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Один из путей ускорения селекционного процесса основан на использовании в качестве исходных генотипов ДГ-линий (гаплоидов с удвоенным числом хромосом). В данной работе приведена характеристика по хозяйственно ценным показателям линии ДГ 48-3, которая изучалась с 2016 по 2022 г. по ускоренной селекционной схеме, начиная с селекционного питомника второго года, затем третьего (дважды) года изучения и конкурсного сортоиспытания. В результате на основе этой линии за шесть лет был создан новый сорт яровой мягкой пшеницы Сигма 5. В 2024 г. сорт включен в Государственный реестр селекционных достижений Российской Федерации по 9, 10 и 11-му регионам. Сорт Сигма 5 среднеспелый, ценный по качеству зерна, характеризуется высокой устойчивостью к листостебельным заболеваниям. Устойчивость к стеблевой ржавчине обеспечивается действием гена Sr31 , к бурой ржавчине и мучнистой росе - действием генов Lr и Pm , интрогрессированных от Triticum dicoccoides . Сорт обладает высокой потенциальной продуктивностью: средняя урожайность в КСИ за 2019-2021 гг. составила 5.57 т/га. В годы массового развития ржавчинных заболеваний (2019 и 2020) его урожайность была 5.76 и 6.14 т/га соответственно, что превысило показатель неустойчивого к стеблевой ржавчине сорта-стандарта Дуэт на 3.73 и 4.05 т/га. Новый сорт превосходит сорт-стандарт и по следующим показателям качества зерна: натуре зерна, массе 1000 зерен, содержанию белка и клейковины, силе муки.

Background. The use of slow-release fertilizers is currently widely used in irrigated agriculture, since it allows for economical consumption of macroelements, increasing their efficiency, preventing the nutrients losses and environment pollution. Purpose: to determine the agrochemical efficiency of slow-releasing bentonite-modified fertilizers, to identify the amount of macroelements uptake by cotton and to calculate the economic efficiency of these fertilizers. Methodology: The study of agrochemical effectiveness on cotton was carried out according to "Methods..., Tandoned., 2013; VNIISSiAVH methods, 2005. Originality: 1. In a lysimetric experiment, the agrochemical effectiveness of bentonite-modified nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers was proven; 2. an increase in the accumulation of NPK and the extent of uptake under the influence of bentonitemodified fertilizers has been established; 3. The economic efficiency and the amount of bentonite-modified fertilizers net profit were calculated. Findings: bentonite-modified fertilizers, due to slow-releasing properties, enhance growth, development and the formation of vegetative and reproductive biomass; increase productivity and the utilization rate of macroelements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Promising raw materials for obtaining calcium and calcium nitrate are marble and limestone from the Zarbant deposit, containing CaO above 52.16%. Purpose. Determination of the composition and decomposition coefficient of the Zarbant mine marble with nitric acid. Methodology. The CaO content was determined by the complexometric method with Trilon B, and nitrogen - by the Kjeldahl method. Originality. It was found that the decomposition coefficient of the Zarbant marble components depends on the concentration, temperature, and decomposition time. Optimum conditions for the process of marble decomposition with nitric acid were found. Findings. It was found that an increase in the concentration of nitric acid to 49.21% and an increase in the rate to 100% contribute to an increase in the yield of calcium nitrate to 90%, an increase in temperature and time increases nitrogen losses by 2%; conditions: concentration and acid feed rate - 49.21% and 100%, temperature - 25-30°C, time - 2 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

В статье дан анализ производства зерна в Пензенской области. Представлена динамика изменения посевных площадей и урожайности зерновых и зернобобовых культур в хозяйствах всех категорий в Пензенской области за 2014-2023 годы. Площадь посева зерновых и зернобобовых культур в Пензенской области в 2023 году по сравнению с 2014 годом увеличились с 549,4 тыс. га до 842,6 тыс. га. Отмечено, что динамика валовых сборов зерновых и зернобобовых культур в Пензенской области в 2014-2023 гг. была нестабильной. В 2023 году в регионе валовой сбор составил 3,3 млн. тонн, валовой сбор увеличился на 157,9 % по сравнению с 2014 году. В 2014-2023 гг. урожайность зерновых и зернобобовых культур носила неустойчивый характер и варьировала от 24,2 ц с гектара убранной площади в 2014 г. до 38,7 ц - в 2023 г.

В условиях континентального климата сорт представляет собой важный показатель стабильности урожая. В статье дана характеристика хозяйственно ценных признаков нового сорта мягкой озимой пшеницы (Triticum aestivum L.) – Памяти Чекурова. C 2023 г. cорт включен в Государственный реестр селекционных достижений, допущенных к использованию по За- падно-Сибирскому региону. Исследования проведены в Новосибирской области в 2016–2022 гг. Стандартом выбран райони- рованный сорт Новосибирская 40. Так, сорт Памяти Чекурова обладает высокой потенциальной продуктивностью: характери- зуется повышенной зимостойкостью и устойчивостью к полеганию за счет короткостебельности, крупным зерном и высоким коэффициентом кущения. По хлебопекарным качествам исследуемый сорт сопоставим с ценной пшеницей

Background. Humatized fertilizers, due to their physicochemical and biological properties, are of particular interest for use on low-humus soils, including degraded soils, especially in irrigated agriculture. Purpose. Testing the agrochemical efficiency and agroecological safety of using new organomineral (OMU) and humin-containing fertilizers based on Angren oxidized coals on cotton under the conditions of typical gray soils of Uzbekistan. Methodology. The study of agrochemical effectiveness on cotton was carried out according to Methods..., Tandoned., 2013; VNIISSiAVH methods Originaliti. Humic urea and humic superphosphate have valuable nutritional, prolonged and resource-saving properties. The agrochemical effectiveness of HA and GS on cotton has been proven. Findings. HA and GS based on oxidized Angren brown coals enhance growth, development, formation of vegetative and reproductive biomass. Humic fertilizers GK and GS increase cotton plant productivity by 10.7 and 7.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Bioscience Series is the property of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Relevance. In the arsenal of agents with antibacterial activity, a significant place belongs to preparations based on the raw materials of two types of Macleia - Macleaya x kevensis Turill. and Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R.Br. used both in medical and veterinary practice. It is possible to provide the domestic pharmaceutical industry with these medicinal raw materials in full through the development of methods for increasing yields and adapting Maclea to unstable environmental weather conditions.Material and methods. Experiments to study the effect of the use of humates and microfertilizers on these indicators were laid in the fields of the North Caucasus branch of VILAR in 2019-2021. We studied the morphological and economically valuable traits of two species of Maclea, evaluated the growth rates of plants, the yield of raw materials, the content of alkaloids and their collection per hectare under optimal and dry weather conditions.Results. Differences between the two types of Maclea are established in terms of morphological and economically valuable traits. Maclea heart-shaped palmate-lobed leaves are light green in color, the roots are vertical, round-cylindrical, reaching a depth of 50 cm or more, plant height is 300-350 cm. at a depth of 25-30 cm, plant height 200-250 cm. % versus 0.162-0.164% for the heart-shaped Maclea. The dependence of the growth, development and productivity of two types of Maclea on meteorological conditions has been established. Under the conditions of insufficient water supply and high temperatures, the loss of yield in the first year of vegetation in Macleaya cordata is 14%, in the second year - 6%, in Macleaya x kevensis - 21 and 12%, respectively. Foliar treatments with the Normat L complex with Ferovit in the first year of vegetation contributed to a decrease in crop losses and an increase in the yield of alkaloids per 1 hectare in both types of makley, in the second year, with these treatments, an increase in yield by 7-11% was observed, the collection of alkaloids per hectare increased by 14- 18%.

В статье представлены результаты полевых исследований по изучению влияния разных доз гранулированного помета на формирование продуктивности яровой пшеницы, проведенные в обособленном подразделении учебно-опытное хозяйство «Рамзай» Пензенского ГАУ (Пензенская область, Мокшанский район) в 2022-2023 гг. Изучаемый гранулированный помет характеризовался содержанием азота 4,0-4,5 %, фосфора 3,0-3,5 %, калия 4,0-4,5%, органического вещества 40,0-42,0 %. Результаты исследований показывают, что весеннее внесение гранулированных удобрений из помета в дозах от 500 до 2000 кг/га достоверно повышают количество зерен в колосе и массу зерна с одного колоса, что привело к повышению урожайности зерна яровой пшеницы на 12,6-36,7 %. Как показали исследования, изучаемые дозы помета повышают не только урожайность зерна яровой пшеницы, но и существенно повышают ее качество. Содержание белка повысилось на 0,67-1,49 %, клейковины на 1,8-5,0 %. Урожайность, содержание белка и клейковины в зерне повышались прямопропорционально дозам внесения.

