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Despite advances in minimally invasive surgery, urolithiasis still recurs within the first five years after the first episode in more than 50% of patients. Researchers continue to search for new crystallisation inhibitors, metaphylaxis strategies and laser sources for stone destruction. Therefore, to achieve these goals, it is necessary to study kidney stones not only as the result of an isolated process of pathological biomineralisation in the human body, but also as a biogenic mineral or rock that obeys universal patterns and has certain properties. Consequently, kidney stones need to be studied using methods that are widely used in the geological sciences for the study of minerals, such as computed microtomography and petrological analysis. In this review, the properties of kidney stones studied using various research methods used in geosciences are discussed. These properties are also considered as new biomarkers of urolithiasis. This review discusses how new data from multimodal stone analysis can be used to develop personalised metaphylaxis and treatment strategies for all types of urolithiasis, including the most common idiopathic calcium-oxalate urolithiasis.

The aim of the research. We have a detailed representation of the results of our analysis of 21 microelement’s concentration in blood of patients with different forms of pathology of the prostate. We haven’t succeeded in finding similar works on great amount of microelements in prostate cancer and prostate precancer. This work is made in the clinics of urology, on the chairs of urology and biochemistry and in heavy metals diagnosis laboratory of nephrology, medical and professional diseases clinics (of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University).

The aim of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of m-holinolitics of those patients who have unsatisfactory results in transurethral resection of a TURP prostate. One of the most common diseases among older men, the benign prostate’s hyperplasia is a major medical and social problem nowadays.

This article deals with the problem of bone metabolism in the case of locally advanced prostate cancer.

The article deals with various aspects of the implementation methods of tissue engineering into clinical practice of treatment of urethral strictures.

Epidemiology and prophylaxis of prostate cancer (CaP) has remained a pressing and challenging issue for many decades. One of its aspects is the role of food additives and diet which diff er for people of various regions. Multiple dubious epidemiologic and clinical studies on this issue warrant further clinical and experimental research into the role of vitamins and microelements in different stages of prostate cancer initiation and development. The use of complex clinical and histological evaluation of urologic patients and blood sampling is viewed for vitamins as well as lipid peroxidation products and 21 microelements. The test subjects included 115 male patients of the Urology clinic – 95 patients with different kinds of prostate gland oncopathology and 20 males without prostate pathology. The results have shown a statistically significant deviation of the levels of certain substances in the blood. Patients with CaP had reduced levels of antioxidants (lycopene, vitamin Е, germanium, selenium) and increased levels of pro-oxidants (aluminum and conjugated dienes). We have demonstrated that patients with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) have decreased blood levels of vitamin C, total carotenoids, germanium, selenium and increased levels of aluminum and conjugated dienes. Malignant transformation of prostate gland cells is associated with a decreased blood level of antioxidants (lycopene, carotenoids, vitamin Е, vitamin C, germanium, sulfur, selenium) and a increased level of pro-oxidants (aluminum and conjugated dienes). The aforementioned changes associated with the mechanism of prostate carcinogenesis are already detected in patients with HGPIN (precancer) with no further progression in patients with developed CaP.

The content of vitamins and relative biologically active substances including the products of lipids peroxidation has been studied in the blood of 115 males -patients of Department of Urology of I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. The patients have been divided to four groups: prostatic carcinoma (PC); high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HG PIN) or precancer; mixed group of conditional control – low grade PIN, benign prostatic hyperplasia, chronic prostatitis or their combination; control group of healthy men without prostate pathology. Further statistically reliable differences have been found: patients with PC had lower level of antioxidants – lycopene, vitamin E and enhanced level of diene conjugates (products of lipid peroxidation); patients with HG PIN low level of vitamin C, total carotenoids and increased diene conjugates. The difference in vitamins-antioxidants levels in patients with PC and HG PIN has not been found out.

Primary headache associated with sexual activity (PHASA) is a form of primary headaches, precipitated by sexual activity, in the absence of any intracranial disorder. Two types of PHASA are discerned: preorgasmic and orgasmic. A case of 44 years old patient with orgasmic headache is presented. Principles of differential diagnosis of orgasmic headache with secondary headaches and management of patients with PHASA are discussed.

