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Politically motivated boycotts aim to harm the sales of goods associated with foreign rivals, but can also harm the domestic economy if the goods are domestically produced. This paper examines the unintended effects of the 2012 Chinese boycott of Japanese cars on China's automobile supply chain. By comparing changes in employment between auto parts and non‐parts industries located at various distances from Japanese joint ventures (JV), I find that auto parts manufacturers near the Japanese JVs experienced a 10%–17% reduction in employment after the boycott. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Car and Beam prototype is a teaching piece of equipment, inspired by Ball and Beam systems. It consists of a beam supported in its center by means of a rotating axis installed in two rolling bearings, allowing the beam to rotate through the actuation of a servo motor. A car is coupled to this beam, and its displacement is measured using a linear encoder. This paper focuses on two key aspects: firstly, it offers a mathematical model of the Car and Beam system, and secondly, it outlines the development of a state-feedback tracking controller through pole placement to this system. To validate the modeling and control approach, we present simulation and experimental results using three different reference profiles: step, square wave, and sine wave. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the control strategy in tracking predefined trajectories, both in simulation and with the physical prototype. In conclusion, this study highlights the efficacy of the methodology employed for mathematical modeling and the controller's design in the context of this specific application. The results indicate promising potential for further exploration in this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study proposes a methodology based on data source triangulation to measure the "strategic fit" for the automotive supply chain. Design/methodology/approach: At first, the authors measured the responsiveness of the Indian automobile supply chain, encompassing the top ten major automobile manufacturers, using both sentiment and conjoint analysis. Second, the authors used data envelopment analysis to identify the frontiers of their supply chain. The authors also measured the supply chain's efficiency, using the balance sheet. Further, the authors analyzed the "strategic fit" zone and discussed the results. Findings: The results indicate that both the proposed methods yield similar outcomes in terms of strategic fitment. Practical implications: The study outcomes facilitate measuring the strategic fit, thereby leveraging the resources available to align. The methodology proposed is both easy to use and practice. The methodology eases time and costs by eliminating hiring agencies to appraise the strategic fit. This valuable method to measure strategic fit can be considered feedback for strategic actions. This methodology could also be incorporated possibly as an operative measurement and control tool. Originality/value: Data triangulation meaningfully enhances the accuracy and reliability of the analyses of strategic fit. Data triangulation leads to actionable insights relevant to top managers and strategic positioning of top managers within a supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's market, sales promotional schemes have spun out to be essential for promoting outfits. Nonetheless, due to the sudden ascent in sales, the subsequent demand uncertainty calls for the high flexibility in supply chains. The present work examines the barriers to flexibility in the Indian automobile supply chains under such an environment from a sustainability viewpoint, an indispensable element of the present-day supply chains. In view of the literature and the descriptive survey led, 20 barriers have been identified. Through the analytical investigation directed, a numerical index value for the sustainable supply chain flexibility barriers is developed via graph-theoretical and matrix approach. Findings, along with the sensitivity analysis, conducted establish that the barriers at the supply chain's procurement function have the highest impact in inhibiting the sustainable supply chain flexibility, thus significantly affecting the firm performance during sales promotional schemes. The obtained barrier index can be utilised for assessing the performance of all the companies across the industry. The model proposed offers valuable discernments to practicing officials in focusing on the significant barriers. This study augments the existing literature by linking the supply chain flexibility, Sustainability, and Sales promotions and thus clubs the three independent research streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The battery management system (BMS), which is widely adopted in various eco‐friendly automobiles that use batteries for propulsion, increases energy efficiency and extends the usable life by monitoring and optimally managing batteries. Eco‐friendly automobile original equipment manufacturers demand improvements in state‐of‐charge (SOC) and state‐of‐health (SOH) accuracies. However, because standards for evaluating accuracy do not exist, evaluations are performed using methods suggested by BMS developers or researchers, which differ from each other. Thus, the reliability of the SOC and SOH accuracy results is low. To accurately evaluate the SOC/SOH, it is necessary to reflect various conditions such as the power of the battery during actual vehicle operation and the temperature inside and outside the battery at the time. Therefore, a method is proposed herein that individually or simultaneously evaluates the SOC and SOH estimation accuracies of the BMS while considering an eco‐friendly vehicle's actual driving environment, instead of simple charge and discharge test conditions and room temperature. The reference values for evaluating the accuracy of SOC/SOH estimation in a battery can be defined as follows: Full charge and full discharge are conducted before applying the evaluation pattern to calculate the precise available capacity of the battery. Subsequently, it is fully charged and discharged to its initial SOC. A load pattern reflecting the load conditions of the subsequent application is repeatedly applied. After concluding the evaluation pattern, the remaining capacity is discharged, thereby determining the reference value. The proposed method is applied to two types of BMSs to evaluate its accuracy in SOC/SOH estimation and the validity of the proposed method was verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Company is an organization that provides or produces products/services. Various types of companies and the complexity of the process make the company must be able to continue to grow and compete with competitors. To win the competition, companies must have a strategy to improve performance. TPM is part of the strategy implemented in the company. In Indonesia, not all companies apply TPM, automotive component painting companies apply and measure performance through PQCDSM as a whole. The result of TPM implementation is an increase in production performance which has an impact on reducing quality costs, increasing production, increasing the effectiveness of equipment use because the total of damaged equipment is less. TPM implementation through OEE production performance/engine efficiency increased by 68.