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The study's objective was to evaluate how the capture rate of bottle traps is influenced by their color, number of entry holes, and bait liquids.For this purpose, yellow, blue, green, red, black, white, and transparent (colourless) traps were tested. Apple cider vinegar, grape vinegar, white wine, yeast, and water (control) were used as bait liquids. The number of entry holes was 2, 4, 6, and 8 holes per trap on the side of the bottle traps. The experiments were conducted in a randomised block design with three replicates in a fig orchard (variety Bursa Siyahı) with 437 trees in Aydın province from September 2018 to March 2019. In total, 48 traps were mounted on the experimental trees (1 trap per 1 tree), and counting of the drosophilid individuals in the traps was performed weekly. Red-coloured traps attracted the highest number of drosophilid individuals, followed by yellow-coloured. Regarding different baits, grape vinegar attracted the most drosophilid individuals, followed by white wine. Concerning the number of trap entry holes, the highest number of individuals were caught in traps with the highest number of holes, 8. In all traps, Zaprionus tuberculatus Malloch, 1932 was the species caught in the highest numbers, followed by Drosophila subobscura Collin, 1936 and Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931). Z. tuberculatus was mostly caught in traps containing grape vinegar, while D. subobscura and D. suzukii were mainly caught in traps containing white wine. In our study, the red-coloured traps containing vinegar with 8 entry holes were the most effective in monitoring drosophilid populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rate of infestation, some biological characteristics, and population fluctuation of Silba adipata McAlpine (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) in fig orchards in Aydın province were studied. The trials were conducted in Ficus carica cv. Sarılop, F.carica cv. Bursa siyahı and F.carica cv. caprificus varieties. Bait traps containing a mixture of hexanol, ammonium sulfate and fig milk (fig tree extract) were used in trials. It was determined that all districts of Aydın province were infested with S. adipata. In the years 2011, 2012 and 2013, the infestation rates in fruits of the Sarılop variety (the sum of the fruit on the tree and on the ground) were determined as 3.53%, 2.06% and 3.40 %, respectively. The rates of infestation among the fruits fallen on the ground were changed between 20-40% in Sarılop in study years. In Bursa siyahı, this rate among fallen ones was 64%. Sexual index in Sarılop orchards was found to be 0.7. The adults and eggs of the pest were seen between May-December in the orchards. The highest adult population was detected in the Sarılop orchards in July and September, and in the caprifig orchard in September and October. The most numerous eggs in a fig fruit (egg/fruit) were obtained from mammoni fruits (84 eggs), followed by the maincrop fruits (67 eggs), mamme fruits (12 eggs) and profichi fruits (5 eggs), respectively. No egg was found in breba and lastcrop fruits. The most number of eggs during the study years was also obtained from mammoni fruits, followed by maincrop, mamme and profichi fruits. The most numerous eggs were determined in maincrops in July and September; in breba in September; in profichi in May and June, in mamme fruits in May. The larvae and pupae were developed in 8.18±1.35 days and 7.84±0.13 days, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of biological stages and population fluctuation of Euphyllura phillyreae Foerster (Hem.: Psyllidae) on Memecik olive trees (Olea europaea L. cv. Memecik) in Bornova and Kemalpaşa districts (İzmir) were investigated during the years of 2015-2016. The eggs of E. phillyreae in olive groves were found between 8 March-12 May and its nymphs between 16 March and 18 June. The first eggs laid during the formation period of flower clusters and at the beginning of budding period in Bornova were seen 2-3 weeks before Kemalpaşa. Egg and nymph stages were only appeared between early March till middle of June. The average temperatures of March, April and May respectively were: 11.9/14.9/22.6 °C in Bornova, 9.6/12.6/20.2 °C in Kemalpaşa in 2015; and it was 13.4/18.2/21.2 °C in Bornova, 11.0/16.9/18.4 °C in Kemalpaşa in 2016. The number of nymphs reached highest level in the last week of April. Also, in both years, nymphs were seen in Bornova until the third week of June (medium-large green fruit period) and until the end of May (fruit set period) in Kemalpaşa. Adults were collected from olive groves throughout the year. Although it changes over the years, new adults firstly emerged during the closed flower bud, flower bud opening, beginning of flowering or 50% flowering periods of olive trees between 28 April and 