В статье рассматриваются результаты трёхлетних исследований по определению урожайности, крахмалистости и кулинарных качеств картофеля различных групп спелости, таких как Пензенская скороспелка, Свитанок Киевский и Луговской, выращенных на выщелоченном тяжелосуглинистом чернозёме лесостепной зоны Среднего Поволжья. В среднем за три года испытаний наибольшую урожайность клубней картофеля обеспечил сорт Луговской - 24,5 т/га, Свитанок Киевский - 23,7 т/га, Пензенская скороспелка - 23,2 т/га. По крахмалонакоплению выгодно отличался сорт Свитанок Киевский, у которого количество крахмала в клубнях колебалось от 20,9 до 25,8 %, Луговской - от 16,5 до 18,1, н Пензенская скороспелка - от 12,6 до 17,3%. По величине крахмальных зёрен лидирующие позиции занимает сорт Свитанок Киевский, у которого 77,2 % зёрен имеют крупность ≥ 57 мк, самое небольшое количество мелких крахмальных зёрен (≤30 мк) имел сорт Пензенская скороспелка - 2,3%. Наилучшими кулинарными качествами за весь период исследований обладал сорт Свитанок Киевский, средний балл оценки - 33,7, Луговской 31,7 и Пензенская скороспелка - 24,3 балла. Установлена сильная положительная корреляционная зависимость между урожайностью и количеством выпавших осадков, (коэффициент корреляции - 0,98), между урожайностью и крахмалистостью клубней (коэффициент корреляции изменялся от 0,99 у Свитанка Киевского до 0,81 у Пензенской скороспелки), вкусовыми качествами и крахмалистостью картофеля (Пензенская скороспелка - 0,87; Свитанок Киевский - 0,98 и Луговской 0,99). Для получения стабильных урожаев как в домашних, так и в фермерских хозяйствах, необходимо предусмотреть выращивание нескольких сортов картофеля различных групп спелости с различными кулинарными показателями.

The values of organic and mineral fertilizers applied on cotton plantations cultivated on irrigated arable lands of gray soils of the Aravan region of the Kyrgyz Republic during the formation of the total cotton phytomass, in other words the more fertilizers are applied, the more cotton phytomass is produced, including root mass and after the harvest of raw cotton, a greater amount of post-harvest plant residues, the main bioenergy material, will enter the soil, serving to replenish soil organic matter. Variants of the experiment with the use of the recommended doses of mineral fertilizers, as well as 1.5 and 0.5 norms, work to increase both the total phytomass and the yield of raw cotton, and their performance increases with an increase in the amount of mineral fertilizers.In the post-pandemic period of the coronavirus, when there is a sharp rise in prices for mineral fertilizers around the world, the importance of organic and green fertilizers is increasing everywhere, and against this background, the options for the experiment with the use of manure, winter green manure plants and the use of post-harvest plant residues of cotton stalks represent the main elements of a green economy and have prospects for application on cotton plantations. Variants of our experience with the use of muck, winter green manure plants and the use of post-harvest plant residues showed a sharp increase in the yield of raw cotton compared to the control variant and the additional introduction of organic matter in their composition works to increase the fertility of irrigated arable land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Возделывание однолетних монокультур негативно воздействует на окружающую среду. Потери азота при возде- лывании однолетних культур могут быть в 30–50 раз выше, чем при культивировании многолетних. В мире направлению ис- пользования потенциала многолетних культур уделено значительное внимание. Разрешение проблемы объединения в одном растении комплекса ценных хозяйственно-биологических свойств имеет большое значение, однако эта задача сложна для вы- полнения в связи с тем, что применяемые при создании многолетних сортов пшеницы дикие многолетние травы характери- зуются низкой урожайностью и массой 1000 зерен. Цель исследования – оценка образцов международной коллекции много- летней пшеницы для использования в селекции. Объектом исследований выбраны 27 образцов коллекции, полученные из СИММИТ (Международный центр улучшения кукурузы и пшеницы). Полевые наблюдения в период с 2017 по 2020 г. позволили выделить наиболее зимостойкие формы (Ot38, 235A), установить высокую устойчивость образцов к поражению основными болезнями и оценить их по 15 хозяйственно ценным признакам. По результатам анализа методом главных компонент выявле- ны лучшие по комплексу хозяйственно ценных признаков линии, а именно 11955, TAF46, Ot38 и 235A. Каждая из выделенных линий представляет практическую ценность для селекции. Установлено превосходство образцов коллекции многолетней пше- ницы над сортом-стандартом яровой пшеницей по содержанию белка и клейковины в зерне. Выделены два перспективных для дальнейшей работы номера – 11955 и TAF46, которые демонстрировали высокие параметры крупности зерна. У этих номеров крупнозерность достоверно коррелировала с показателем массы 1000 зерен.

This article deals with the problems of research in national science of the dynamics of grain yields in European Russia between the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. For the purpose of the article, the author refers to crop statistics. Disputes about their reliability have been going on for about two hundred years, however, no irrefutable evidence of their unreliability has been presented. This is also true about the discussion of the early twenty-first century, where the source was criticised by B. N. Mironov and M. A. Davydov, and their opponents were S. A. Nefedov, A. V. Ostrovsky, and I. A. Kuznetsov. Interest in the dynamics of productivity emerged in the late nineteenth century. The focus of attention was the question of whether there was an increase in productivity in the period under review or not. At the turn of the twentieth century, A. F. Fortunatov and R. I. Preger maintained that productivity had increased, and I. Kh. Ozerov argued that it had not. In the 1920s, three views on the character of yield dynamics formed. V. G. Mikhailovsky and M. I. Semenov talked about a growth in yield combined with cyclical and random fluctuations. F. Cherevanin wrote that the yield in European Russia changed exclusively cyclically. V. M. Obukhov and A. L. Weinstein argued that grain yields grew, obscured by random fluctuations, in the absence of a cyclical component. It was the third point of view that prevailed with B. S. Yastremsky, A. S. Nifontov, A. V. Ostrovsky, V. G. Rastyannikov, and I. V. Deryugina following it. Only N. O. Voskresenskaya questioned the widespread increase in productivity. However, the previously used research methods (interval enlargement, correlation-regression analysis) are imperfect, and therefore the findings require rechecking using methods that are not in demand by national science for the analysis of crop statistics (hypothesis of the averages, Foster — Stewart method), which will help to better understand the nature grain yield dynamics in European Russia in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

In a hydroponic greenhouse such fruit and vegetable crops are cultivated that have the ability to produce a double crop during the vegetation period. Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) is such crop and we chose it for our research. Strawberry varieties grown in hydroponic greenhouses ensure a long-lasting, continuous, high quality and quantity harvest thanks to the created and controlled microclimate, regulated norms and timings of irrigation and nutrition. The period of fruit blossoming, ripening, and the formation of inflorescences occurs quickly. Monitoring is carried out, the dynamics of the development of pests and diseases is controlled, and the pest and disease control measures are implemented at the right times. According to product evaluation indicators the varieties Albion and San Andreas outperformed Malga and Murano varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

В работе представлены данные по эффективности использования химических, грибных и бактериальных фунгицидов для обработки семян и посевов яровой мягкой пшеницы с целью ограничения вредоносности основных болезней. Исследования проводили на черноземе выщелоченном лесостепи Приобья Новосибирской области. В условиях недостатка влаги в 2021 г. действие биопрепаратов, включая Стернифаг, СП (Trichoderma harzianum) проявилось уже в фазе кущения пшеницы. Эффективность биопрепаратов в подавлении корневой гнили была не ниже, чем у химического протравителя Скарлет, МЭ (имазалил + тебуконазол) и составила 61.5 и 63.5 %, а внесение Стернифага, СП наполовину снизило развитие болезни. К концу вегетации все препараты, в том числе и химический, одинаково подавляли развитие корневой гнили, наилучшим был вариант Скарлет, МЭ + Витаплан, СП (Bacillus subtilis), где биологическая эффективность была 38.1 %. В случае сильного развития септориоза (33 % в контроле) наиболее эффективным было опрыскивание посевов в фазе колошения Титулом 390, ККР (пропиконазол), снизившим пораженность растений септориозом на 84.3 %. Обработки биопрепаратами по вегетации не оказали влияния на развитие этой болезни. Мучнистая роса лучше всего подавлялась в варианте обработки семян препаратом Скарлет, МЭ (73.9 %), а бурая ржавчина – Скарлет, МЭ + Витаплан, СП (78.8 %). Обработками по вегетации мучнистая роса угнеталась на 41–54 %, на развитие бурой ржавчины они не оказали достоверного влияния. Протравливание семян биопрепаратами повышало целлюлозолитическую активность почвы в 1.5–1.8 раза, химический протравитель снижал ее. Количество растительных остатков при внесении Стернифага, СП снижалось в 2.8 и 2.5 раза через 15 и 30 дней после применения. Наибольший уровень сохраненного урожая зерна обеспечило применение химических фунгицидов – 0.64 т/га, биопрепараты обуспечили 0.25–0.33 т/га.