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the differences in a driver's visual-manual behaviour when performing secondary tasks while driving under the full-touch mode (FTM) and the conventional mode (CM). To this end, 30 participants were recruited to perform secondary tasks while driving two vehicles equipped with different HMI system interaction modes. The results show that compared to the CM, in the FTM, fewer visual-manual resources are required to perform the calling task, but for the navigation task, this requirement is higher. Additionally, in both modes, the driver exhibited self-regulation visual-manual behaviour when performing secondary tasks as the driving speed increased. However, the effect of the driving speed on visual-manual behaviour was greater in the FTM than in the CM. The main limitation of this study is that the effect of the difference between the two experimental vehicles on the findings was not considered, however, this does not affect the generalisation of the findings. Practitioner summary: Potential applications of this study include improving drivers' knowledge about the effect of performing secondary tasks in different modes on driving safety, and this study also provides useful insights human-machine co-driving systems to develop user-friendly control strategies and for automotive companies to improve the full-touch interactive mode for automotive companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Automobile Technology & Material is the property of Automobile Technology & Material Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Digitalization is changing the face of the automotive industry by restructuring the supply chain (SC). This study uses a systematic literature review method to analyse current and future research trends in digitalization in the automobile SC. The Scopus database is identified for carrying out this study. With the keywords search, twenty-one articles finalized for the study. This study identified the research done year-wise, the number of articles published in the journals, and the research methods used. This research provides current and future research trends. This research will benefit the automotive sector as it will help them learn about digitalization and its technology. This research offers the future of digital technology in automobile SC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper expands upon the state of the art in nonlinear modeling of automotive air conditioning systems. Prior models considered only the effects of the refrigerant compressor and the condenser fan. There are two new aspects included here. First, we create a mathematical model for front-end underhood airflow, considering vehicle speed, condenser fan rotational speed, and active grille shutter position. In addition, we present a new model for the power consumption of the vehicle associated with aerodynamic drag caused by underhood flow, as well as a fan power model which accounts not only for changes in rotational speed but also changes in flow rate. The models developed in this paper are coded in MATLAB/Simulink and assessed for various vehicle driving conditions against a higher-fidelity vehicle energy management model, showing good agreement. By including the active grille shutters as a controllable actuator and the impact of underhood flow on vehicle drag and fan power consumption, control schemes can be developed to holistically target reduced energy consumption for the air conditioning system and, thus, improve the overall vehicle energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automobile industry is the pillar industry of the national economy. The good operation of the automobile supply chain is conducive to the sustainable development of the economy and social economy. In recent years, the popular research of automotive supply chain disruption risk management has been widely of concern by both business and academic practitioners. It is observed that most of the literature has focused only on a particular journal or field; there is a distinct lack of comprehensive bibliometric review of two decades, of research on automotive supply chain disruption risk management. This paper delivers a comprehensive bibliometric analysis that provides a better understanding not previously fully evaluated by earlier studies in the field of automotive supply chain disruption risk management. We used the 866 journal article during the period between 2000 and 2022 from the WOS database as sample data. Highlights research topics and trends, key features, developments, and potential research areas for future research. The research problems we solved are as follows: (1) Over time, how does the research in the field of automotive supply chain disruption risk management progress? (2) Which research areas and trends are getting the most attention in the field of automotive supply chain disruption risk management? (i) to recognize the scholarly production; (ii) the most productive authors; (iii) the most productive organization; (iv) the most cited articles; and (v) the most productive countries. (3) What is the research direction of automotive supply chain disruption risk management in the future? Also discusses the shortcomings of literature and bibliometric analysis. These findings provide a potential road map for researchers who intend to engage in research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contradiction between the dramatic increase in the aggregate number of automobiles and the short supply of parking spaces leads to parking difficulties. Sharing mode helps improve the efficiency of existing parking spaces, increase resource utilization, and alleviate the difficulty of parking. This paper focuses on the matching mechanism in the shared parking slots problem, which involves three agents: shared parking suppliers, shared parking demanders, and shared parking platform. We propose a prospect theory-based two-sided satisfied and stable matching model (PT-TSSM) with two objectives to maximize the satisfaction degree of both shared parking demanders and shared parking suppliers. Numerical experiments are illustrated to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed model. Moreover, the PT-TSSM model is compared with the other two shared parking mechanisms. The proposed model considers the satisfaction degrees of both shared parking demanders and suppliers, while first book first serve (FBFS) cares only one side of the participants. And compared with deferred acceptance (DA), our model not only takes