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Throughout the long eruption history of the Santorini volcano, the Cape Riva/Y-2 and Minoan/Z-2 eruptions had a profound impact on the environment. The Minoan eruptions also had a significant impact on society. These two tephras, as well as the Y-2 tephra individually, have been recorded for the first time in a lacustrine area in western Anatolia. This study examines the geochemical properties of Y-2 (23 cm) and Z-2 tephra layers (19 cm; 14 cm pure and 5 cm mixed) from 18 m sediment cores in Lake Yayla (Denizli-Buldan). Additionally, high-resolution µXRF, fossil pollen, charcoal, and dating analyses were conducted on the cores to determine the chronologies and environmental effects of the tephra layers. Fossil pollen findings show consistent forest and steppe/grassland vegetation before and after the Z-2 tephra, with the forest impact lasting for 240 years after the eruption. Increased aquatic vegetation and changes in specific taxa (e.g. Pinus sp. and Amaranthaceae increased, while Quercus deciduous, Olea europaea, and cereals decreased) were observed following the Minoan eruption. Charcoal analysis indicates heightened fire activity post-Minoan eruption, while XRF data reveal no associated climatic change. At the same time, no correlation has been identified between the Cape Riva eruption and ecological changes (climate, vegetation, and fire activity). Contribution to dating the tephra was provided by radiocarbon dating from the lowest part of the tephra layer (17,684 ± 63 years BP). This study sheds light on the extensive impacts of the Y-2 and Z-2 tephra eruptions, focusing on their dating, geochemistry, environmental effects, tephra transport directions, and thicknesses. It demonstrates the presence of a significant geological event for the settlements in the Büyük Menderes Valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying climate changes in the Eastern Mediterranean and Aegean region, particularly in Western Anatolia, is crucial for understanding environmental dynamics over time. We present high‐resolution, long‐term micro‐X‐ray fluorescence data from Buldan Yayla Lake (Denizli‐Buldan), a key area, covering the period from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the present. Sedimentological and paleoclimate data are supported by high‐resolution radiocarbon analyses, as well as two tephra chronologies from Cape Riva and Minoan. According to the results, a cold and arid climate is observed during the LGM, Post‐LGM and Younger Dryas. From the LGM to the present, there has been a trend towards increasing warmth and humidity. During the Late Glacial (LG) and Holocene (especially in the early Holocene), the climate was warmer and more humid. A short‐lived climate change associated with the Older Dryas is recorded during the Bølling–Allerød warm period (~13 200–12 350 cal a bp) within the LG. The data indicate that the sediment cores of Buldan Yayla Lake are highly sensitive in reflecting climate information between the LGM and the present day. At the same time, the climate in Western Anatolia is recorded as more stable throughout the Holocene. In conclusion, this study enhances our understanding of Western Anatolia's climate dynamics and environment–society relationship from the LGM to the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the dating process on the study of earth sciences, one of the basic assumptions is the equilibrium in the amount of carbon between terrestrial samples and the atmosphere. Most radiocarbon dating results are prepared regarding to this assumption. Although it is frequently used, some invalid situations can be encountered during the subaquatic studies. Recent water samples, aquatic plants, and remnant of animals may present different ages than the actual age. Another problem using the age-depth model is how many dating results should we be used to ensure high accuracy of the model. We also present our field study results about the number of dating points. The aim of this study is to explain how we could solve the problem in dating the freshwater reservoir effect over for short and longtime durations. In order to eliminate the freshwater reservoir effect, the terrestrial material must be dated. Thus, the carbon in the organic material is not affected by the dissolved carbon in the water. The circumstances significantly improve the age-depth model's accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involves Akdağ and its surroundings, Akdağ being located between the provinces of Afyonkarahisar and Denizli. The aim of the study is to determine the distribution of endemic plant locations according to topographic (altitude, slope) and climatic (temperature, precipitation) factors and to evaluate the correlations among these distributions using statistical analyses. For this purpose, the study has listed the current endemic plant taxa and identified the locations of 101 endemic plants. These locations were transferred to the ArcMap database, and the distribution of endemic plant taxa according to topographic and climatic factors were explained using spatial statistics and descriptive statistical analyses. According to the analysis results, the elevation range with the highest concentration of endemic plant locations is between 1085-1185 m. The areas with slope values of 12-24 degrees are where endemic plants are seen the most. Areas with an annual average temperature of 12°C and annual precipitation of 500-530 mm more commonly have endemic locations than other areas. As a result, the study has evaluated within its scope the topographic (altitude, slope) and climatic (temperature and precipitation) factors affecting the distribution of endemic plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out in the Karakuyu Marsh (Afyonkarahisar-Dinar) located in the upper basin of the Büyük Menderes River. In the study, it was aimed to determine the *8200 year paleo vegetation history of the research area. For this purpose, 730 cm long sediment cores were taken from Karakuyu Marsh, and fossil pollen and 14C dating analyzes were performed on the cores. The data obtained within the scope of fossil pollen analyzes were diagrammed according to the aget depth model and paleo vegetation data of the study area was created. According to fossil pollen findings, Pinus sp., Juniperus sp., Quercus deciduous and Quercus evergreen were important taxa in Arboreal Pollen (AP), Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae and Artemisia sp. were important in Non-Arboreal Pollen (NAP). A high rate of forest presence (84.8%) were found in the study area and the forest presence were mostly composed of Pinus sp., and Juniperus sp., taxa. The