Background: The advancement of soybeans to the northern regions is associated with the need to increase the production of plant feed protein. Aim: to improve the soil through biological nitrogen fixation done during the cultivation of soybeans. Methods: The study was conducted in the Kostroma region from 2007-2017. The objects of the study were: the crop soybean varieties Mageva, Svapa, Lancet, Light, Kasatka, and specific microorganisms used to activate the process of nitrogen fixation. Various methods of setting laboratory, field, and production experiments were applied in compliance with the requirements of collecting and processing the obtained data. Laboratory experiments on artificial inoculation of soybean seeds with nitrogen-fixing microflora were carried out according to the method of G. S. Posypanov. Setting, plotting, conducting field and production experiments, and processing of the collected experimental data was carried out according to the generally accepted methods in the Russian Federation by B. A. Dospekhov and V. E. Eshchenko. Results and Discussion: The possibility of obtaining soybean mature seed material up to 1.8-2.0 t/ha, with gross protein yield up to 800 kg/ha, was established. Inoculation of soybean seeds with breeding strains of bacteria increases their yield by 14-30%, while 80-90% of environmentally friendly biological nitrogen was accumulated in the seed mass, increasing the fodder and nutritional quality of products. A local culture (from Russia) of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (K-2) was successfully used. The symbiotic effect leads to the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen, which is spent both for crop formation and for replenishment of soil reserves of this most important chemical element. Such nitrogen is ecologically clean and is considered as "biological nitrogen" (BN). The supply of biological nitrogen in the soil-plant system (60-70 kg/ha) was calculated. These values do not fully compensate for nitrogen removal with the soybean crop but allow us to reduce the use of more expensive and less environmentally safe mineral fertilizers. Conclusions: The economic costs of producing equivalent feed protein decreased twofold compared to growing traditional crops such as oats and barley. For the first time, specific results on the feasibility of introducing the studied soybean varieties into the Kostroma region of the Russian Federation have been established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Applied Biotechnology is the property of National Center for Biotechnology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Обоснование. В статье изложены материалы исследований по влиянию полезащитных лесных полос на рост и развитие ярового ячменя. Объектом исследований является яровой ячмень сорта Медикум 139. Исследования проводились в Землепользовании «Городищенское», кадастровый номер 34:03:000000:6. Цель работы – обосновать роль осадков и других факторов для формирования урожая ярового ячменя под влиянием лесной полосы. Материалы и методы. Учет урожайности определялся на площадках 1 м2 на удалении соответственно 5, 10, 30Н. Контролем служил открытый участок без лесной полосы. Снопы отбирали в трехкратной повторности, замет обмолачивали. Полученное зерно взвешивали и проводили пересчет урожайности на 1 га. Урожай зерна, полученный при взвешивании, приводился к 14%-й влажности и 100%-й частоте. Длина стебля, количество колосков и зерен в колосе определялись визуально. Масса 1000 зерен определялась на технико-химических весах. Результаты. Анализ данных показал, что запасы продуктивной влаги на межполосной клетке распределены неравномерно. В условиях агролесоландшафта наибольший весенний влагозапас накапливается в зоне от 5Н до 15Н от полезащитных лесных полос. Исследования показали, низкий ГТК приходится на летний период (июль-август) практически во все годы исследований. Обеспеченным по продуктивности накоплению осадков был 2016 год, где ГТК составил 0,7, в остальные годы засушливый 0,3-0,5. Структурный анализ ярового ячменя показал, что наибольшая урожайность была на расстоянии 10Н и состалила у ярового ячменя – 1,4 т/га. В статье приведены результаты корреляционно-регрессивного анализа полученных данных по взаимосвязи урожая ярового ячменя с составляющими факторами (осадки, запасы почвенной влаги), влияющими на урожайность ярового ячменя за 2016–2020 годы. Получены результаты, приведенные в графической корреляции, и обоснована закономерность. Заключение. Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о важной роли лесных полос. Областью применения рекомендаций является зона почв Нижнего Поволжья.

Цель. Разработка модели сверточной нейронной сети для определения заболеваний маниока по фотографии с мобильного телефона. Методы и материалы исследования. Материалом для исследований послужили размеченные изображения с различными видами заболеваний маниока, опубликованные в открытом доступе платформы Kaggle. Методы исследования: теория проектирования и разработки информационных систем, программирования, методы аугментации и расширения датасетов для задач компьютерного зрения, методы настройки гиперпараметров обучения моделей нейронной сети. Результаты. Маниок съедобный – одна из ключевых культур для сельского хозяйства многих регионов мира. Одной из главных причин плохой урожайности является различного вида заболевания. Для профилактики и раннего предупреждения распространения заболевания растений необходим инструмент в виде модели нейронной сети, позволяющей определить наличия заболевания по фотографии со смартфона. В работе использовались методы глубинного обучения сверточных нейронных сетей, а также концепция «transfer learning». На базе сети ResNet 50 была обучена нейронная сеть, позволяющая с точностью 0,93 по метрике F1-score определять наличие заболевания у растения маниок съедобный по изображению. Заключение. Был подготовлен набор данных изображений маниоки, включающий пять классов, для эффективной классификации нейронной сетью. Четыре класса с признаками определенных заболеваний листьев маниоки и один класс для здоровых растений. Была построена и обучена модель для решения задачи классификации по обнаружению болезни листьев маниоки по изображениям со смартфона.

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The paper presents the main indicators gross harvest, yield of fruit and berry crops in the Bryansk region, analyzed the volume of consumption and production.

В работе представлены данные по сравнительному испытанию химических, грибных и бактериальных фунгицидов, а также их роли в ограничении вредоносности основных болезней яровой пшеницы. Исследования проводили на черноземе выщелоченном лесостепи Приобья Новосибирской области. Показано, что внесение Стернифага, СП снижает развитие корневых гнилей в конце вегетации на 48 %, что сопоставимо с действием химического протравителя Скарлет, МЭ (имазалил+тебуконазол) и немного уступает действию грибного препарата Трихоцин, СП с бактериальным препаратом Витаплан, СП (55 %). Предпосевная обработка семян эффективно снижала развитие листовых инфекций: Скарлет, МЭ подавлял развитие септориоза на 54 %, Скарлет, МЭ+Витаплан, СП – мучнистую росу на 69 %, Трихоцин, СП+Витаплан, СП – бурую ржавчину на 74 %. Обработка посевов фунгицидом Титул 390, ККР снизила развитие этих болезней на 60, 81 и 85 %, соответственно. Алирин-Б, Ж с Трихоцином, СП на 64 % подавляли бурую ржавчину. Целлюлозолитическая активность почвы в результате действия биопрепаратов и Стернифага, СП увеличивалась в 1.3–1.9 раза по сравнению с контролем, количество растительных остатков уменьшилось в 2.4 и 1.9 раза через 15 и 30 дней после применения. Наибольшую прибавку урожая обеспечили химические фунгициды – 0.7 т/га, им не уступало использование Алирина-Б, Ж с Витапланом, СП на фоне протравливания фунгицидом Скарлет, МЭ.