two-sided stable matching into account but also considers the satisfaction degree of all the demand and supply participants, which obtain a two-sided satisfied and stable matching scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among various fault types of automotive power faults, power supply UB + faults have the most complex relationship between fault signs and fault points and are difficult to diagnose. So this paper proposes a Bayesian network fault diagnosis model of automobile power supply based on fault tree. Firstly, based on the in-depth analysis of the principle of automobile power supply fault, the UB + fault tree model is constructed. The fuzzy Bayesian network model of UB + fault is constructed through the mapping relationship between fault tree and Bayesian network. Then, the prior probability of UB + fault points are obtained according to the five-year fault dataset of FAW Volkswagen Reck system, and the relevant conditional probabilities are determined by fuzzy set theory due to the lack of data and the uncertainty in expert scoring. Finally, the relevant fault point probability values are determined according to the Bayesian network inference algorithm in the case of single or parallel UB + fault sign occurring, and the fault diagnosis sequence is guided, further improving fault diagnosis efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the dimensions of agile manufacturing through a hierarchical analysis process at Alexandria’s State Company for Automotive and Equipment. This topic is important in the use of management accounting methods as means to improve the performance of automotive and equipment manufacturers in Alexandria, with a view to achieving their objectives. The fact that these companies also have a significant and fundamental impact on the realities of Egypt’s economy was the answer to the following questions: What are the elements of agile manufacturing at Alexandria’s State Automotive and Equipment Company? What are the most relevant dimensions of the company’s agile manufacturing? And the researcher has followed the analytical approach of analyzing the data on research that will be obtained through the study tool of the scale of dimensions of agile manufacturing, The research was based on the collection of data related to the search on the personal interview with members of the company’s senior management to obtain information and data and relying on the lean manufacturing scale 2012 Singh & Culshan which consists of nine dimensions and applied to employees of the Automotive and Equipment Industry Company in Alexandria, One of the results of this study is a hierarchical analysis process, which depends on the opinions and ideas of the people involved in issuing judgments only, but not other employees of the company, and therefore the views of as many employees as possible must be expanded. In Alexandria, there is an average value for agile manufacturing. Interest from Alexandria General Automotive Company’s management in achieving agile manufacturing and the study recommended that attention should be paid to low relative weight dimensions and to high relative weight dimensions and maintain this level to be used in the implementation of agile manufacturing, Raising the level of awareness of the employees of the State Automotive Company in Alexandria of the importance of applying and increasing the level of efficiency of the dimensions of the process of agile manufacturing and providing all the possibilities and needs required by the process of agile manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflicts emerge when the data transmission occurs between electrical equipment in an automobile. Hence, transmission delays appear as issues. For this reason, a method, called data transmission control, for electrical equipment of automobiles based on the 5G communication technology is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the wavelet feature decomposition was utilized to partition the frequency spectrum, and thus the statistical characteristics of electrical equipment of automobiles concerning the transmitted data were obtained. Then, the high-order approximate distribution method was adopted to construct a channel for a 5G network data transmission. Afterward, the control logic structure of the data transmission was built, and the problem, called the conflict of the data transmission, was alleviated through concurrent data collection and processing methods. On this basis, coding coefficients of a constructed global coding matrix were selected to encode and transmit source information. Also, the number of redundant data packets at each layer was adjusted. Finally, the data transmission control of the electrical equipment of the automobile was realized through the linear combination of the network nodes. The simulation results showed that the throughput of the proposed method was always higher than 7.7 MB/s, the bit error rate was around 0 when the signal-to-noise ratio was lower than 3, and the transmission delay was always below 0.5 s, which could provide a reference for the efficient and safe operation of automobiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unpredictable disruptive events significantly increase the difficulty of the management of automobile supply chains. In this paper, we propose an automobile production planning problem with component chips substitution in a finite planning horizon. The shortage of one chip can be compensated by another chip of the same type with a higher‐end feature at an additional cost. Therefore, the automobile manufacturer can divert the on‐hand inventory of chips to product lines that are more profitable in the event of shortages caused by supply chain disruptions. To cope with this, we propose a max‐min robust optimization model that captures the uncertain supplies of chips. We show that the robust model has a mixed‐integer programming equivalence that can be solved by a commercial IP solver directly. We compare the max‐min robust model with the corresponding deterministic and two‐stage stochastic models for the same problem through extensive numerical experiments. The computational results show that the max‐min robust model outperforms the other two models in terms of the average and worst‐case profits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The horizontal competition-cooperation game of technological innovation in a two-stage automobile cluster supply chain composed of a duopoly of automobile manufacturers and a single automobile dealer is studied. The four game models are constructed based on the relationship of horizontal competition cooperation between automobile manufacturers and research and development (R&D) mode, and each game model gives the optimal price decision and optimal technical content decision of new products when the automobile manufacturer and automobile dealer maximise their profits. By comparing the equilibrium results of each game model and conducting numerical simulation analysis, we reveal