urbanism' solutions to prevailing discontents, and advocating 'GreenSphere' design of 'circular economies' to escape from the negative effects of the environmental despoliation by urban congestion, widespread pollution (including pandemics), global tourism and human well-being. We exemplify the aspects of these conditions by running through three post-urban Model-types – Megacentres (e.g. Bioregional); Gigacentres (e.g. Global Tourism GigaSheds) and GreenSpheres (New Circular Ecologies) before concluding our contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a One Health problem underpinned by complex drivers and behaviours. This is particularly so in low – and middle-income countries (LMICs), where social and systemic factors fuel (mis)use and drive AMR. Behavioural change around antimicrobial use could safeguard both existing and future treatments. However, changing behaviour necessitates engaging with people to understand their experiences. This publication describes a knowledge-exchange cluster of six LMIC-based projects who co-designed and answered a series of research questions around the usage of Community Engagement (CE) within AMR. Findings suggest that CE can facilitate AMR behaviour change, specifically in LMICs, because it is a contextualised approach which supports communities to develop locally meaningful solutions. However, current CE interventions focus on human aspects, and demand-side drivers, of AMR. Our cluster suggests that broader attention should be paid to AMR as a One Health issue. The popularity of mixed methods approaches within existing CE for AMR interventions suggests there is interdisciplinary interest in the uptake of CE. Unfortunately, the specificity and context-dependency of CE can make it difficult to evaluate and scale. Nevertheless, we suggest that in synthesising learnings from CE, we can develop a collective understanding of its scope to tackle AMR across contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The silver lining of the recent pandemic was that it accelerated the emergence of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) therapeutics. The great promise of mRNA therapeutics was highlighted by the speed at which the vaccines were created, tested, and proven to be relatively safe and highly effective. There are a wide variety of mRNA therapeutics now under development, and dozens of these are in clinical trials. These therapeutics are generating a major paradigm shift in medical therapy, including the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Most of the cardiovascular mRNA therapies are still in preclinical development, although a phase 2a trial of mRNA therapy for myocardial ischemia has been completed with promising results.1 The application of mRNA therapies to cardiovascular diseases is virtually limitless, and ongoing work includes mRNA therapies for myocardial ischemia, heart failure, arrhythmias, hypercholesterolemia, and arterial occlusive diseases. In addition, mRNA may be used to enhance cell therapies. In the future, mRNA therapies for cardiovascular disease are destined to supplant some of our current biologics and pharmacotherapies and will be used to treat previously untreatable cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, mRNA therapies can be personalized, and they can be rapidly generated in current Good Manufacturing Practice facilities with a modest footprint, facilitating the rise of hospital-based regional centers of RNA therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To provide a critical analysis of the concept of moral distress (MD) in critical care (CC) nursing. Background: Despite extensive inquiry pertaining to the legitimacy of MD within nursing discourse, some authors still question its relevancy to the profession. However, amid the global COVID‐19 pandemic, MD is generating a significant amount of discussion anew, warranting the further exploration of the concept within CC nursing to provide clarity and expand on the definition. Design: Rodger's Evolutionary Concept Analysis method was used to guide this analysis. Methods: Related terms, attributes, antecedents, and consequences of MD were identified using current literature. Results: The results of this analysis demonstrate strong congruence between the attributes, antecedents, and negative consequences pertaining to MD. However, a new theme has emerged from this review of the contemporary literature, highlighting the potential unexpected positive outcomes perceived by nurses who experience MD, including the provision of better care, increased levels of empathy, and enhanced opportunities for ethical reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, ecosystems have suffered from anthropogenic stressors as we enter the sixth mass extinction within the Anthropocene. In response, the UN has declared 2020–2030 the Decade for Ecosystem Restoration, aiming to mitigate ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss. Freshwater ecosystems are disproportionately impacted relative to marine or terrestrial systems and ecological restoration is needed to preserve biodiversity and ecosystem services. Paradoxically, freshwater is among Earth's most vital ecosystem services. Here we identify meaningful considerations from a freshwater perspective that will lead to progression toward the restoration of freshwater ecosystems: work across terrestrial and freshwater boundaries during restoration, emulate nature, think and act on a watershed scale, design for environmental heterogeneity, mitigate threats alongside restoration, identify bright spots, think long term (a decade is not long enough), and