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The village has always been the cradle of the Ukrainian people. The spiritual world of our ancestors was formed in it, on the inseparable unity of man and the environment. The language, rites, and customs of the lands were subject to a certain worldview, traditions that reached the depths of millennia. In the nineteenth century about 92% of the population lived in the villages of the Volyn province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

У статті розглядається, як керманичі Української Народної Республі- ки доби Центральної Ради шукали оптимальну модель побудови системи виконавчої влади на регіональному рівні й аналізуються відповідні докумен- ти. Розглянуто концептуальний підхід українських політиків до проблеми, який полягав у залученні до діяльності в урядових структурах представни- ків революційно-демократичних організацій. Зазначено, що дестабілізація ситуації в Україні наприкінці 1917 р. змусила український уряд відмовити- ся від цього положення.

The roots of the problem of the modern frontier in our work are dated the last century. One of the fundamental factors was the ethnic territory. In the twentieth century geopolitical, ideological and economic factors were added into it. In the 1920’s due to the administrative-territorial reform, both the internal borders and the border of Ukraine with neighboring republics have changed. The purpose of the article is to analyze the problems of forming the Ukrainian-Russian border in the context of the work of the Central Administrative and Territorial Commission. The article is based on universal scientific principles of historical studies, objectivity, regularity, development and pluralism. In conclusion, it was proved that as a result of the border demarcation that took place in the 1920’s the USSR has lost quite a large part of its ethnic territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses how Ukrainian People's Republic leaders in the period of Central Council searched for the successful model for a regional executive power system. It shows that at the beginning, the General Secretariat planned to involve a wide range of revolutionary democratic organizations, that had emerged in Ukraine after the February Revolution of 1917, into the state-building. However, the opposition from the Provisional Government allowed neither to reorganize the Ukrainian authorities nor to influence their activities in general. The General Secretariat gained an opportunity to implement its conceptual approach of the widespread democratization of the authorities only after the Ukrainian People's Republic proclaimed independence and obtained the status of a government. It drafted a project decree on provincial councils which would have involved representatives of local self-governing bodies, land committees, worker, and soldier councils. The article cites this draft and analyses its contents. The proposed decree was discussed at the government meeting in December 1917. With some insignificant remarks, it was approved and submitted to the Central Council in January 1918. The offensive of the Bolshevik troops and the forced evacuation of the governmental structures interrupted this process. The political radicalization among many public organizations demonstrated the danger of democratizing local authorities during the period of internal instability of Ukrainian society. On return to Kyiv in March 1918, the Council of People's Ministers abandoned the idea to involve the revolutionary-democratic organizations in the government work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time an attempt was made to distinguish in the study German-language sources, which provide an opportunity to consider one of the important periods from the history of colonization of the Volynian province in the XIX - early XX centuries. The historiographical survey of various German-language sources from newspapers, periodicals, articles, monographs to Germans’ memoirs is presented for the first time. The analysis of the sources is presented in chronological order from the XIX to the beginning of the XXI century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

У статті автором розкрито окремі аспекти досвіду проведення екзаменів як підсумкових форм контролю за рівнем знань учнів у різних типах шкіл України в другій половині XIX століття і початку ХХ століття; висвітлено історичні умови, за яких виникали ті чи інші організаційні форми, методи навчання і виховання учнів, запровадження форм контролю за їхніми навчальними досягненнями, на що вказують історичні джерела, офіційні законодавчі документи, зокрема, «Предварительные правила народного просвещения» (1803 р.), «Уставы гимназий и прогимназий» (1828, 1864, 1871 рр.), «Положение о женских гимназиях и прогимназиях Министерства народного просвещения» (1870 р.), а також періодичні видання «Русская школа», «Журнал Министерства народного просвещения», «Вопросы истории», «Педагогика» й ін. У запровадження екзаменів у освітніх закладах України зробив великий внесок педагог, методист, діяч у галузі народної освіти Микола Олександрович Корф.