the effects of the competition-cooperation relationship and R&D mode on supply chain decision-making. The results show the following: (1) A fully cooperative innovation strategy can maximise the total profit of automobile manufacturers, but it will reduce the profit of the automobile dealer. (2) When the horizontal competition is not fierce and the consumption preference for technical content is weak, innovation strategy of competition cooperation (competition but cooperative R&D) can enable the automobile dealer to obtain the maximum profit. (3) Market preference for the technological content of automotive products accrues greater potential benefits to the whole supply chain channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major cost, inconvenience, and source of failure for adding sensors and electronic accessories to automobiles is wiring the systems into the car's power supply. We propose an alternative approach, computer-proximal energy harvesting, which harvests power locally, so wiring is not needed. In this article, we provide an overview of the principles and empirical evaluations for harvesting energy in and around the automobile exploring the role that wind, light, vibration, and heat can play in this process. To better explore these concepts, we demonstrate two prototypes—A thermoelectric energy-based parking assistant, which is attached to the exhaust pipe, and a wind-powered external pedestrian display, which is anchored to the front bumper of a car. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the association between a Certified Driving Rehabilitation Specialist's (CDRS) ratings of on‐road driving performance by older drivers and at‐fault crash and near‐crash involvement using naturalistic driving techniques where crashes and near‐crashes are recorded in everyday driving through in‐vehicle instrumentation. Methods: This is a cohort study of 144 drivers aged 70 years and over who were recruited due to a recent ophthalmology clinic visit at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Baseline measurements consisted of demographics, visual status, and other health variables. At‐fault crashes and near‐crashes over 6 months were identified through instrumentation placed in their personal vehicle that recorded vehicle kinematics and video. After 6 months, a CDRS completed an on‐road assessment and provided a composite rating on specific driving behaviors and a global score. Results: Rate ratios examining the association between older drivers with worse CDRS composite scores and rates of at‐fault crashes, at‐fault near‐crashes, and combined at‐fault crashes and near‐crashes were significantly higher compared to drivers with better scores. Results were similar for the CDRS global score. Conclusions: Motor vehicle administrations use CDRS ratings to make decisions about licensure, and in clinical programs such as those based at rehabilitation clinics use them to make recommendations about fitness to drive and rehabilitation. This study suggests that these decisions and recommendations are valid from a safety standpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the impact of full windshield head-up display (FHUD) cues on the visual attention allocation of drivers under different scenarios. Forty-eight participants with driving experience were randomly divided into two groups and asked to drive on a preset route in various virtual driving scenarios created in advance. The full windshield highlights situational cues related to the driving task, such as lane lines, safe vehicle distance warnings, navigation guidance and pedestrian cues. Regarding the perception of situational cues, the number of fixations and mean fixation duration with FHUD were lower than those without FHUD. Furthermore, the dwell time percentage of the driver's forward view with FHUD was larger than that without FHUD, and the dwell time percentage on both sides was smaller than that without FHUD. In conclusion, FHUD may help drivers more effectively perceive cues and improve drivers' visual attention allocation. Practitioner summary: FHUD may affect drivers' attention while driving. We examined the effect of FHUD on number of fixations, fixation duration and dwell time percentage in the area of interest under different weather scenarios. Experimental results indicated that FHUD could improve drivers' visual attention allocation and help drivers more effectively perceive cues. Abbreviations: FHUD: full windshield head-up display; HUD: head-up display; HDD: head-down display; AOI: area of interests; AR: augmented reality [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Definition: It is a well-known fact that to manufacture an automobile tire more than 200 different materials are used, including high-carbon steel wire. In order to withstand the affecting forces, the tire tread is reinforced with steel wire or other products such as ropes or strands. These ropes are called steel cord. Steel cord can be of different constructions. To ensure a good adhesive bond between the rubber of the tire and the steel cord, the cord is either brass-plated or bronzed. The reason brass or bronze is used is because copper, which is a part of these alloys, makes a high-strength chemical composition with sulfur in rubber. For steel cord, the high carbon steel is usually used at 0.70-0.95% C. This amount of carbon ensures the high strength of the steel cord. This kind of high-quality, unalloyed steel has a pearlitic structure which is designed for multi-pass drawing. To ensure the specified technical characteristics, modern metal reinforcing materials for automobile tires, metal cord and bead wire, must withstand, first of all, a high breaking load with a minimum running meter weight. At present, reinforcing materials of the strength range 2800--3200 MPa are increasingly used, the manufacture of which requires high-strength wire. The production of such wire requires the use of a workpiece with high carbon content, changing the drawing regimes, patenting, and other operations. At the same time, it is necessary to achieve a reduction in the cost of wire manufacturing. In this context, the development and implementation of competitive processes for the manufacture of high-quality, high-strength wire as a reinforcing material for automobile tires is an urgent task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Dananeer is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This research was carried out with the purpose to empirically test the model to explain the procedures concerned with the translation of social capital (SC) into strategic renewal (SR) of SMEs in developing economy like Pakistan. This procedure involves the mediating role of firms' strategic agility (SA) as well as the contingent effects of firms' absorptive capacity (AC). Design/methodology/approach: This study employed a cross-sectional design to evaluate the hypothesized model. To validate the moderated mediation model, data was collected from 519 CEOs, owners, finance managers