embrace social–ecological systems thinking. Further, we reflect upon the three implementation pathways identified by the UN to translate these considerations into practice in hopes of "bending the curve" for freshwater biodiversity and ecosystems. Pathway 1, building a global movement, could create a network to share experiences and knowledge promoting vicarious learning, ultimately leading to more effective restoration. Pathway 2, generating political support, will be necessary to institutionalize ecosystem protection and restoration by demonstrating the value of freshwater ecosystems and biodiversity. Pathway 3, building technical capacity, aims to improve the current and often ineffective restoration toolbox by incorporating evidence syntheses (i.e., appraisal of evidence base) and Indigenous ways of knowing (i.e., two eyed seeing). Given that freshwater ecosystems are in dire need of repair, it is our hope that these considerations and implementation pathways will contribute to an actionable and productive Decade for Ecosystem Restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five experiments that examined Wegner's theory of ironic processes of mental control in reactive motor performance under pressure are presented for the first time. In Experiments 1, 2, and 4, the authors conducted specific examinations of the incidence of an ironic error using a reactive motor task. In Experiments 3 and 5, they provided the first tests of whether task instruction moderates the incidence of ironic errors. The task required participants to react to a series of three primary-colored balls as they rolled down a chute under low- and high-anxiety conditions. Measures of anxiety, heart rate, heart-rate variability, and muscle activity confirmed the effectiveness of the anxiety manipulation. Experiments 1, 2, and 4 revealed that anxiety increased the number of ironic errors. In Experiments 3 and 5, the authors provided the first evidence that instructional interventions can reduce the incidence of anxiety-induced ironic performance errors in reactive motor tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years "the Anthropocene" has come to represent a new milestone for human-induced destruction of the environment. Nonetheless, like Vetlesen, she highlights the continued importance of ethically motivated human action, leading her to propose a reimagined, rearticulated conception of human freedom as ecologically attuned, self-directing, self-transforming agency. Cooke sidesteps these competing justificatory strategies by presenting her critical discussion of human freedom as an open invitation to imagine new ways of thinking about human agency and to seek new vocabularies for articulating those new imaginings. [Extracted from the article]

This study analyzes a lengthy online discussion thread about racial microaggressions in a social media group for librarians to find out how library and information science (LIS) professionals define and discuss microaggressions through informal conversation. The findings reveal that there are multiple and conflicting understandings of microaggressions, along with significant gaps in knowledge regarding how microaggressions relate to larger systems of power and privilege. This research has implications for LIS educators and for the professional development of LIS practitioners, underscoring the further need to actively teach about microaggressions in the context of power and privilege in the LIS classroom and in continuing education settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Richard S. Brown was a respected member of the global fisheries profession, known for his expertise in winter biology and his contributions to the study of fish migration and passage through hydropower turbines. He conducted research at various universities and institutions, including the University of Alberta, the University of Waterloo, and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Brown's work on barotrauma associated with hydropower turbines has had a global impact on river infrastructure development. He was also a dedicated mentor and family man. His scientific legacy will continue to be remembered and valued. [Extracted from the article]

This experiment compared performance, health, and physiological responses of high-risk stocker cattle receiving a Bacillus subtilis derivative during a 90-d grazing period. Crossbred steers (n = 120) were obtained from an auction yard and transported to the experimental facility. Steer shrunk body weight (BW) was recorded at arrival (d -1). This value was averaged with BW recorded on d 0 to represent initial BW (236 ± 2 kg). On d 0, steers were ranked by BW and allocated to 1 of 12 pastures (4-ha pastures; 10 steers/pasture). Pastures were randomly assigned to receive daily supplementation with dried distillers' grains at 1% of BW containing either: 1) Bacillus licheniformis and B. subtilis ingredient (BOV; 2 g/steer daily of Bovacillus, Chr Hansen A/S, Horsholm, Denmark) or 2) no additive (CON). Cattle received treatments from d 0 to 90 while housed in pastures containing stockpiled grass forage, as well as free-choice access to water and a commercial mineral + vitamin mix without ionophores. Steers were assessed for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) signs daily, and shrunk BW recorded on d 91. Blood samples were collected, and BW recorded on d 0, 14, 28, 56, and 90. No treatment differences were detected (P ≥ 0.19) for glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, P-hydroxybutyrate, haptoglobin, or insulin-like growth factor 1, whereas a treatment x day interaction indicated