New ways of treatment of chronic prostatitis as prevention of development of prostatic hyperplasia are described in this article.

There are considered characteristics of the laser medical devices working at the wavelengths 1.94; 2.01 and 2.1 µm, which are used in urology for surgical operations. It is shown that unlike action in the air environment, section of the biotissue in the water environment (physiological solution) is performed by the steam-gas stream which is formed as a result of superintensive boiling in thin (about 0.1 mm) a liquid layer in which absorbed laser radiation. Coagulation of the biotissue, adjacent to a section, happens due to heat which is produced via vapor condensation.

Objective: to elaborate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signs of prostate cancer (PC) in accordance with the PIRADS classification during multiparametric MRI (mpMRI).Material and methods. A total of 89 men aged 20 to 82 years were examined. A control group consisted of 8 (9%) healthy volunteers younger than 30 years of age with no urological history to obtain control images and MRI plots and 20 (22.5%) men aged 26–76 years, whose morphological changes were inflammatory and hyperplastic. The second age-matched group included 61 (68.5%) patients diagnosed with prostate cancer at morphological examination. A set of studies included digital rectal examination, serum prostate-specific antigen, and transrectal ultrasoundguided prostate biopsy. All the patients underwent prostate mpMRI applying a 3.0 T Achieva MRI scanner (Philips, the etherlands).Results. The patients have been found to have mpMRI signs that were typical of PC; its MRI semiotics according to the PI-RADS classification is presented. Each mpMRI rocedure has been determined to be of importance and informative value in detecting PC.Conclusion. The comprehensive mpMRI approach to diagnosing PC improves the quality and diagnostic value of prostate MRI.

Multiparametric magnetic-resonance imaging study was performed on 89 patients in magnetic-resonance imager 3 T. In 61 of them identified prostate cancer. Identified opportunities and the role of the complex magnetic resonance imaging in the clinical diagnostic algorithm for cancer of the pancreas, compared the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic-resonance imaging. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic-resonance imaging is one of the important methods for diagnosis of prostate cancer, specifying the location and staging of neoplastic process. Multiparametric magnetic-resonance imaging study of patients of prostate cancer has a great advantage compared with other clinical and diagnostic radiation methods in determining the localization of the true size of the tumor and its degree of aggressiveness.

Multiparametric magnetic-resonance imaging study was performed on 89 patients in magnetic-resonance imager 3 T. In 61 of them identified prostate cancer. Identified opportunities and the role of the complex magnetic resonance imaging in the clinical diagnostic algorithm for cancer of the pancreas, compared the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion-weighted imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic-resonance imaging. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic-resonance imaging is one of the important methods for diagnosis of prostate cancer, specifying the location and staging of neoplastic process. Multiparametric magnetic-resonance imaging study of patients of prostate cancer has a great advantage compared with other clinical and diagnostic radiation methods in determining the localization of the true size of the tumor and its degree of aggressiveness.

The problem of therapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia has not lost its relevance today due to the high prevalence rate of this pathologyamong the male population. The article provides the results of non-interventional (observational) study of application of the tamsulosin(Proflosin®) drug or combined therapy with tamsulosin (Proflosin®) + Serenoa repens (Prostamol® Uno) of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in routine clinical practice. 1,000 practicing urology experts from 100 cities and towns of Russia took part in the study as well as 23 492 patients with the established diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia, which were prescribed with tamsulosin (Proflosin®) monotherapy or combined therapy with tamsulosin (Proflosin®) + Serenoa repens (Prostamol® Uno) in conditions of outpatient clinical practice. As a result of the study, improvement of the life standard and subjective symptoms were stated with patients with the absence of significant side effects directly associated with intake of the drug studies.

The problem of therapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia has not lost its relevance today due to the high prevalence rate of this pathologyamong the male population. The article provides the results of non-interventional (observational) study of application of the tamsulosin(Proflosin®) drug or combined therapy with tamsulosin (Proflosin®) + Serenoa repens (Prostamol® Uno) of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia in routine clinical practice. 1,000 practicing urology experts from 100 cities and towns of Russia took part in the study as well as 23 492 patients with the established diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia, which were prescribed with tamsulosin (Proflosin®) monotherapy or combined therapy with tamsulosin (Proflosin®) + Serenoa repens (Prostamol® Uno) in conditions of outpatient clinical practice. As a result of the study, improvement of the life standard and subjective symptoms were stated with patients with the absence of significant side effects directly associated with intake of the drug studies.

