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Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating respiratory condition characterized by persistent airflow limitation and chronic inflammation. Microbial infections and dysregulated microribonucleic acid (miRNA) expression have been implicated in COPD pathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the molecular detection of three respiratory pathogens, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, in the respiratory secretions of COPD patients. In addition, it evaluated the expression levels of miR-146, miR-16, and miR-221 in the peripheral blood of COPD patients. Methods: Peripheral blood and respiratory secretions were collected from 40 healthy individuals and 40 COPD patients. The messenger ribonucleic acid expression levels of miR-146, miR-16, and miR-221 were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analyses, including t-test, binomial test, and Pearson correlation, were performed. Results: H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, and C. pneumoniae were detected in the sputum of 12.5%, 17.5%, and 7.5% of COPD patients, respectively. The expression of miR-146, miR-221, and miR-16 was observed in 65%, 15%, and 85% of COPD patients, respectively, compared to 13%, 80%, and 15% of healthy subjects. While miR-221 was downregulated in COPD patients, miR-16 and miR-146 were upregulated. No significant differences were found in the expression of these miRNAs between infected and noninfected COPD patients. Conclusion: The molecular detection of respiratory pathogens and the expression profiles of miR-146, miR-16, and miR-221 in COPD patients may have potential diagnostic value. Further research is needed to elucidate the role of these markers in COPD pathogenesis.

Introduction: Mucormycosis, an infection, with a high death rate, requires understanding its symptoms, diagnosis methods and treatment options due, to its growing occurrence. The research employs a molecular method to evaluate the diagnosis of the mucormycosis. Materials and Methods: In this study, we obtained 30 samples from patients undergoing diagnosis and conducted DNA extraction. Additionally, DNA extraction was carried out on 30 tissue samples suspected of infection in paraffin blocks. Subsequently, PCR and Real-time PCR were performed using targeted primers, for mucormycosis followed by analysis of the results. Results: In the research findings among 30 liquid samples 8 tested positive, for mucor using the PCR method. 10 using the Real-time PCR method. Similarly, out of 30 tissue samples, 9 cases showed mucor presence with the PCR method and 11 cases, with the Realtime PCR method. Conclusion: In this study, real-time PCR and PCR techniques showed promising and faster results in detecting Mucor than the culture approach. The molecular methods provided results that could be of great use for scenarios. Keywords: Mucormycosis; Diagnosis; Real-time PCR.

Background: Dental tissue engineering (DTE) is an inspiring biological approach to replacing lost teeth. The strength of the differentiation of basic endometrial cells to ameloblasts is yet to be fully understood. Moreover, the construction of a scaffold, upon which ameloblasts can both grow and replicate, has been a challenge in DTE. Methods: This is an experimental study. Basic endometrial cells were first isolated and cultured before induction of differentiation to ameloblast cells by adjacency to mesenchymal rat cells and application of fibroblast growth factor 8. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were synthesized by freeze-drying method. The nanocomposite collagen and hydroxyapatite scaffold were synthesized by the solvent casting method. Finally, the amyloblast cells were implanted into the hydroxyapatite and collagen nanocomposite scaffold. Results: The success of cell differentiation was confirmed through staining using specific antibodies against ameloblastin and amelogenin markers. Expression of ameloblast-specific mRNAs, such as ameloblastins, amelogenins, and cytokeratin 14 was detected in the differentiated cells. Alizarin red staining clearly illustrates mineralization nodules in the differentiated cells. Staining against specific ameloblast markers showed that the differentiated ameloblast cells are expressed on the scaffold, unlike the control group. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, basic endometrial cells are capable of expressing the traits of ameloblast cells. The scaffold used in the present study conforms to most criteria used for dental tissue reconstruction and can be applied in DTE.

Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a multifactorial disease that is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. MicroRNAs have been confirmed to play a role in oral squamous cell carcinoma, acting as either oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. This study examined the expression level and role of microR-148 and microR-375 in oral cancer. Materials and Methods: In this study, we used 30 cancer samples with infection and 30 cancer samples without infection. To analyze the expression of microRNA 375 and microRNA 148, we used real-time PCR. First, we extracted total RNA from the samples. Then, we generated cDNA from it. Finally, the obtained cDNA was used in the real-time PCR technique. Results: In cancer patients with oral infection, there was an increase in microRNA-148 expression and a decrease in microRNA-375 compared to cancer patients without oral infection. Conclusion: The downregulation of microRNA-375 and upregulation of microRNA-148 can be utilized as diagnostic biomarkers and prognostic factors in oral cancer. Keywords: Oral cancer; OSCC; Realtime pcr; MiR-148; MiR-375.

Introduction: OSCC (Oral squamous cell carcinoma) accounts for approximately 90% of all oral malignancies and is usually diagnosed at advanced stages. This study investigates changes in miR-125 and miR-30 expression in relation to the clinical findings of oral cavity cancer and their possible use as an early diagnostic tool. Method and Material: A population of 30 individuals with oral squamous cell carcinoma and 30 healthy individuals was studied, and the mean age of two groups were compared using a t-test, with no significant difference found in terms of age so age will not be an interfering factor in this study. The levels of these two biomarkers (miR-125 and miR-30) were measured and evaluated using real-time PCR technique. Results: After evaluating the results of real-time PCR technique, it was found that miR-125 was positive in 25 out of 30 patients, while it was positive in 5 out of 30 healthy individuals (p-value ≤0.001). miR-30 was a positive biomarker in 10 out of 30 patients. The amount of this biomarker in the group of healthy individuals was 26 out of 30 (p-value < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The miR-125 profile is upregulated in the saliva of OSCC cases, whereas the miR-30 profile is downregulated in the aforementioned patients compared with the healthy group. Therefore, measurement of miR-125 and miR-30 may be a protentional diagnostic test to identify OSCC. We suggest more extensive studies with a larger sample size to support this claim. Keywords: oral squamous cell carcinoma, miR-125, miR-30, biomarker

Introduction: Human endometrial mesenchymal stem cells (hEnMSCs) are a rich source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with multi-lineage differentiation potential, making them an intriguing tool in regenerative medicine, particularly for the treatment of reproductive and infertility issues. The specific process of germline cell-derived stem cell differentiation remains unknown, the aim is to study novel ways to achieve an effective differentiation method that produces adequate and functioning human gamete cells. Methods: We adjusted the optimum retinoic acid (RA) concentration for enhancement of germ cell-derived hEnSCs generation in 2D cell culture after 7 days in this study. Subsequently, we developed a suitable oocyte-like cell induction media including RA and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), and studied their effects on oocyte-like cell differentiation in 2D and 3D cell culture media utilizing cells encapsulated in alginate hydrogel. Results: Our results from microscopy analysis, real-time PCR, and immunofluorescence tests revealed that 10 µM RA concentration was the optimal dose for inducing germ-like cells after 7 days. We examined the alginate hydrogel structural characteristics and integrity by rheology analysis and SEM microscope. We also demonstrated encapsulated cell viability and adhesion in the manufactured hydrogel. We propose that in 3D cell cultures in alginate hydrogel, an induction medium containing 10 µM RA and 50 ng/mL BMP4 can enhance hEnSC differentiation into oocyte-like cells. Conclusion: The production of oocyte-like cells using 3D alginate hydrogel may be viable in vitro approach for replacing gonad tissues and cells.

Introduction: Loss of tissue and dysfunction of body organs due to injuries and diseases have caused serious health problems despite the vast advances in Medicien. Bone repair through tissue engineering is one of the most important areas of attention for specialists in a wide range of departments, including orthopedics and maxillofacial surgeries. Materials and Methods: This case-series describes efficient clinical applications of adipose- derived stem cells (AdSCs) in combination with conventional guided bone regeneration as protected healing space for reconstruction of large alveolar defects after hemi-mandibulectomy. Results: As the result, this approach represented a considerable amount of three-dimensional bone formation in presented cases. Regenerating this amount of resected bone tissue rehabilitates the patients and gives clinicians a sufficient amount of bone and opportunity to insert dental implants to retrieve patients’ function and aesthetic. Conclusion: The application of AdSCs can be considered as an efficient treatment for bone regeneration in large alveolar bone defects. Keywords: Alveolar bone reconstruction; Mesenchymal stem cell; Adipose-derived stem cells; Natural bovine bone mineral.