increased cortisol in BOV cattle on d 56 (P < 0.01). A treatment x day interaction was detected for serum concentrations of parainfluenza type 3 antibodies, which was greater in BOV steers on d 90 (P < 0.01). No treatment differences were detected (P ≥ 0.23) for serum concentrations of antibodies against other BRD pathogen. Average daily gain (ADG) tended to be increased (P = 0.09) in BOV compared with CON steers from d 56 to d 90 (0.858 and 0.760 kg/d, respectively, although did not impact overall ADG (P = 0.48). No treatment differences were detected for steer final BW (P = 0.43). Total BW change per pasture was greater in BOV compared with CON (790 vs. 550 kg BW change; P = 0.02). No treatment differences were detected (P = 1.00) for BRD incidence, although steers removed from the experiment for health reasons tended to be increased in CON compared with BOV (P = 0.08). Despite lacking differences in health or physiological responses, B. licheniformis and B. subtilis supplementation increased overall production of BW in high-risk stocker steers during a 90-d grazing period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qualitative researchers can discard data that are unsaturated or unrelated to research questions, but what do we do when these data affect us, or 'haunt' us, 'long after collecting "it"' (Taylor 2013, 691)? In this paper, we draw upon Sara Ahmed to guide our engagement with 'discarded data': young children's gendered accounts of violence that unexpectedly arose during interviews about rest-time and relaxation in childcare. We show what it feels like to be affected by children's accounts throughout the non-linear and zig-zagged 'data analysis' processes. Applying Ahmed's conceptualisation of power as 'directionality', we critique the power of qualitative research conventions to define our focus as researchers and pay attention to what children raise: how they are directed towards gendered futures. We find that, in children's accounts of violence, boys have more agency than girls as they participate in – and respond to – violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically explores the working culture of legal aid lawyers and develops a novel 'Shared Orientation' model to better understand contemporary legal aid work and its workers. Set within a context of changing professional identities, a shrinking industry and financial constraints, the paper draws on ethnographic and interview data conducted with a high-street firm, multiple courtrooms and a law centre. It examines the emerging relevance and applicability of this new conceptual lens, refocusing the gaze on working life in fissured legal workplaces. It is argued that the 'Shared Orientation' model upholds multiple functions. Firstly, it captures the cultural heterogeneity of the legal aid profession, across civil-criminal and solicitor-barrister remits alike. Secondly, the model functions as a form of cohesive coping mechanism in response to the changing professional identity of the legal aid lawyers. Moreover, the 'Shared Orientation' offers unity as a way of functioning in an otherwise fragmented profession through its preservation of working culture ideals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rac-GEFs operate in a nonredundant manner as downstream effectors of receptor tyrosine kinases to promote ruffle formation, indicative of unique modes of regulation and targeting. Current research is shedding light on the intricate signaling paradigms shaping spatiotemporal activation of the small GTPase Rac during the generation of actin-rich membrane protrusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is an inherited condition. It is sub-characterized into arrhythmogenic right, left, and bi- ventricular cardiomyopathies. The Padua task force criteria is used in the diagnosis of ACM. Case report: A 41-year-old presented with palpitations was found to be in ventricular tachycardia. He was reverted back into sinus rhythm following cardioversion. Electrocardiogram showed widespread T-wave inversions. Initial troponin was raised with unobstructed coronaries on coronary angiogram. Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) seven months prior showed reduced left ventricular systolic function (LVSD) with unremarkable right ventricular (RV) function. TTE on this admission showed new right sided failure with worsening LVSD. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance was consistent with biventricular ACM based on morpho-functional criteria. Discussion: This case highlights how RV function can decline rapidly in ACM. Widespread T-wave inversion is a minor criterion in the task force criteria. If TTE is indicative of underlying cardiomyopathy, cardiac MRI is the goldstandard investigation to confirm the pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Movement of fishes in the aquatic realm is fundamental to their ecology and survival. Movement can be driven by a variety of biological, physiological and environmental factors occurring across all spatial and temporal scales. The intrinsic capacity of movement to impact fish individually (e.g., foraging) with potential knock‐on effects throughout the ecosystem (e.g., food web dynamics) has garnered considerable interest in the field of movement ecology. The advancement of technology in recent decades, in combination with ever‐growing threats to freshwater and marine systems, has further spurred empirical research and theoretical considerations. Given the rapid expansion within the field of movement ecology and its significant role in informing management and conservation efforts, a contemporary and multidisciplinary