and managing directors of 123 manufacturing units dealing in agricultural machinery (32 units), automobile accessories (16 units), pharmaceutical instrument (11 units), electrical equipment (25 units), IT related accessories (21 units) and garments (18 units). Findings: The findings of the study confirm a positive association between SC on SR. Moreover, results also validate the mediating role of SA in the relationship between SC and SR. In addition, the moderating role of AC is also confirmed and presented this construct as a catalyst in the relationship between SC and SR. Practical implications: This research provides new endeavors for strategic management and strategic entrepreneurship literature by focusing on distinctive resources such as SC with its different facets. Therefore, it provides a new dimension and a roadmap that will be beneficial to the achievement of the objectives of SR. Originality/value: The findings of this research have contributed to the streams of strategic management perspective by emphasizing upon the mediating mechanism how SC can be transformed into SR of SMEs through SA. Findings of the research also contribute to understand the moderating role of AC, and how its association with SC and SA augments the effects on SR of firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary. Steering systems are one of the most important components of a car and have a direct impact on safety and driving comfort. Therefore, high reliability is required of them. One of the methods of object reliability estimation may be the grey system theory. This method can be used not only to calculate the number of failures, but also to calculate the wear of mating parts, and the vibrations of engines and rolling elements. This work presents the use of the grey system theory for the examination of motor vehicle steering system reliability. The forecast number of failures was calculated for the various components of the steering system and the grey system accuracy was assessed. This is aimed at finding out how useful this theory is for forecasting the number of steering system failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. The use of battery in automobiles started in early 1900's. In initial stages, battery was used for energizing automobile accessories like head lamps, indicators, horn etc. The recent advances has put battery for use in staring IC engine with electric start, integrating music system in automobiles, mobile charging and even in some of the high end vehicles custom inverters are build on battery that makes the vehicle suitable for camping purpose. Now a day's the battery operated electric vehicles are becoming popular which addresses the key challenges in reducing pollution. Likewise the use of battery in automobile sector has advanced through the years. The cycling of battery is done in terms of charging and discharging. Depending upon the size and specifications, the time taken to charge battery differs. This charging time layoff hampers the performance of electric vehicles. Various strategies, battery charging methods, charging stations are proposed and developed by researchers leaving behind critical issues related to the power quality to be addressed. This paper focuses on advancements in battery usages and charging in Electrical Vehicles. The power quality issues arising as a result of non linear load are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel consumption measurement itself is a demanding process and it is difficult to determine the exact consumption of a vehicle. Fuel consumption can be determined in various ways. One way to determine consumption is through driving tests. We know several types of driving tests. Nowadays, most vehicles and all new vehicles can provide a wealth of data to the driver directly during vehicle operation. One of them is the data on the consumption of the vehicle also through the on-board computer located in the vehicle. The information provided to the driver may not reflect reality. In most cases, they are inaccurate and do not correspond to reality. Therefore, the subject of the research will be to verify the accuracy of the provided data on vehicle consumption by the on-board computer. The aim of the research will be to determine the extent to which consumption data are true. Vehicle consumption, as well as measurements are performed on one vehicle in every day traffic. This will ensure that it is possible to compare the measured data with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a rapidly increasing of vehicle production and powerful purchasing capability of Chinese consumers, the automobile ownership will keep a raising tendency in Chinese market. End-of-life vehicle (ELV) recycling contributes to sustainability achievement of the automobile supply chain, as well as the improvement of resource utilization. To provide more evidence on strategic plan of ELV recycling industry and renewable sector with precise ELV amounts, a modified GM (1,1) model is improved to make the predication in terms of ELV recycling. Specifically, the residual error and time response function are developed to improve the accuracy of forecasting model. Taking ELV recycling amounts from 2015 to 2018 as experimental samples, numerical results show that the ELV recycling amount in 2019 is about 2.2 million. In addition, the modified GM (1,1) model demonstrates a better performance and superior availability comparing with the traditional GM (1,1) model and regression forecasting models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The safety and stability of the vehicle are some of the most important factors when the vehicle moves on the road. If the driver suddenly steers at high speed, it may cause instability (oversteering, understeering). One of the solutions used to limit this situation is to use a 4-wheels steering system instead of the conventional 2-wheels steering system. This article focuses on establishing the spatial dynamics model of the vehicle and simulating the trajectory of the vehicle in the case of 4-wheels steering and 2-wheels steering in different moving conditions. The results of the study show that when the vehicle was equipped with the 4-wheels steering system, the stability of the vehicle was improved. Therefore, if the vehicles use the 4-wheels steering system, the oversteering and understeering phenomenon can be reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In New York City (NYC), the aspiring target of zero waste to landfills is robustly engaging the often poorly understood solid waste management technique of reuse. The reuse activities occurring in NYC are reported, accounting for the quantities of reuse of various products, such as furniture, appliances and automobile accessories, amongst others. The quantities of products are translated to reuse mass and net CO2-eq emissions saved as a consequence of reuse. This quantitative assessment employs the Reuse Impact Calculator (RIC), based on the Waste Reduction Model (WARM). The