29 May. It was determined that the adult population was higher during the summer months and then gradually decreased. The lowest adult numbers were obtained in January and February. It was concluded that E. phillyreae was univoltine in Izmir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four products allowed in organic farming (kaolin, insecticidal soap, neem oil soap, spinosad) as alternatives to chemical insecticides, were evaluated for the control of Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker, 1849) (Hem.: Aphididae). In addition, number of the newborn nymph and host selection for the treated and untreated rose (Rosa hybrida L. cv. First Red) leaves were examined. The toxicities of used natural products were compared with the diazinon and control (water). Rose saplings were used as experimental material. The application was repeated twice in the same greenhouse. Evaluations in populations were done on 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days after applications. Insecticidal soap showed toxicity between 50.45 % and 74.0 % until fifth day and its toxicity decreased in the following days. Neem oil soap was non-toxic (15.09%–19.71%) at first application but, in the second application, its toxicity was increased (36.96%-72.27%). Repeated kaolin application ended with a positive result of 66.87% control. Spinosad had no effect on aphid. It was observed that M. dirhodum population was decreased by repeated (twice) applications of kaolin, insecticidal soap and neem oil soap. However, they could not control the aphid populations completely. In choice tests, the numbers of living aphids and newborn nymphs on rose leaflets treated with kaolin, neem oil soap, and insecticide soap were lower than those not treated. These three products were found to be repellent for M. dirhodum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distribution and infestation rates of the olive psyllid species (Euphyllura spp., Hemiptera: Psyllidae) determined in Aydın and İzmir provinces, which are the most important olive production regions in Turkey between 2015 and 2016. Euphyllura phillyreae Foerster was only founded in İzmir, but both E. phillyreae and E. straminea Loginova were determined in Aydın. E. phillyreae was determined to be the dominant species. The infestation rates in olive groves in two cities between 2015 and 2016 years were 98.5% and 100% in İzmir; 100% and 94.5% in Aydın, respectively. Also infestation rates of the trees in olive groves were 89.4% and 83.4% in İzmir; 93.5% and 75.4% in Aydın, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population fluctuations of blackmargined aphid, Monellia caryella (Fitch) (Aphididae, Hemiptera) and its predators and parasitoids were identified in an unmanaged pecan orchard in Sultanhisar district of Aydın Province. Aphids on fifty compound leaves were counted weekly between April and December. Nymphs and adults of the blackmargined aphid overwintering on pecan branches as egg were seen between the December-April. Two peaks took place in population in both years (2008, 2009) including the second half of May and in October. In research, fifteen predators, three parasitoids of M. caryella and two hyperparasites species were obtained. It was determined that there were numerous predators, and few in number of parasitoids. Coccinellidae and Chrysopidae families were reported as the most abundant predator groups. Chrysopid population was higher than coccinellid population. Adalia decempunctata (L.) and Chrysopa viridana (Schneider) were prominent species. Coccinellid population in spring and chrysopid population in summer and fall were higher. The percent parasitism by Aphelinus sp. (Hym.; Eulophidae), Aphidius matricariae Haliday and Trioxys pallidus (Haliday) (Hym.; Braconidae) was 0.85% in 2008 and 0.17% in 2009. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xylophagous insects, Bostrychidae, Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Curculionidae and Scolytidae (Coleoptera), on fig trees in Aydýn province, Turkey, were investigated in 2000 and 2001. Sixteen species of Coleoptera were collected, of which 8 are new records as fig pests in Turkey: Anthaxia cichorii Olivier, Agrilus roscidus Kiesenwetter, Acmaeodera (s.str.) flavolineata Laporte and Gory (Buprestidae), Stenopterus flavicornis Küster (Cerambycidae), Xyloperthella picea Olivier, Xylonites praeustus Germar, Scobicia chevrieri Villa (Bostrychidae) and Hypothenemus eruditus Westwood (Scolytidae). In addition, X. picea is the first record for the Turkish fauna. However, it was observed that Hypoborus ficus Erichson (Scolytidae), Hesperophanes griseus Fabricius (Cerambycidae), Scobicia chevrieri Villa and Sinoxylon sexdentatus Oliver (Bostrychidae) were common species and caused losses by damaging both stems and branches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]