review about the various components influencing movement is outstanding. Using an established conceptual framework for movement ecology as a guide (i.e., Nathan et al., 2008: 19052), we synthesized the environmental and individual factors that affect the movement of fishes. Specifically, internal (e.g., energy acquisition, endocrinology, and homeostasis) and external (biotic and abiotic) environmental elements are discussed, as well as the different processes that influence individual‐level (or population) decisions, such as navigation cues, motion capacity, propagation characteristics and group behaviours. In addition to environmental drivers and individual movement factors, we also explored how associated strategies help survival by optimizing physiological and other biological states. Next, we identified how movement ecology is increasingly being incorporated into management and conservation by highlighting the inherent benefits that spatio‐temporal fish behaviour imbues into policy, regulatory, and remediation planning. Finally, we considered the future of movement ecology by evaluating ongoing technological innovations and both the challenges and opportunities that these advancements create for scientists and managers. As aquatic ecosystems continue to face alarming climate (and other human‐driven) issues that impact animal movements, the comprehensive and multidisciplinary assessment of movement ecology will be instrumental in developing plans to guide research and promote sustainability measures for aquatic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robust inter-session modeling of gestures is still an open learning challenge. A sleeve equipped with capacitive strap sensors was used to capture two gesture data sets from a convenience sample of eight subjects. Two pipelines were explored. In FILT a novel two-stage algorithm was introduced which uses an unsupervised learning algorithm to find samples representing gesture transitions and discards them prior to training and validating conventional models. In TSC a confusion matrix was used to automatically consolidate commonly confused class labels, resulting in a set of gestures tailored to an individual subject's abilities. The inter-session testing accuracy using the Time Series Consolidation (TSC) method increased from a baseline inter-session average of 42.47 ± 3.83% to 93.02% ± 4.97% while retaining an average of 5.29 ± 0.46 out of the 11 possible gesture categories. These pipelines used classic machine learning algorithms which require relatively small amounts of data and computational power compared to deep learning solutions. These methods may also offer more flexibility in interface design for users suffering from handicaps limiting their manual dexterity or ability to reliably make gestures, and be possible to implement on edge devices with low computational power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last twenty years have seen increased interest in animal-assisted therapy (AAT) and animal-assisted activity (AAA). However, there has been little research exploring these interactions as experienced by the animals themselves. In this paper, we bring a “more-than-human” lens to concepts and practices within AAA/T, synthesizing ideas about animal sentience and subjectivity that have emerged within animal geography scholarship and animal welfare science. We draw from empirical work with practitioners involved in donkey-facilitated learning (DFL) to examine the knowledge base of equine facilitators, including their beliefs, opinions, and assumptions about donkeys, their understanding of animal welfare, and their role in DFL. We discuss how knowledge of donkeys is mobilized to ensure more-than-human welfare during DFL; how animals’ “choice” to participate is encouraged and centered; how ideas of nonhuman labor create opportunities for considering more-than-human welfare; and how practitioners advocate for animals and embed practices of care for humans and nonhumans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Stress is present in several management activities of beef and dairy cattle, leading to health and productive losses to the herd. Therefore, strategies are warranted to reduce any losses related to these stressful situations, and bovine appeasing substance (BAS) is arising as a potential technology in livestock production settings. Several peer-reviewed publications have evaluated BAS in different production settings, such as weaning, feedlot entry, castration, transport to the slaughterhouse, and pre-weaning dairy cattle. Altogether, performance, health, and carcass traits have been positively impacted by BAS administration, demonstrating the efficacy of this technology for ruminants. The present review demonstrates the main attributes of stress-related responses in ruminants, and the potential interaction with the immune system of the host is also presented, demonstrating that alternatives that reduce the response to stressful situations are warranted to maintain adequate health and performance of the herd. In this scenario, pheromones and their modes of action are presented, opening space to a recent technology being used for ruminants: bovine appeasing substance (BAS). This substance has been used in different species, such as swine, with positive behavioral, health, and performance results. So, its utilization in ruminants has been reported to improve performance and inflammatory-mediated responses, promoting the productivity and welfare of the livestock industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present eight new radiocarbon dates for endemic and invasive