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Ecology is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Productivity is increased with breeding techniques and modes for obtaining highly productive cultivars, various agricultural activities, and the use of new technologies for growing planting material. Some of modes to increase productivity are simple. They use different growth stimulants. Many methods were developed to synthesize organic compounds that have stimulating biological activity and can be used as growth stimulants for agricultural crop. Aim: The purpose of this research was to study the effect of synthesized organic compounds of the general formula: 1-alkyl-2,2,4-trimethyl-6-aminocarbothioyl-1,2- dihydroquinoline and 1-alkyl-2,2,4-trimethyl-6-aminocarbothioyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline on growth indicators (by which we meant seed germination and plant height, length, width, and the number of leaves) and the yield of the agricultural crop. Methods: To identify the biological effects of the synthesized organic compounds, morphometric parameters of an annual vegetable crop (Solanum melongena L.) were selected. It is investigated seed germination, growth processes, and yield. Growth processes were studied by biometric indicators. Biometric indicators included the plant height, length, width, and the number of leaves. Results and Discussion: The most effective growth stimulators from compounds of the series 1-alkyl-2,2,4-trimethyl-6- aminocarbothioyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline and 1-alkyl-2,2,4-trimethyl-6-aminocarbothioyl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinoline for common eggplant were revealed. The most effective substances for Solanum melongena are 1,2,2,4-tetramethyl-6-(1-piperidinylcarbothioyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline hydrochloride and 4- [(1,2,2,4-tetramethyl-1,2-dihydro-6-quinolinyl)carbothioyl]-1-piperazinylcarbaldehyde hydrochloride in tested concentrations (0,01 %; 0,05 % and 0,1 %), as well as the compounds of the general formula: 1-alkyl-2,2,4- trimethyl-6-aminocarbothioyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline in concentrations of 0,05 % and 0,1 %. It was established that the synthesized chemical substances cause stimulation of the eggplant growth compared with existing commercial preparation. Compounds of the series 1-alkyl-2,2,4-trimethyl-6-aminocarbothioyl-1,2- dihydroquinoline and 1-alkyl-2,2,4-trimethyl-6-aminocarbothioil-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline increase the seed germination of Solanum melongena from 30 to 80 %, the vegetative mass - from 10 to 40 %, yield - from 28 to 46 %. Conclusions: Tetrahydroquinolines are most effective as stimulants of growth processes (and productivity) for common eggplant. Compounds containing a dihydro-6-quinolinyl substituent stimulate the growth and also increase the yield of Solanum melongena. The expediency of quinoline series compounds for the production of vegetable growing is shown. Used growth stimulators increase the adaptive potential of Solanum melongena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samples of amaranth were involved in the introduction and study in the conditions of zaporizhia region in the laboratory of genetics and genetic resources: volotisty, white elbrus, kharkiv 1, zernovy, indian. According to other researchers, it is known that the variety "elbrus" is considered decorative, has a plant height of 70 cm, white pyramidal inflorescences with a greenish tinge length of 15 cm. Or grain. It has green leaves and inflorescences. Height up to 1.8-1.9 meters, grain yield 1.6 t/ha, weight of 1000 seeds 0.7 g. No descriptions of other samples provided for introduction were found. The samples were sown with a row spacing of 70 cm with a standing density of 95 thousand pieces/ha. The area of the plots was 1.5 m². The tests were performed in 2018 and 2021. Harvesting was performed manually (without breaking the plants) three times during the ripening of the brush on each plant separately. The description of plants was carried out according to the methods of assessment for difference, homogeneity and stability. Seed quality assessment was carried out according to DSTU. The weather conditions of the test years were favorable for growing amaranth and many other crops. In particular, 2018 was favorable: it had average monthly temperatures higher by 2-4°C than long-term averages. Rainfall by months during the growing season was less than the average for many years, except in July. July with a lot of rain created good conditions for the formation and filling of seeds. 2021 turned out to be extremely wet. During the growing season, monthly precipitation was two or more times higher than the average long-term data. Except for the second half of August, when ripening took place. In general, the weather conditions turned out to be quite favorable, better than the long-term ones, which allowed us to assess the potential of the culture. Plants of all varieties have formed quite large. Real dwarfs, as well as giants among them were not observed. This probably indicates re-pollination and the absence of genetically pure seed varieties, as amaranth is a cross-pollinated crop. The lowest was a sample called Indian with an average plant height of 127 cm. It was characterized by high alignment of the sample, small white tassels of drooping shape. Two types of plants were observed in the Elbrus variety: normal ripening and very late tall ones, which did not form tufts. Only ordinary ones with formed pyramidal tassels, slightly pinkish color and green leaves were used in the calculations. The other three specimens of amaranth had anthocyanin color on the leaves, in the form of spots, or on the edges, dark anthocyanin tassels in the majority of the tail. Samples Paniculate and grain were significantly different in the length of the tassels. The longest brush 58 cm was observed in the specimen Volotisty, and the smallest in the Indian variety 37 cm. Seeds of specimens with anthocyanin spots on the leaves and dark purple inflorescences were always dark brown. The white Elbrus variety had a light white-pink color of the seeds, and the Indian specimen was completely white. It is impossible to visually distinguish and distinguish between seeds by their size. However, the weight of the mass of 1000 seeds clearly indicates a larger seed and the possibility of grain use. Thus, the Kharkiv variety had the largest weight of 1000 seeds of 0.86 g. The second largest panicle with a weight of 0.75 g. White Elbrus and Grain had similar weights of 1000 seeds of 0.57 and 0.56 g, respectively. The lightest seeds were found in the Indian sample 0.43 g. The calculated biological yield of the samples was very excellent. The normal grain yield of 1.63 t/ha was formed by the sample of variety Kharkivsky 1. The sample White Elbrus showed a yield of 1.16 t/ha. As already mentioned, some plants of this variety did not form racemes and the calculation was performed only on the formed plants of medium height with available inflorescences. All others showed significantly lower yields from 0.7 to 0.3 t/ga. The results show a very low overall yield, even in years with unusually high rainfall for our area. In the same year, 2021, weather conditions allowed to obtain an average yield of 2.5 t/ha from soybean and sunflower experiments. Comparing these data with the yield of amaranth, the potential of the available samples is much lower. This indicates a fairly low level of breeding qualities of the introduced varieties. Scientific studies of other varieties in South America indicate a yield of 2.8-3.2 t/ha. This indicates the potential for increasing crop yields in our conditions. The obtained seeds of the crops of 2018 and 2021 were analyzed for protein and oil content. The protein content in both years was at the same level and the sample with a lower protein content in 2018 was the same in 2021. The average protein content for all repetitions was the lowest in the sample White Elbrus - 8.19%. In all other samples, the protein content was close to 11% and did not differ significantly from each other. The oil content in the seeds was quite small but stable. The lowest average oil content was in the sample Volotisty 6.61%, and the highest 9.17% in the sample Kharkiv. The oil was tested for composition and it was found that it mainly consists of three acids palmitic, oleic and linoleic. The highest content of linoleic acid (36-48%). Of all the samples, the Kharkiv sample differs significantly from the others in the direction of reducing the linoleic acid content to 36.31%. All others contain 45-48% linoleic acid in oil. The second most oleic acid is 27-40%. Accordingly, the Kharkiv sample has a high content of 40.16%. The content of palmitic acid in amaranth oil was at a fairly high level of 18.67-22.50%. Statistical calculations show the significance of differences in the content of palmitic acid in the oil of amaranth samples. The highest content of 22.50% had the sample White Elbrus and the lowest 18.67% sample Indian. Other acids in amaranth oil have a very low content. Only the content of stearic acid exceeds 1%, and linoleic and eicosenoic are not always in very small quantities. Data obtained on the composition of amaranth oil in the form of three palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids in the same ratio established by other scientists. However, the oil content in other researchers as well as the yield sometimes differed significantly from our data. The oil content was lower in Ghaffari M. et.al., and in Shukla A, et al. there were samples that had up to 11% oil. However, the variability in research for the use of amaranth in the oil direction in our opinion is not very large. The seed potential achieved, for example, in sunflower with an oil content of up to 50%, or a combination in some oil samples of 40% and a protein content of 20%, shows that plant seeds can contain even more than 50% dry matter in the form of proteins and fats. And in the studied varieties of amaranth so far protein and oil together barely reach 20%. According to the results of the introduction and study of five samples of amaranth in Zaporozhye, it was found that the samples show diversity in morphological features. They have an oil content in the seeds from 6.6 to 9.12%, a protein content of 8.19-11.52%, and a yield of 0.3 to 1.62 t/ha. This shows the possibility of growing amaranth in Zaporozhye, but also the need for serious breeding work to create more valuable food seeds. First of all, it is necessary to increase oil content, reduce the amount of palmitic acid in the oil and increase seed yield. Only under such conditions will the culture have oil and food value at the level of the main crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creation of high-yielding «00» varieties of winter rape, adapted to the conditions of the Forest-Steppe is one of the important problems in rape breeding. The aim of the study is to assess the ecological adaptability of collection samples of winter rapeseed by seed productivity (yield, weight of 1000 seeds), taking into account the specifics of the growing area and the instability of climatic conditions in the autumn-spring period. Collective samples of winter rape in the amount of 27 varieties of domestic and Ukrainian selection were used for research. Research methods: field and laboratory, mathematical and statistical. The results of the assessment of ecological adaptability of winter rapeseed collection samples of different ecological and geographical origin are given. The average yield of winter rape for the years of research ranged from 1.81 to 2.37 t/ha. The range of fluctuations of the coefficient of plasticity (bi) varied in the studied samples from 3.58 to 5.95. Of the 27 studied samples, the values of the regression coefficient (bi) had more than one variety: Bazhanyy (bi = 1.17), Amor (bi = 1.15), NPC 9800 (bi = 1.15), Atlant (bi = 1.11), Dema (bi = 1.11), Svitoch (bi = 1.08), Cheremosh (bi = 1.08), Antariya (bi = 1.06), Ranok Podillya (bi = 1.04). As a result of research it was found that the average weight of 1000 seeds of collection samples of winter rapeseed ranged from 3.73 to 4.73 g. The value of the stability variance (Si²) of the mass of 1000 seeds varied from 14.69 to 23.84), indicate that the empirical values differ from the theoretical ones. The lowest values of stability variance were obtained in the samples of Cheremosh and Dembo - (Si2) = 14.69 and 15.50 with a mass of 1000 seeds of 3.73 and 3.81 g. According to the results of four-year