RIC is a novel calculator used to quantitatively assess the environmental impact of material reuse. It uses the information about the material to be reused from the WARM database and estimates the emissions and energy savings based on the product's final destination, that is, reuse, landfill, recycle or composting. A close monitoring of reuse activities in NYC shows 45 × 106 kg of reuse occurring for different products that would otherwise be directed to landfills. The net emissions reduced annually by reuse is approximately 122 × 106 kg of CO2-eq. This article compares the NYC reuse activities with that occurring in some select cities of the world. It is shown that the maximum recycle potential is saturated at 66%, and only auxiliary strategies like reuse can achieve the zero waste to landfill ambitions. Furthermore, this work discusses the role of reuse in the circular economy, wherein the resource utilization is maximized by increasing the shelf life of the product, and thereby enabling a maximum reuse potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Problems of Friction & Wear is the property of National Aviation University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Originated from the future trends and requirements for silicone rubber (SR) in harsh work condition of advanced cutting-edge fields (construction, aerospace, marine equipment and automobile, etc), the processing complexity, complex ingredients and unbalanced overall properties of traditional multi-component flame-retarding SR system are limited. The development of mono-component and halogen-free flame retardants with adequate efficiency, durability and strength have been urgently expected for settling the crucial bottleneck issue of SR materials, which can avoid the defects of performance contradictions for long-used multi-component system in previous published work. Under such background, this paper has fabricated a hydrophobic Mn-doped melamine phosphate (H-DTMA@Mn) via facile multi-stage construction strategy that has been confirmed by a series of characterizations. The results have indicated that SR/28 phr H-DTMA@Mn can achieve limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 32.4% and UL-94 V-0 rating. Along with the reduced peak heat release rate, the validity of as-prepared H-DTMA@Mn for raising the flame retardancy of SR has been straightway clarified. Different from the previous work, the prominent flame retardant durability of SR/H-DTMA@Mn in many extreme environment can be maintained via the protection action of hydrophobic structure. The detailed analysis on char residues of SR composites can explain the effective flame retardant mechanism in view of chemical composition and microscopic morphology. Moreover, the mechanical strength and thermal properties of SR composites are ideal and accommodated that are greatly required in the real-life application. To sum up, the desirable balance for comprehensive performance can be realized by introducing the mono-component flame retardants, which can innately open up the innovation for meeting the requirements of SR materials in more fields. • Mono-component and Mn-doped flame retardants were fabricated for SR. • SR/28 phr H-DTMA@Mn can gain 32.4% LOI value and UL‐94 V‐0 rating. • PHRR and THR reduction of SR/28 phr H-DTMA@Mn are 42.3% and 34.7%. • Excellent balance among comprehensive properties of SR composites can be achieved. • Multi-channel synergistic flame retardant mechanism is preliminarily deduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces a conceptual framework of internationalization processes and provides case study-based empirical insights. The aim is to analyze combinations of internationalization strategies and modes that automotive suppliers expanding into China have chosen and their evolution paths over time. In addition, the authors identify parameters that may explain why foreign entrants change their internationalization strategies and modes over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With booming of the automobile industry, China has become the country with increasing car ownership all over the world. However, the end-of-life vehicle (ELV) recycling industry is at infancy, and there is little systematic review on ELV recycling management, as well as low adoption amongst domestic automobile industry. This study presents a literature review and an interpretive structural modelling (ISM) approach is employed to identify the drivers towards Chinese ELV recycling business from government, recycling organizations and consumer's perspectives, so as to improve the sustainability of automobile supply chain by providing some strategic insights. The results derived from the ISM analysis manifest that regulations on auto-factory, disassembly technique, and value mining of recycling business are the essential ingredients. It is most effective and efficient to promote ELV recycling business by improving these attributes, also the driving and dependence power analysis are deemed to provide guidance on performance improvement of ELV recycling in the Chinese market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public interest in pure electric vehicles equipped with two-speed automatic mechanical transmission is increasing because of not only widened high-efficiency operation zone but also reduced speed range and cost of electric drive system. In this paper, transient dynamic behaviors of an e-drive passenger car including clutch-free two-speed automatic mechanical transmission are analyzed during up and down shifts. Bench tests for the proposed electric driveline are conducted, by which the dynamic model and the shift control strategy are validated. In experiments, severe jerking phenomena are observed when the drive motor torque sharply decreases before the separation with current gear meanwhile fast increases after the engagement with target one. For alleviation of the torsional shocks, feed-forward control in combination with optimal torque feedback control is developed for the drive motor according to torque estimation of the half shaft using extended Kalman filtering method. Meanwhile, a sliding mode control is employed for precise positioning of the shift fork for the transmission. By comparisons of the simulation and test results, it is demonstrated that the proposed control strategy reduces the jerking intensity of driveline as well as the shift period effectively in shift process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the half-shaft is the main flexible part of the automotive driveline, the torsional dynamics of the simplified driveline considering the cubic nonlinearity of the half-shaft is discussed in the paper. The approximate solutions of the torsional shock response and the resonance response of the driveline are derived using the method of multiple scales. The stability and bifurcation condition of the responses are judged based on the Routh–Hurwitz criterion and the bifurcation theory, respectively. It is shown that the negative