changes that the species showed during the focused time period indicated that the vegetation pattern changed in a more natural process (climate and interspecies competition). The results showed that the Middle Holocene paleo vegetation changes (forest progression and regression) are consistent with the studies in Anatolia. High forest existence continued in the Late Holocene, land use was limited, and these changes were consistent with fossil pollen studies in the Lakes Region [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out on Yayla Lake in Denizli Province’s town of Buldan and its surroundings. The aim of the study is to determine the modern pollen distribution characteristics of the surroundings of Yayla Lake. For this purpose, modern pollen data were obtained from Tauber pollen traps, moss samples (moss), and surface sediment samples. A 3-year pollen monitoring was carried out between 2018-2021 in three different directions using the Tauber pollen traps and moss samples at different elevations, on the lake shore, and in the lake. Surface sediment samples were taken from nine different points in the lake in 2020. According to the pollen results obtained from the three sources, the taxa with high percentages and densities in the pollen distribution were Pinus sp. Quercus evergreen, Quercus deciduous, Olea europaea, and Poaceae. The results of these taxa and other taxa varied to reflect the main vegetation type of the area where the modern pollen monitoring had been done. While high forest rates were observed in forested areas and their close vicinities, the rate of herbaceous vegetation increased in open areas. Changes in the percentage of Olea europaea L. which is one of the indicators of past agricultural activities in fossil pollen studies, were obeserved based on the proximity to the source areas. The results from the Tauber pollen traps and moss samples were observed to include local scale results, while surface sediment samples included more regional scale results. As a result, the modern pollen results have been shaped according to the forest, pasture, wetland, and elevation characteristics of the areas where the monitoring had been done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Kızılırmak is the longest river in Turkey, extending from the western part of eastern Anatolia to the Black Sea, and crossing the orogenic Central Anatolian Plateau (CAP) and Black Sea Mountains. This study focuses on the formation period of the drainage system of the Kızılırmak River in the Cappadocia region, which is situated in the middle of the CAP. The Upper Pliocene-Quaternary geological and geomorphological stratigraphy of the Cappadocia region was revised with new findings and those of previous studies. In this study, the oldest terrace (Sünnetli Tepe Terrace, T0) of the Kızılırmak River was identified 214 m above the current river level. The terrace deposit is located between the Pliocene lacustrine Kışladağ Limestone Member (~5-2.7 Ma) and the ~2.7 Ma Valibaba Tepe ignimbrite. A minimum age for the terrace deposits was provided by the Valibaba Tepe ignimbrite, which caps the terrace. Therefore, the terrace T0 revealed that the Kızılırmak River drainage system existed in the eastern part of the CAP after the deposition of the Kışladağ Limestone Member (~5-2.7 Ma ago) and before the formation of the Valibaba Tepe ignimbrite 2.7 Myr ago. Contrary to most previous studies, this finding shows that Valibaba Tepe ignimbrite cannot be included in the Late Miocene-Pliocene Ürgüp Formation, which formed under an extensional tectonic regime and was incised by the Kızılırmak River. The data obtained showed that 17 of the Kızılırmak River terraces that have formed since ~2.7 Ma have been preserved to the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the current pollen distribution characteristics of Abies cilicica forest. In the study area (1) determination of modern pollen density of pollen traps, moss samples and surface sediment samples, (2) relationships between modern pollen densities, (3) Ecological requirements (temperature and humidity) of Abies cilicica forest, (4) generating an interpretation key for fossil pollen analysis by evaluating percent pollen value of the Abies cilicica species are within the scope of the stated purpose. European pollen monitoring program methodology was followed to determine modern pollen distribution. Pollen data which is consist of two years traps, three year for moss samples and one year surface sediment samples were obtained. The modern pollen data were compared to each other and also these data correlated with temperature and humidity parameters. According to modern pollen densities the highest density belongs to Pinus (except one sample area) in Tauber pollen traps (2015-2017) and to Abies cilicica, Cedrus libani and Pinus in the moss samples (between 2014-2017). In the case of surface sediment, the highest density value belongs to Pinus. In addition, the modern pollen percentage of Abies cilicica in the study area is between 9,5-40,4% in Tauber pollen traps 18,6-56,3% in moss samples and 13,2% in the surface sediment sample. In this study, a database and robust empirical references were produced based on modern pollen characteristics of Abies cilicica in order to better understand the fossil pollen studies previously done in Southwest Anatolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teke Region is one of the important areas of Turkey with its natural environment characteristics as well as its endemic plant taxa. It is very important to know the distribution of endemic plant taxa and the environmental parameters effective in this area for the determination, evaluation, monitoring, controlling and protection of endemic plant taxa of Teke Yöresi. With this work; Geographical database of endemic plant taxa grown in Teke Yöresi has been examined and the effects of temperature and precipitation factors on the distribution and distribution of basic climate parameters have been examined. The Teke Region endemic taxon lists and location information were created using literature sources. The location information obtained from the sources was coordinated with the help of Google Earth and then transferred to the geodatabase via Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Software with this work; The relationship between the temperature and precipitation parameters, an important effect on the distribution and distribution of 630 endemic locations belonging to 395 endemic taxa has been investigated. The creation of the geodatabase made it possible to update the endemic plant taxa, to query it, to make spatial and statistical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]