data, collection samples were selected, which showed stable indicators in terms of yield and are the most promising: Sveta (2,37 t/ha), Horyzont (2,36 t/ha), Elvys (2,32 t/ha), Halytskyi (2,27 t/ha). The study of the sign of the mass of 1000 seeds showed that the most stable indicator was found in varieties: Antariya, Vektra, Ranok Podillya, Votan, Demarka, Horyzont, Halytskyi. The obtained results can be used in further selection work to create competitive varieties with a high level of yield and stable manifestation of these characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today Ukraine is one of the largest producers and suppliers to the foreign market of sunflower oil and seeds. This culture is in constant demand among processing companies and exporters, has a high purchase price and level of profitability. Due to this, the area of sunflower crops has significantly expanded on the territory of Ukraine. Among farmers there is a need to use this crop as a precursor for cereals. An important measure in improving the yield and grain quality of winter wheat is the application of mineral fertilizers. Only by providing the plant with a sufficient amount of nutrients during the growing season can you get a significant harvest with good technological properties of grain. Therefore, when developing the technology of growing field crops, special attention should be paid to the system of their fertilization. The nutritional value of winter wheat and the quality of bread ultimately depend on the content of gluten and protein in the grain, the main structural element of which is nitrogen, so for the formation of high quality grain plants need this nutrient Lack of nitrogen during the period of intensive plant growth disrupts the entire course of physiological processes. Nitrogen may be sufficient to maintain active photosynthesis and carbohydrate formation, but not enough to form good quality grain. Particular attention should be paid to plant nutrition when caring for crops. Many years of research and practice of advanced farms have shown that early spring fertilization of winter crops with nitrogen fertilizers is one of the most effective methods of managing the growth and development of plants, improving yields and grain quality. Such fertilization stimulates growth processes and increases grain yield by 7-9 c / ha and more. Many years of research by scientists in different soil and climatic zones of Ukraine have shown that about half of the increase in grain yields can be obtained through the efficient use of mineral fertilizers by plants, and to improve the quality of winter wheat grain is extremely important nitrogen fertilizers. According to the three-year data of IOC NAAS, the best results of winter wheat yield in Antonivka variety (3,37 and 3,52 t / ha) were obtained when growing it on sunflower, when against the background of N40R40K40 nitrogen was additionally applied on frozen soil in the dose of N60 and N90. Field experiments were conducted in 2016-2020 in the crop rotation of the Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering of Grain Crops of the Institute of Oilseeds of NAAS. Predecessor - sunflower. Repetition - four times, the size of the test area is 24 m2 (16x1,5). Plant protection measures - taking into account the ecological threshold of harmfulness. The research was guided by the method of research of B.O. Dospekhov and methodical advice of the Research Institute of Maize for field experiments with cereals, legumes and fodder crops. They sowed a variety of winter soft wheat Gurt. Sowing was carried out on September 25 with a selection seeder SKS-6-10 with a sowing rate of 4,5 million / ha of similar seeds. Seed wrapping depth 5-6 cm. Sowing method - continuous row. Mineral fertilizers were applied according to the experimental scheme: without fertilizers; N40P40K40 (nitroammophoska) - background (for pre-sowing cultivation); background + N30 on permafrost soil; background + N60 on permafrost soil; background + N90 on permafrost soil. The aim of the research was to study the influence of nitrogen mineral fertilizers on winter wheat crops according to the predecessor of sunflower in the conditions of the southern steppe of Ukraine. According to the results of research, the winter wheat variety Gurt formed the highest yield (3,57 t / ha) in areas against pre-sowing application N40R40K40 with subsequent fertilization of crops with nitrogen (N90) in early spring on permafrost soil. In general, the yield formed by winter wheat in areas with the use of fertilizers by 0,42 -- 1,23 t / ha is higher than in areas where nitrogen fertilization was not carried out. The obtained experimental data show that the grain quality of winter wheat during the research period significantly depended on the use of nitrogen fertilizers. The highest content of protein 11,0 -- 11,3 % and gluten 19,3 -- 20,3 % in the grain of winter wheat was obtained in areas on the background of pre-sowing application N40P40K40 followed by fertilization N60 and N90 on frozen-thawed soil, while the grain was formed III class of quality. With a decrease in the dose of mineral fertilizer to N30, the protein content in the grain decreased to 10,4 %, and the amount of gluten - up to 17,3 %. Without the use of fertilizers, these indicators were the lowest and amounted to 9,2 -- 9,3 % and 14,9 -- 15,4 %, respectively. Analyzing the economic indicators in the cultivation of winter wheat on the predecessor of sunflower, it should be noted that mineral fertilizers were the main factor that most significantly affected the level of productivity of this crop, and hence the economic and energy efficiency of its production. Production costs per 1 hectare of sowing varieties of winter wheat, depending on the level of mineral nutrition were: from 9508 to 14194 UAH. The greatest economic indicators in the cultivation of winter wheat after sunflower provided sowing in variants on the background of pre-sowing application N40P40K40, followed by fertilization N60 and N90 on frozen-thawed soil. Under sowing under these conditions received the highest profitability, which was in the variety Group 58,5 -- 59,4 %. The profit was 7955,0 -- 8297,0 UAH. in accordance. The minimum value of the level of profitability of grain production (22,1 %) was in the variants where mineral fertilizers in the dose (N40P40K40) were applied in the background without fertilization. Studies have shown that the lack of nitrogen in the soil can be compensated by scientifically sound use of mineral fertilizers, which leads to increased yields and improved many indicators of wheat grain quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of studies on the effectiveness of growing confectionery sunflower in the moderately arid conditions of the northern steppe of Ukraine. The features of the formation of the yield and quality of seeds of modern varieties and a hybrid of sunflower of the confectionery direction, depending on the elements of the technology of their cultivation, namely on the variety, the method of the main tillage, the background of nutrition and the density of sowing, have been established. The most favorable conditions for the formation of high yields were formed during the main moldboard tillage. Depending on the dose of fertilizers and the sowing scheme, the yield was 1.88-3.04 t/ha for the SPK variety, 1.72-3.03 t/ha for the Belochka variety, and 1.96-3 for the Zaporozhye confectionery variety 14 t/ha, for the Goodwin hybrid -- 1.50-2.68 t/ha. The highest yield of the variety Zaporozhskiy konditerskiy -- 3.14 t/ha -- was obtained when growing on a dump system of tillage, fertilizing at a dose of N60P80K80 and for a sowing density of 40.8 thousand plants/1 ha. The highest net profit -- 37051.30 UAH/ha (profitability -- 264.25 %) from the use of mineral fertilizers with a dose of N60P80K80 was obtained for the Belochka variety for a planting density of 40.8 thousand plants/1 ha with non-moldboard tillage. But a great profitability (372 %) was obtained for the Goodwin variety during moldboard tillage using mineral fertilizers N20P40K40 and for a planting density of 40.8 thousand plants/1 ha. At the same time, the profit amounted to 29693.32 UAH/ha, and total expenses -- 7985.65 UAH/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of News of Kazakhstan Science / Novosti nauki Kazahstana is the property of NCSTE (JSC National Center for State Scientific and Technical Evaluations) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ekonomika APK is the property of Economy of Argo-Industrial Complex and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Ecology is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For the first time the influence of the nutrition surface of 100, 90, 80, and 70 (plants/m² ) on the mizuna’s growth, development and productivity (efficiency) was studied in open-air hydroponics conditions. It was revealed that during 2 vegetation periods the variant of 90 plants/m² nutrition surface provides favorable conditions (1.3 times-2.1 times) for the high yield of mizuna in hydroponic culture. At the same time, plant raw material, received in conditions of different planting concentrations, exceeded soil culture 1.1 times-2.3 times. In mizuna leaves the amount of Ca was higher in 9%-64 % in the variants of 80 plants/m² and 90 plants/m² nourishment surface. Although the low content of Vitamin C was observed in a variant 90 plants/m2 (in 24 %- 46 %), but it wasn’t inferior the 100 plants/m² and 70 plants/m² varieties with the output, at the same time it exceeded the other variants 1.4-1.7 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When assessing the economic efficiency of sunflower production in enterprises, it is necessary to correctly determine the system of interrelated indicators that should most objectively reflect its level. The aim of the research was to determine the economic and bioenergetic efficiency of sunflower cultivation depending on the method of basic tillage, dose of mineral fertilizers and growth regulators. The studies were conducted in 2016-2018 at the fields of the Institute of Oil Crops of the UAAS. The sowing was carried out at a depth of seed wrapping of 6-7 cm with a row spacing of 70 cm with a seeding rate of 50 thousand similar seeds per hectare. Basic tillage systems: classic – two-track disc, plowing (PN-3-35) to a depth of 22-25 cm; bottomless – two-track disc, endless tillage (KLD-3.0) to a depth of 25-27 cm; minimal – two-track discus, cultivation (KPS-4,0) to a depth of 10-12 cm. Mineral fertilizer application options: 1. Control – no fertilizer, 2. N40, 3. N40P60, 4. N60P60K60. Application options: 1. Control – treatment with water (250 l/ha), 2. Rost- concentrate + Oil gelatin (6-8 pairs of true leaves), 3. Forte gelatin + Mono boron gelatin (6-8 pairs of true leaves), 4. Mono boron chelate + Phosphate-potassium chelate (6-8 pairs of true leaves), 5. 1 treatment: Phosphate-potassium chelate + Multimix gelatin + Mono boron chelate (3-4 pairs of true leaves), 2 treatment: Mono gelatin boron (6-8 pairs of true leaves). The highest yield of sunflower hybrid Ratnik – 3.46 and 3.45 t/ha obtained by cultivation under the classical system of basic tillage, fertilization at a dose of N60P60K60 for pre-sowing cultivation and the second and fifth variants of application of the preparations: 2. Growth concentrate + Oil gelatin (6-8 pairs of true leaves); 5. 