Training of muscles of a pelvic bottom under control of biofeedback is applied at 87 patients with an urinary incontinence after a radical prostatectomy. Biofeedback increases management and control of a pelvic floor. At good ability of management of muscles of a pelvic floor the median of restoration was 4 months. Without opportunity of management of muscles of pelvic floor restoration was 9.4 months.

Training of muscles of a pelvic bottom under control of biofeedback is applied at 87 patients with an urinary incontinence after a radical prostatectomy. Biofeedback increases management and control of a pelvic floor. At good ability of management of muscles of a pelvic floor the median of restoration was 4 months. Without opportunity of management of muscles of pelvic floor restoration was 9.4 months.

The search for new diagnostic tests for cancer or ways to improve existing tests is primarily driven by the desire to identify the disease as early as possible. In this report, we summarize the current knowledge of the most promising diagnostic protein bladder cancer (BC) markers reported over the last decade. Unfortunately, analysis of published data suggests that a reliable, highly sensitive biomarker test-system based on ELISA for detecting BC has not yet been developed. The use of more sensitive assays to detect ultra-low concentrations of biomarkers not available for ELISA, could be very beneficial. Based on the literature and pilot experimental data, we conclude that a highly sensitive immunoassay using microarrays and magnetic labels, could be an effective and cheap technique suitable for the detection of diagnostically relevant BC biomarkers.

The cysteine protease Cathepsin B (CtsB) plays a critical role in multiple signaling pathways, intracellular protein degradation, and processing. Endogenous inhibitors regulate its enzymatic activity, including stefins and other cystatins. Recent data proved that CtsB is implicated in tumor extracellular matrix remodeling, cell invasion, and metastasis: a misbalance between cathepsins and their natural inhibitors is often considered a sign of disease progression. In the present study, we investigated CtsB and stefin A (StfA) expression in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). mRNA analysis unveiled a significant CTSB and STFA increase in RCC tissues compared to adjacent non-cancerogenic tissues and a higher CtsB expression in malignant tumors than in benign renal neoplasms. Further analysis highlighted a positive correlation between CtsB and StfA expression as a function of patient sex, age, tumor size, grade, lymph node invasion, metastasis occurrence, and survival. Alternative overexpression and silencing of CtsB and StfA confirmed the correlation expression between these proteins in human RCC-derived cells through protein analysis and fluorescent microscopy. Finally, the ectopic expression of CtsB and StfA increased RCC cell proliferation. Our data strongly indicated that CtsB and StfA expression play an important role in RCC development by mutually stimulating their expression in RCC progression.

The differential diagnosis of prostate cancer is problematic due to the lack of markers with high diagnostic accuracy. We previously demonstrated the increased binding of IgG to human plasminogen (PLG) in plasma of patients with prostate cancer (PC) compared to healthy controls. Heavy and light chains of PLG (PLG-H and PLG-L) were immobilized on 96-well plates and the binding of IgG to PLG-H and PLG-L was analyzed in serum from 30 prostate cancer (PC) patients, 30 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 30 healthy controls using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our results demonstrate that IgG from PC sera bind to PLG-H but not to PLG-L. This interaction occurred through the free IgG C-terminal lysine (Lys) that becomes exposed as a result of IgG conformational changes associated with proteolysis. Circulating levels of modified IgG with exposed C-terminal Lys (IgG-Lys) were significantly higher in PC patients than in healthy controls and in BPH. We used Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis to calculate the sensitivity (SN) and specificity (SP) of circulating IgG-Lys for differentiating PC from BPH as 77% and 90%, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.87. We demonstrated that the diagnostic accuracy of circulating levels of IgG-Lys is much higher than diagnostic accuracy of total PSA (tPSA).