rodents from Trouing Jérémie #5, a paleontologically-rich sink hole on the Tiburon Peninsula, Haiti. This includes new dates for two species that have been previously directly dated (Isolobodon portoricensis and Brotomys voratus) as well as three endemic rodents which have no previous direct radiometric dates (Plagiodontia velozi, Hexolobodon phenax, and Rhizoplagiodontia lemkei). The radiocarbon date for P. velozi, the largest of these species, is from the very early Holocene (10,995 ± 190 calendar years before present; Cal BP). Specimens of medium-bodied species, H. phenax and R. lemkei date to the mid-Holocene, while specimens of smaller-bodied I. portoricencis and B. voratus have dates falling in the Late-Holocene. These dates confirm that several of the extinct rodent species coexisted with the first humans, who arrived on the island ca. 6000 years ago. In contrast, murid Rattus specimens date to the last few centuries. Rats arrived with Europeans in the late 15th or early 16th Century and a radiocarbon date of ca. 500 Cal BP for one individual suggests that they likely spread quickly across the island. Collectively, these dates establish that vertebrate accumulations at Trouing Jérémie #5 span the Holocene. Remains from this site may provide a useful time sequence for future work examining ecological change across the Holocene as well as regional extirpation patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence is mixed as to whether less- or more-advantaged fathers suffer penalties for taking paid family leave and the reasons for this. Perhaps selection into taking leave differs among fathers, or taking leave increases some fathers' commitment to family over paid work, or taking it sends a negative signal to employers about future work-family priorities. We contribute to the literature by distinguishing between the initial paternity leave taken by the majority of fathers, and subsequent solo paternal leave taken by fewer fathers that indicates and signals greater family commitment. We also develop competing hypotheses about why low- or high-wage fathers may be penalized more for taking family leave. These are tested analyzing 2001 to 2014 waves of Finnish administrative panel data using unconditional quantile regression with various fixed-effects models. Net of selection, no fathers incur a sustained wage penalty for taking paternity leave, although distributed fixed-effects models reveal the highest-wage fathers receive a temporary penalty that we attribute to signaling. All fathers who also take solo paternal leave have decreasing post-leave wage trajectories. Only lower-wage fathers accrue significant penalties, however, suggesting that taking the leave shifts their priorities more toward family. We conclude the repercussions of taking shorter or longer family leaves and their sources differ across fathers' wage distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meta‐analytic associations between observed parental sensitivity and child behavioral problems were examined (children aged 0–17 years). Studies (k = 108, N = 28,114) contained sociodemographically diverse samples, primarily from North America and Europe, reporting on parent‐child dyads (95% mothers; 54% boys). Sensitivity significantly related to internalizing (k = 69 studies; N = 14,729; r = −.08, 95% CI [−.12, −.05]) and externalizing (k = 94; N = 25,418; r = −.14, 95% CI [−.17, −.11]) problems, with stronger associations found for externalizing. For internalizing problems, associations were significantly stronger among samples with low socioeconomic status (SES) versus mid‐high SES, in peer‐reviewed versus unpublished dissertations, and in studies using composite versus single scale sensitivity measures. No other moderators emerged as significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TheMediterranean region has been identified as a climate hot spot, with models projecting a robust warming and rainfall decline in response to increasing greenhouse gases. The projected rainfall decline would have impacts on agriculture and water resources. Can such changes be reversed with significant reductions in greenhouse gases? To explore this, we examine large ensembles of a high-resolution climate model with various future radiative forcing scenarios, including a scenario with substantial reductions in greenhouse gas concentrations beginning in the mid-21st century. In response to greenhouse gas reductions, the Mediterranean summer rainfall decline is reversed, but the winter rainfall decline continues. This continued winter rainfall decline results from a persistent atmospheric anticyclone over the western Mediterranean. Using additional numerical experiments, we show that the anticyclone and continued winter rainfall decline are attributable to greenhouse gas-induced weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) that continues throughout the 21st century. The persistently weak AMOC, in concert with greenhouse gas reductions, leads to rapid cooling and sea ice growth in the subpolar North Atlantic. This cooling leads to a strong cyclonic atmospheric circulation anomaly over the North Atlantic subpolar gyre and, via atmospheric teleconnections, to the anticyclonic circulation anomaly over the Mediterranean. The failure to reverse the winter rainfall decline, despite substantial climate change mitigation, is an example of a "surprise" in the climate system. In this case, a persistent AMOC change unexpectedly impedes the reversibility of Mediterranean climate change. Such surprises could complicate pathways toward full climate recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]