1 treatment: Phosphate-potassium chelate + Multimix gelatin + Mono boron gelatin (3-4 pairs of true leaves), 2 treatment: Mono boron gelatin (6-8 pairs of true leaves). The highest yield increase from the application of mineral fertilizers was obtained when fertilizing at a dose of N60P60K60 for all systems of basic tillage and is within: for classical – 0.52- 0.64 t/ha; for landless – 0.40-0.51 t/ha; at the minimum – 0.35-0.45 t/ha. It should be noted that the cultivation of sunflower crops with growth stimulants in all their applications has led to an increase in yield: in the classical system of basic tillage by 0.13-0.32; for non-drained – 0.08-0.25 and for the minimum – 0.09-0.25 t/ha. The most effective under all other conditions of cultivation was the use of a mixture of preparations Growthconcentrate + gelatin oil. Indicators of economic efficiency of sunflower hybrid cultivation Ratnik, calculated at prices on 01.03.2021, varied depending on the options for the use of mineral fertilizers, growth regulators and methods of basic tillage. Taking into account the cost of the obtained products and the costs of its cultivation, the profit is obtained depending on the background of mineral nutrition and the application of growth regulators: 45156-57059 UAH/ha under the classic system of basic tillage with a profitability of 403-654 %; 41822-50349 UAH/ha for a bottomless system with a level of profitability of 358-616 %; 40699-48110 UAH/ha under the minimum system with a level of profitability of 359-642 %. The highest profit was obtained under the classical system of basic tillage, which exceeded this figure by 3334-7505 and 4457-9417 UAH/ha for bottomless and minimum systems. The most effective was the cultivation of sunflower hybrid Ratnik under the classical system of basic tillage against the background of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N40 and spraying crops in the phase of 6-8 pairs of true leaves with a mixture of Rost-concentrate + Helatin oil. The bioenergy efficiency of the studied agricultural methods varied depending on the options for the use of mineral fertilizers, growth regulators and methods of basic tillage. Taking into account the gross energy yield and total energy consumption for cultivation, the increase in gross energy was obtained, depending on the background of mineral nutrition and the variant of application of growth regulators: 45599-54678 MJ/ha under the classical system of basic tillage with energy coefficient 2.16-4.28; 42346-48528 MJ/ha for a bottomless system with an energy factor of 1.98-4.22; 40900-45998 MJ/ha for the minimum system with an energy factor of 1.92-4.18. The largest increase in gross energy was obtained in the classical system of basic tillage, which exceeded this figure by 3253-7048 and 4699-9216 MJ/ha in the bottomless and minimum systems. The most efficient in terms of energy indicators was the cultivation of sunflower hybrid Ratnik under the classical system of basic tillage against the background of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N40P60 and spraying crops in the phase of 6-8 pairs of true leaves with a mixture of Rost-concentrate + Chelatin oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is noted that flax oil is a promising object in the system of biology of agricultural production, since it has a positive effect on the state of agrophytocoenosis and has a wide nutritional medical and cosmetic application. Production of oilseeds for food and medical purposes should be based on the use of biological preparations of abbrevy, protective and growth of regulatory action. The use of biological preparations on flax crops can improve plant nutrition, provide high-quality protection and contributes to the stability of agrocenoses affected by intensive chemicalization. Modern biological poly functional preparations provide phytohormonal regulation of basic physiological processes in plant organisms and contribute to adaptation to adverse environmental factors such as drought and thermal stress. The purpose of the work is to study the influence of biological preparations on the formation of indicators of oil flax productivity for seed treatment and soliloin feeding of crops during the growing season. The research was carried out on dark chestnut heavy loamy soils in the indigestable crop rotation of the southern Steppe of Ukraine. The object of research is microbiological preparations Ecophosforin, Binok TK, Asphosforin and organic fertilizer Bio-gel, which were used in accordance with the regulations. The experiment used the vera variety, which was grown in compliance with zonal technology. In accordance with the recommendations, biological preparations were used by pre-sowing treatment of seeds on the eve of sowing and spraying plants in the "Christmas tree" phase with a hand sprayer. It has been proved that the use of drugs, improving the nutritional and vital activity of plants, increased the number of boxes and seeds formed by one plant. The use of drugs Ecophosforin and Bio-gel has shown the greatest positive effect on the formation of elements of oil flax productivity compared to control and other options. The average seed weight from one plant was the highest with the double use of organic fertilizer Bio-gel (0.37 g), as well as in the treatment of seeds ecophosforin (0.35 g) and Bio-gel (0.36 g). Treatment of seeds with microbiological preparation Ecophosforin and organic fertilizer Bio-gel increases yield by 0.22 and 0.35 t /ha. Microbiological drug Azotophosforin should be used for processing seeds and crops in the "Christmas tree" phase, which ensures an increase in the yield of oil flax by 0.21 t / ha. The highest yield of seeds was provided by the treatment of seeds with organic fertilizer Bio-gel 0.99 t / ha among microbiological preparations Ecophosforin 0.86 t / ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field research was conducted in the fields of the Institute of Oilseeds Crops NAAS, which is located in the Zaporozhye district of Zaporozhye region and belongs to the southern subzone of the Steppe of Ukraine. The research was performed according to generally accepted methods in agriculture and crop production. Experiment 1. Scheme of the experiment: Factor A - sowing period: early (at a soil temperature of 8–10 ° С), late (12–19 days after the early one). Factor B - seeding rate (mln seeds per ha): 3.5; 4.5; 5.5. Experiment 2. Scheme of the experiment: Factor A - method of sowing: row (row spacing 15 cm), cross. Factor B - seeding rate (mln seeds per ha): 5.0; 6.0; 7.0. Factor C - application of harrowing: without harrowing, with harrowing in the Christmas tree phase. A variety of flax oil Kivika was sown. The aim of the research was to identify and study the timing, methods of sowing, seeding rates and crop care (harrowing in the "Christmas tree" phase) of Kivika oil flax for elements of productivity and yield. As a result of the conducted researches it was established that the studied agrotechnical methods of cultivation influenced the growth, development, yield of oil flax. From the obtained data it was established that with the increase of seed sowing rate from 3.5 to 4.5 and 5.5 mln seeds per ha the number of seeds per plant decreased. The weight of seeds from one plant was almost the same for both sowing dates and was equal to 0.42-0.26 g and 0.44-0.28 g, respectively, for early and late Kivika cultivars. The largest seed weight from one plant was formed during the late period. sowing and sowing rates of 3.5 mln seeds per ha and amounted to 0.44 g in the Kivika variety. With an increase in the sowing rate of seeds from 3.5 to 4.5 and 5.5 mln seeds per ha in all years of research, there was a tendency to reduce the weight of 1000 seeds. This figure was higher than late sowing and was equal to early and late, respectively, depending on the sowing rate in the variety Kivika – 4.52–4.37 g and 4.95–4.65 g. The highest weight of 1000 seeds was observed at late sowing and sowing rates of 3.5 mln seeds per ha and was in the variety Kivika – 4.95 g. Depending on the sowing rate, the fat content in oilseed flax seeds was: at the early sowing period in the Kivika variety – 40.4–40.8%; for late sowing - 39.6–41.0%. An important indicator of the efficiency of growing oilseeds and, in particular, oil flax, is the collection of oil per unit area. Oil collection depends on the yield and fat content in the seeds. According to our data, oil collection mainly depended on the yield and to a lesser extent on the oil content of the seeds. It was found that the collection of oil in flax oil depended on agricultural practices. In the Kivika variety, for both sowing dates, the oil collection per unit area in the sowing rates of 3.5 and 4.5 mln seeds per ha was 429, 439 kg/ha and 440 kg/ha, respectively. The increase in the sowing rate of the Kivika variety from 4.5 to 5.5 mln seeds per ha for both sowing periods led to a decrease in oil collection from 440 kg/ha to 396 kg/ha in the early period and to 422 kg / ha in the late period. sowing date. Sowing dates affected flax yields in different ways. In the Kivika variety, for both sowing periods, the yield was almost on the same level with the sowing rate of 3.5 and 4.5 mln seeds per ha and was equal to 1.20 and 1.21 t / ha and 1.23 and 1.25 t /ha. In the row method of sowing in the variant with harrowing the weight of 1000 seeds was at sowing rates 5.0 mln seeds per ha 4.50 – 4.53 g; 6.0 mln seeds per ha – 4.40–4.43 g and 7.0 mln seeds per ha 4.32 – 4.35 g and increased by cross-seeding at sowing rates of 5.0 mln seeds per ha to 4.54 – 4.58 g; 6.0 mln seeds per ha – up to 4.46–4.48 g; 7.0 mln seeds per ha - up to 4.35– 4.39 g. Harrowing led to an increase in the weight of 1000 seeds by row sowing by 0.03 g, and by cross – by 0.02–0.04 g. At the same time, thickening of crops led to a decrease in the weight of 1000 seeds. With increasing sowing rate from 5.0 to 6.0 and 7.0 mln seeds per ha, the weight of 1000 seeds, depending on harrowing, decreased from 4.50-4.53 to 4.40-4.43 and 4.32 - 4.35 g - for the row method of sowing and from 4.54-4.58 to 4.46-4.48 and 4.35-4.39 g - for the cross method of sowing. The application of the cross-method of sowing in comparison with the row method led to an increase in the mass of seeds per plant in all sowing rates, except for 5.0 mln seeds per ha. According to the row method of sowing, depending on harrowing, the weight of seeds from one plant was equal, according to sowing rates 5.0 mln seeds per ha – 0.31–0.34 g; 6.0 mln seeds per ha – 0.25–0.27 g; 7.0 mln seeds per ha – 0.21–0.22 g, and in the cross method at sowing rates 5.0 mln seeds per ha – 0.32–0.34 g; 6.0 mln seeds per ha 0.28–0.31 g; 7.0 mln seeds per ha – 0.24–0.25 g. Harrowing caused an increase in the mass of seeds from one plant by row and cross sowing methods by 0.01–0.03 g. At the same time, the thickening of crops caused a decrease mass of seeds from one plant. In the analysis of yield data, it was found that the best sowing rate was 5.0 mln seeds per ha, which, depending on harrowing, yield was 1.20–1.26 t/ha. With increasing sowing rate from 5.0 to 6.0 and 7.0 mln seeds per ha, depending on harrowing, the yield decreased to 1.14–1.19 and 1.09– 1.12 t/ha, respectively. Under the cross-method of sowing, the highest yield of oil flax (1.30–1.35 t/ha) was formed with a sowing rate of 6.0 mln seeds per ha in the variant with harrowing. When the sowing rate was reduced to 5.0 mln seeds per ha or increased to 7.0 mln seeds per ha, the yield decreased to 1.25–1.27 t/ha and 1.23–1.27 t/ha. The fat content in flax seeds, depending on the method of sowing, sowing rate and harrowing was 39.9-41.4%. At the same time, a slightly higher fat content in the seeds was observed with the row method of sowing. Depending on the sowing and harrowing rate, the oil yield in the crosssowing method was 437–487 kg/ha and increased by 10–51 kg/ha compared to the row method. Conclusions Growing techniques in some way influenced the growth, development, and yield formation of flax oil variety Kivika. The highest yield – 1.25 t/ha was obtained at a late sowing period with a sowing rate of 4.5 mln seeds per ha. The highest yield (1.35 t / ha) in the cross-method of sowing was provided by the sowing rate of 6 mln seeds per ha from the application of harrowing in the "Christmas tree" phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Одной из причин снижения урожайности озимой пшеницы и ярового ячменя является значительное распространение в посевах корневищных и корнеотпрысковых сорных растений. Высокая конкурентоспособность сорных растений определяется во многом особенностями их минерального питания. Накопление K2O в бодяке щетинистом (Cirsium setosum) и осоте полевом (Sonchus arvensis) превышало накопление в культурных растениях в два раза. Содержание азота в корнях и корневищах сорных растений в 1.5–2 раза превышало содержание у культурных растений. Сорные растения, интенсивно произрастающие в среднем и верхнем ярусах, способствовали большему выносу элементов питания из почвы. Существенное снижение (> 10 %) урожайности ячменя отмечалось при плотности популяции 5–10 многолетних сорных растений на 1 м2 в нижнем ярусе. Озимая пшеница была более устойчива, снижение в 10 % отмечено при 11–15 шт/м2 в нижнем ярусе. Снижение урожайности для обеих культур на уровне 10–15 % отмечено при плотности популяции 5-10 шт/м2 в верхнем ярусе фитоценоза. Расчет экономического порога вредоносности (ЭПВ) на уровне 5 % потерь урожая для сорняков нижнего яруса колебался от 6–8 шт/м2, на уровне 10 % потерь – до 8–12 шт/м2. Для сорных растений среднего и верхнего яруса ЭПВ на уровне 5 % составил: для бодяка щетинистого в посевах ярового ячменя – 2 шт/м2 и в посевах озимой пшеницы – 4 шт/м2; хвоща полевого (Equisetum arvense) – 4 и 5 шт/м2, осота полевого – 2 и 4 шт/м2, вьюнка полевого (Convolvulus arvensis) – 5 и 5 шт/м2, соответственно.