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can be specifically expressed in different tissues and cancers. By controlling the gene expression at the transcriptional and translational levels, lncRNAs have been reported to be involved in tumor growth and metastasis. Recent data demonstrated that multiple lncRNAs have a crucial role in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) progression—the most common malignant urogenital tumor. In the present study, we found a trend towards increased PROX1 antisense RNA 1 (PROX1-AS1) expression in RCC specimens compared to non-tumoral margins. Next, we found a positive correlation between PROX1-AS1 expression and the occurrence of distant and lymph node metastasis, higher tumor stage (pT1 vs. pT2 vs. pT3–T4) and high-grade (G1/G2 vs. G3/G4) clear RCC. Furthermore, global demethylation in RCC-derived cell lines (769-P and A498) and human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells induced a significant increase of PROX1-AS1 expression level, with the most remarkable change in HEK293 cells. In line with this evidence, bisulfite sequencing analysis confirmed the specific demethylation of bioinformatically selected CpG islands on the PROX1-AS1 promoter sequence in the HEK293 cell line but not in the tumor cells. Additionally, the human specimen analysis showed the hemimethylated state of CG dinucleotides in non-tumor kidney tissues, whereas the tumor samples presented the complete, partial, or no demethylation of CpG-islands. In conclusion, our study indicated that PROX1-AS1 could be associated with RCC progression, and further investigations may define its role as a new diagnostic marker and therapeutic target.

The article presents a review of Russian and international literature dedicated to the problem of painful ejaculation. Mentions of this type of disorders are quite rare. Its real incidence remains unknown. Connections between painful ejaculation and infectious and inflammatory diseases (orchitis, epididymitis, prostatitis, vesiculitis, urethritis), previous surgeries (in particular, transurethral resection of the prostate), administration of certain drugs (for example, antidepressants), rare congenital developmental anomalies are considered. Data on the effectiveness of conservative and surgical treatment are presented.

Показано, что у большинства женщин недержание мочи начинается одновременно с последним менструальным периодом. Многие женщины, страдая от симптомов нарушения мочеиспускания, с большей неохотой обращаются за помощью к профессионалам по сравнению с другими заболеваниями. Стеснительность и отношение женщин к проблеме как к неотъемлемому признаку старения приводят к тому, что полученные цифры о распространенности заболевания не отражают истинного положения вещей. В последние годы исследование распространенности недержания мочи проведено Д.Ю.Пушкарем (1996). Однако в этой работе, как и в большинстве работ других авторов, частота недержания мочи не была сопоставлена с климактерическим периодом. К сожалению, в силу социально-экономических причин в России практически отсутствуют выполненные на больших свободных популяциях эпидемиологические исследования, посвященные частоте урогенитальных расстройств вообще и расстройств мочеиспускания в частности. Данных о распространенности нарушений мочеиспускания у женщин в постменопаузе в нашей стране нет.Цель нашего исследования - усовершенствование существующих схем медикаментозного лечения пациенток со стрессовым недержанием мочи в климактерическом периоде. В результате проведенного нами исследования установлено, что наиболее эффективной является комбинированная терапия стрессового недержания мочи у женщин в климактерическом периоде с использованием препаратов для ЗГТ и селективных модуляторов негормональных рецепторов нижних мочевых путей. По нашему мнению, возможностью повышения эффективности лечения стрессового недержания мочи у женщин в климактерическом периоде является: 1) первоначальное, не менее чем на 3-6 мес назначение ЗГТ (в комбинации с селективными модуляторами негормональных рецепторов нижних мочевых путей); 2) решение вопроса о необходимости и варианте оперативного лечения; 3) дальнейшее пожизненное применение ЗГТ.

Рак предстательной железы (РПЖ) - одно из наиболее распространенных заболеваний у мужчин пожилого возраста. При наличии костных метастазов, а также при развитии резистентности к гормональной терапии, вероятность осложнений со стороны скелета возрастает.В связи с актуальностью проблемы в 2002 г. было решено провести Российское многоцентровое исследование по оценке эффективности зометы у больных РПЖ с костными метастазами.В исследовании участвовало 9 исследовательских центров. Урологи, онкологи в настоящее время имеют в своем арсенале эффективный препарат "Зомета", который позволяет длительное время стабилизировать состояние костной системы и снижать число патологических осложнений со стороны скелета. Зомета одобрена Фармкомитетом МЗ РФ для лечения больных с литическими, бластическими и смешанными метастазами в кости. Все указанное подтверждает необходимость широкого использования зометы в лечении больных РПЖ.