cubic nonlinear stiffness is propitious to suppress the torsional shock of the driveline while the positive is on the contrary. Meanwhile, the ability of the suppression of the torsional shock can be improved with the decrease in the linear stiffness. The resonance curve of the driveline may lose its stability when the value of the cubic nonlinear stiffness reaches the threshold. By properly designing the negative cubic nonlinear stiffness of the half-shaft, the instability of the resonance can be suppressed and the ability of the suppression of the torsional shock can also be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic Kanban (E-Kanban) is a recent trend in project management. With the integration of Information Technology (IT) in supply chain management the concept of E-Kanban has made its entry into manufacturing units. It is an effective optimization process that utilizes Information technology in manufacturing industries to procure the material at the shop floor and stores respectively. E-Kanban is executed through a system of signalling that triggers the replenishment of materials when required. This project is an application of E-Kanban in a multinational automobile accessories manufacturing company located India. In this project, manual process has been replaced by barcode scanning which is integrated with SAP and Automatic Logistic and Production Execution (ALPE) scanner and is used to scan the Kanban cards on the shop floor. Logistics performance is examined before and after the implementation of the E-Kanban system. This process is evaluated through internal milk run, value stream mapping and by individual observation. This project is aimed at improving the existing process to reduce the time for issue and delivery of the material, inventory and human resource allocation which contributes to increase in the production, quality of the product and revenue of the company. This project can be applied across manufacturing industries globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building a circular economy requires knowledge of physical material flows and stocks. One approach for obtaining data on the intersectoral exchanges of materials in an economy is with physical input-output tables (PIOTs). Using PIOTs of eleven alloying metals (aluminum, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten) for the entire United States economy in 2007, we apply network-based metrics and visualizations to identify key sectors and compare different PIOTs with each other. Some 40–45% of all intersectoral trade contains the major metals aluminum, copper, and iron, while this number ranges between only 11–15% for minor metals (e.g., cobalt, vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten). The majority of sectors rely on products containing the major metals, reflecting widespread use of those products in our modern economy. Network size provides an indication of supply chain steps required to move from metal production to finished product manufacturing. Supply chains for the minor metals require an average of 5–8 steps, while those of major metals involve 3 steps on average. Cobalt is used extensively to illustrate these results because its status as a "technology-critical material" demonstrates how these analytical approaches can reveal sector usage and dependency for a metal of potential supply concern. We conclude by presenting automobile supply chain networks and discuss the position of the automobile production sector in the US economy. The analytical and visualization approaches presented result in an improved understanding of metal flows and can help to better communicate underlying data, e.g., in a policy context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, an experimental analysis of the performances of a twin arm tensioner is conducted. The investigated device is used in an automotive belt drive system mounting a belt starter generator. This configuration represents the latest trend of micro-hybrid technologies and is devoted to keep the tension of the belt within a reasonable range, while obtaining the highest possible efficiency in both motor and generator modes. At first, the functionality of a twin arm tensioner is investigated with a static model. Afterward, the performances of a real tensioner are experimentally assessed through a dedicated test rig in quasi-static conditions. The system is benchmarked in terms of angular displacement of the tensioner arms, belt tensions on the corresponding spans, and sliding arc in different operating conditions. Finally, experimental and simulation results are compared. It is shown that the proposed static model is able to capture the behavior of the real device and highlight its functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The present paper analyses the feasibility of designing a honeycomb-like crash-box, as a cellular structure, based on data obtained from the characterisation of the building block. In order to generalise the conclusions of the study, different thicknesses and testing velocities have been analysed. The main conclusion is that, if the same thickness and testing velocity are used, the specific energy absorption (SEA) and peak load values are similar for the building block and the crash-box. Consequently, the design of the complex structure can be validated by simplifying the test procedure. However, special attention must be put on the testing velocity, since the broken fibre percentage is higher in quasi-static conditions. Thus, SEA in quasi-static conditions is higher than in dynamic conditions, 64 kJ/kg and 45 kJ/kg respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary products are usually designed and produced in large inter‐firm supply networks rather than by single firms. However, our understanding of such networks is still limited due to the lack of network‐wide empirical data as well as the complexity and nonlinearity of supply networks. Herein, we introduce a network formation model to extend and generalize the prior empirical studies that have revealed variable hierarchy topologies and firm‐level transaction specificities across the supply networks for automobiles and electronics. We call it the "hierarchy‐niche model." With tuning the parameters for transaction specificity and transaction breadth, the model can generate a wide spectrum of stochastic networks that comply with the production hierarchy to varied degrees. Our simulation analyses show that the model‐generated stochastic networks capture hierarchical and cyclic topologies of real‐world automobile and electronics supply networks. The model, which relates firm‐level transaction patterns to network‐wide emergent topologies, can be further utilized to inform and guide firms' transaction strategies concerning the overall supply network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through analytical modeling and a numerical study grounded in observations from automotive remanufacturing, this study examines seeding—selling new products as