The results of comparative evaluation of productivity are presented for 24 spring barley cultivars of various genotypes from VIR’s collection with regard to the climate conditions of their cultivation. In the dry steppe zone of Volgograd Province considerable differences have been observed in the productivity and yield components depending on climate factors and genotypes. Five accessions with high adaptability ratios have been identified as well as several cultivar accessions with high 1000 grain weight manifested in different years of growing.

Yield structure elements of four productive accessions have been studied in the competitive variety testing nursery at Arkhangelsk Research Institute of Agriculture. Correlation analysis has been carried out between productivity, growing season, and yield structure elements. Priority elements of yield structure in the Extreme North environments are: productive tillering, 1000 grain weight, and ear length. An important factor is the duration of the growing season which correlates directly with productivity.

Researches were carried out on varieties, hybrids, isogenic lines and mutants of peas of various use developed from the beginning of the 1980s up to 2013. Experimental material was investigated under field conditions in the collection, hybridization and breeding nurseries as well as in the process of competitive variety testing in Orel Province. It is shown that one or several recessive alleles of the genes introduced into the genotypes of new varieties of grain, fodder and vegetable peas, blue lupin and soybean can influence the changees in a great number of morphological and physiological parameters determining plant growth, development and also characteristics in the system of yield formation. Reduction of leaf area in leafless pea varieties and lupin varietitts with limited branching is connected with the weakening of root system growth, which is caused by trophic interaction between these organs.

Since 2001, the East Kazakhstan Research Institute of Agriculture has been conducting the work aimed at the development and study of the collection of ultra-early and early soybean accessions in order to obtain new early-maturing and high-yielding cultivars adapted to the soil and climate environment of East Kazakhstan Region. As a result of breeding efforts embracing the whole scheme from hybridization and individual selection to routine and competitive trials, the new soybean cultivars ‘Birlik KV’ (2014) and ‘Vostochnaya Krasavitsa’ (2016), with earlier maturity and higher yield than the references, were submitted for State Variety Trials of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In 2017, the cultivar ‘Birlik KV’ was approved for cultivation in East Kazakhstan Region.

In 2012-1016, 23 chickpea accessions from VIR and 23 accessions from the collection of chickpea somaclones of the Siberian Research Institute of Forages were studied at Omsk State Agrarian University. The research performed in the southern forest-steppe of West Siberia resulted in identifying chickpea accessions with a shorter growing season, high plant productivity, good processability, and high symbiotic activity. The possibility of using cluster analysis for comprehensive assessment of source material for chickpea breeding was demonstrated. The nature of inheritance of agronomic traits in F1 chickpea hybrids was revealed, and recommendations for selection were formulated. A correlation was established between the major characters.

Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding. Vol. 178. Iss. 4. SPb.: VIR, 2017. P. 80-93. Bibl. 82. The ecogeographical principle of choosing pairs for crossing developed by V. I. Michurin has appeared so effective that it is still used by many plant breeders. Meanwhile, as a result of extensive exchange of breeding material, this ecogeographical approach to the matching of pairs has lost its relevance, being replaced by the new methods of finding phenotypic and genotypic differences between parents. However, new mathematic methods have failed to win similar general recognition. This article reviews the basic methods of choosing parental pairs for crosses in self-pollinated crop breeding. Positive and negative aspects of using these methods in breeding practice are discussed. By now, many facts have been accumulated about the ability of lines in remote generations to reach the F1 yield level. An assumption is made that high-yielding lines may be selected from crosses with high yield in F1. Major problems of pair selection according to the degree of genetic distance between parents are highlighted. Methodical difficulties faced by breeders when they compare different pair selection principles are discussed.

To expand the genetic basis of newly created varieties of potatoes a complex interspecific hybrids from VIR (N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources) were used as parental lines that combine resistance to the most harmful pathogens with a complex of valuable commercial traits in progeny from crosses with breeding varieties. This provides the possibility to identify transgressive recombinants and increases the efficiency of selection of new promising varieties with different maturity and target use.

A comparative evaluation of flax varieties on drained and usual field showed that during significant rainfalls drainage provides increased yields of seeds and straw, and in their lack suppress seeds development. Varieties genotypes influence on high straw yield accumulation is stronger than that on seed formation under the drained conditions during moderate drought in the later stages of vegetation. Use of drained lands for evaluation of the adaptive potential of flax varieties allows identifying their response to different hydrothermal conditions and selects the most promising genotypes.

The studies found out that the productivity and quality of oat crop accessions were influenced by the climatic conditions during the vegetation period and plant mineral nutrition level. Under favorable weather and soil conditions the accessions demonstrated a reliable yield increase (0.35-0.37-0.40 t/ha), increased weight of 1000 grains and lesser grain husk. With irregular heat and humidity on poor naturally fertile soils, the growing season of mid-ripening varieties was longer, while for mid-early ones becamer shorter; grain yield was lower than in dry environments.

In 2014-15, evaluated in Krasnodar Region were the yield of green pea, net productivity of photosynthesis, productivity of a foliage surface unit as well as the economic coefficient in 16 garden pea varieties of the common leafy and leafless morphotypes. The study helped to identify leafless varieties comparable with those of the conventional morphotype accordin to the set of traits studied.

The article presents the study results of soybean in the Ryazan district of the Ryazan region in 2013-2015. The paper considers the effect of biologically active preparations based on nanoparticles of iron, cobalt and copper on such physiological, biochemical and productive indexes of soybean as field germination, plant and root height, plant and root weight, leaf area, elements of yield structure, productivity and chemical composition. The study showed that the bio-preparation based on nanoparticles of copper increased the plant height on 9.7% in the branching phase and the weight of vegetative part of the plants on 26.4%. The application of the bio-preparation based on nanoparticles of cobalt gave the best result. The root weight of the plants during a vegetation period increased on 17.7%, productivity of soybean grain increased on 20% and content of protein in grain increased on 4.9% compared with the control variety. The field trials of efficiency of preparations based on nanoparticles of iron, cobalt and copper in the cultivation technology of the soybean in the Central Non-Black earth part of RF showed that nanoparticles of cobalt possess the best efficiency that promotes the further study and introduction of growth regulator into production.

There have been studied the response of early maturing potato variety ‘Red Skarlet’ on different methods of application of the growth regulator ‘Albit’ and various rates of mineral nutrition on grey soils of forest-steppe zone of Middle Povolzhie. It has been established that potato treatment by the preparation before planting, double use of the medicine during vegetation and application of both preparations are the most efficient. The experiments were carried out with and without the use of NPK calculated for the potato productivity of 30 t/ha. During the trials we have estimated the dynamics of leaf formation, coefficients of FAR use, productivity and quality of potato. It has been established that the indexes significantly depend on the studied factors. Potato treatment before planting increased the productivity on 1.55-2.10 t/ha depending on the nutrition. Double potato treatment during vegetation increased the productivity on 3.03=3.15 t/ha. The maximum increase of the productivity (4.84-5.10 t/ha) was obtained after a composite use of the preparation.

The paper considers the correlation of backgrounds of nutrition and a layer of alfalfa agrocenosis on the sowings of spring wheat variety ‘Eskada 70’ as a subsequent crop of field crop rotation. On the basis of the comparative assessment of the study of grass stand and backgrounds of their mineral nutrition we have worked out specific proposals for production, providing a sufficient balance of humus in low fertile grey forestry soils of Tatarstan and obtaining high qualitative grain of spring wheat on 35 hwt/ha more with 550-650 rubles/hwt of cost price and 800-900 rubles/hwt of market price. It has been proved experimentally that the use of the doses of fertilizer mixtures allows not only form highly productive alfalfa agrocenosis but also control fertility of vast grey forestry soils of the Republic of Tatarstan. The use of the layer of perennial grasses as fallow for spring wheat produced high yields of grain and reduced the need of mineral fertilizers for the sowings.

The article presents the information about significance and spread of durum wheat, the reasons of deficit of durum grain in the country and the ways to improve production of this valuable crop. One of the ways is to introduce the commercial varieties of winter durum wheat ‘Amazonka’, ‘Agat donskoy’, ‘Kristella’, ‘Lazurit’ and ‘Oniks’, listed in the State Register of breeding achievements in North-Caucasus and Nizhniy-Volga region from 2010 till 2015. The new varieties possess high genetic potential of productivity. The average productivity during the years of trials (2011-2015) was 6.81 t/ha (the variety ‘Kristella’), 7.37 t/ha (the variety ‘Lazurit’); in the favourable year of 2014 they produced 8.24 and 8.80 t/ha respectively and in the unfavourable year of 2012 they gave 4.96 and 6.0 t/ha. The varieties ‘Amazonka’, ‘Agat donskoy’ and ‘Lazurit’ have got a high degree of frost resistance; the varieties ‘Kristella’ and ‘Oniks’ have got the average degree, giving way to ‘Donchanka’ on 8-18% with high drought tolerance especially in the period of ripening. The variety ‘Kristella’ belongs to the middle early maturing group, the varieties ‘Amazonka’, ‘Oniks’ and ‘Diona’ belong to middle maturing group and the varieties ‘Agat donskoy’ and ‘Lazurit’ belong to middle later maturing group. The varieties of short stem type are resistant to lodging (4-5 points), excluding ‘Amazonka’ which gives way to other varieties on 1-2 points. The varieties are tolerant to brown and yellow rust, powdery mildew; average tolerant to septoriosis, root rots and snow mold; they are highly sensitive to bacteriosis and fusarium of head and grain. The grain quality (vitreousness, nature weight, content of protein and gluten and its quality, falling number) is high and meets the demands of GOST for durum wheat. The technological and cooking properties of pasts are good (yellow and cream colors of pasta, strength of 800-900g, total assessment of 3.8-4.0 points). The sowings of the varieties of durum wheat both seed-growing and commercial are necessary to place apart from the sowings of winter soft wheat (at the distance of 200-500 m, not less) to avoid biological and mechanical contamination.