remanufactured at the start of a new product's lifecycle—in order to increase core recovery quantities, to allow firms to start efficient remanufacturing earlier, and to fulfill demand for remanufactured products throughout the product's lifecycle. Though seeding has received little attention in the academic literature, many durable goods industries, such as automotive parts and heavy equipment remanufacturing, employ seeding because a lack of used units (cores) significantly constrains their remanufacturing operations. The results reveal that the cost of producing a new unit and the shape of the product lifecycle curve are key determinants of the profitability of seeding. Specifically, if the price of the remanufactured product is less than the cost of producing a new unit, then the profitability of seeding is impacted negatively when the product lifecycle ramps up slowly or when there is a large time lag for the recovery of seeded units. In effect, initial sales of seeded units at a loss for a longer period reduces and potentially nullifies the benefits of seeding. Conversely, if initial sales of seeded units are profitable, then a slower ramp‐up of the product lifecycle or a large time lag for the recovery of seeded units has a positive impact on the profitability of seeding because seeding under these circumstances allows the firm to meet demand for remanufactured products profitably earlier in the lifecycle. The results from a numerical study indicate that seeding increases total remanufacturing profits by an average of 23% and a maximum of 40% over the product's lifecycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the good mechanical performances and design flexibility of Long Glass Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene (LGFRP) composite, it has been increasingly used in the automotive components, in which the LGFRP components are likely to sustain different strain rates loading during a crash event. This study aims to investigate the correlations between the LGFRP and strain rate, which will be applied to crash-worthiness and energy absorbing property analysis of a bumper beam under the longitudinal impact. Firstly, strain rate dependent material properties are determined, for which the experimental procedure is explained in detail on the tensile specimens of long glass fiber and polypropylene matrix based composite configurations. The gained experimental results provide the input parameters for a numerical analysis of specimens. The numerical results of properties are compared with those from tests. The constitutive model that fits for LGFRP is employed to crash-worthiness and energy absorbing property analysis of a bumper beam under the longitudinal impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 15 years the auto industry has shifted from a regional industry to a global industry. As a result of this shift the original equipment supplier base has been pulled in the same direction. The globalization process has paralleled the consolidation of the supplier base that has taken place. These two trends have brought new challenges and opportunities to the supplier community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a new model of product creation, “interactive innovation” can effectively improve the success rate of enterprise product innovation. Because of the wide application of the Internet and the pervasiveness of social media such as forums and blogs, there is a rapid growth of product reviews online. These social media platforms provide an effective channel for interactive innovation between enterprises and users. This paper is based on the innovation application of automobile products. The purpose of this paper is to identify and classify the innovative users in automobile forums and analyze the characteristics of different user groups. First, we summarize six typical characteristics of innovative users and quantify these six characteristics. Second, we make a cluster analysis of user data and divide innovative users into three classes according to the innovation value. And then, based on the different characteristics of three types of users, we present different interactive innovation methods for three types of users. Finally, we construct a pyramid model of innovative user to show the distribution status of various users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was directed at the impact of innovation strategy complexity on the breadth of innovation strategy objectives achievement. The context is automotive component manufacturing in developing economies. Given the risk associated with innovation activity, the question is whether firms can improve their success by adopting a complex market access strategy. The methodology was survey based, utilizing data on the innovation activities of some 530 automotive component manufacturing firms obtained by a questionnaire applied in the Pune region in India, Beijing region in China and in South Africa. Path analysis by structural equation modeling was applied to analyze the data for the hypothesized relationships. It was found that strategic complexity in the larger combined country data set is positively and significantly related to a greater breadth of impact of innovation in terms of the market access strategies implemented. It was also observed that diversity of technology and knowledge sources, and innovation types, play a fundamental role in this relationship. The results for individual countries are different from those of all countries combined and yielded varying conclusions. The SA data set was unfortunately too small to meet the requirements for reliable results on its own, but served to support understanding of the influence of its different environment. The findings support the proposition that a diverse innovation strategy should be developed and executed in a business strategy directed at innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the electric vehicles (EV) are promoting rapidly in many big cities of China, but the charging problem has become a big obstacle for the development of EV. In this article, the demand of EV is determined on the basis of EV proportion and divided into 2 portions: (1) Centralized demand (2) Decentralized demand. The charging total mileage is determined based on the state of charge (SOC) and the orderly-free charging strategy is presented considering the demand of the users. Moreover, a new multi-objective teaching-learning based optimization (MOTLBO) algorithm is put forward to plan the quantity and location of the concentrated charging pile in the region considering the situation of the new city. Results showed that the performance of MOTLBO was promising and benefits can be achieved easily. As Compared to other methods, the method used in this article picks out the hierarchical planning idea firstly and addicts the man-machine interaction into the free-orderly charging strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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