Introduction: Head and neck cancer is the sixth common cancer in the world, of which the oral cavity is the most frequent type. It was diagnosed on more than 377,700 cases worldwide in 2020. Access to high-quality care leading to a more specific and earlier diagnosis of this cancer is crucial. Therefore, researchers attempt to investigate and detect efficient biological tumor marker. The present study aimed to investigate the changes in the expressions of miR-182, miR-221, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the peripheral blood of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and compare them with healthy individuals to detect early OSCC. Materials and Methods: 30 peripheral blood samples from patients with OSCC (19 male and 11 female), aged 25-70, were obtained from the cancer institute of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and 30 peripheral blood samples from healthy individuals (20 male and 10 female) aged 26-70 were collected. Real-time PCR was carried out to investigate the differences in the expressions of miR-182, miR-221, and ELISA was used to measure CEA protein expression. Results: Among the subjects with OSCC 83% showed miR-182 expression, 93% revealed miR- 221 expression and 96% demonstrated CEA expression. Whereas, these expressions were 26%, 20% and 13%, respectively, for the healthy group. The simultaneous detection of miR-182 and miR-221 was 73% in the individuals with OSCC. The simultaneous observation of miR-182, miR-221, and CEA in the group with OSCC was 60%. The expression level of miR-221 in the group with OSCC was 2.63 times that of the healthy subjects, and the expression level of miR-182 in the individuals with OSCC was 2.29 times that of the healthy group. Conclusion: The results of this study nominated miR-182, miR-221, and CEA as biomarkers for early diagnosis and consequently improvement of survival rate of patients suffering from OSCC. Keywords: OSCC; MiR-182; MiR-221; CEA; Biomarker.

Introduction: Infertility is one of the most important health-treatment problems in many societies. Recently, much attention has been paid to the role of miRNA in the pathway of spermatogenesis. miR-378 plays an important role in regulating proliferation and differentiation in the spermatogenesis pathway. Q10 is also an antioxidant that plays a role in protecting cells from oxygen free radicals. Insufficient amounts of coenzyme Q10 can be a major factor in failed spermatogenesis. This study was performed with aim to evaluate the plasma level of coenzyme Q10 and its association with expression of miR-378 gene in infertile men with normal spermatogenesis pattern. Methods: This case-control study was performed on 45 infertile and 45 healthy individuals as controls. Expression of miR-378 was determined by qRT-PCR and enzyme level was measured by ELISA method. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 20) and t-test. P

Abstract Background The development of lung cancer is a multifactorial process that involves the environmental and genetic factors. The mortality rate of this cancer is higher than breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers. In this study, we try to analyze the proteome of patients with Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) and compare it with the healthy samples. Methods This study has compared 30 lung tissue samples from patients with NSCLC and 30 healthy samples using proteomics and RT‐PCR. Hence, tissue samples were obtained from the surgical ward in sterile conditions, and then, protein extraction applied to them. At the next stage, two‐dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry LCMS/MS were performed for protein isolation and sequencing, respectively. Results The proteome analysis identified more than 40 differences in proteomic pattern of normal lung tissues compared to lung tissues with NSCLC. Peroxiredoxin, Haptoglobin, and Alpha‐1 antitrypsin proteins were identified. Molecularly, it has also been shown that the two main proteins of Peroxiredoxin‐2 and Alpha‐1 antitrypsin were upregulated, and the expression of Haptoglobin protein was downregulated in cancer tissue. Conclusion The results of this study showed that there are some differences in term of protein content between the normal and cancerous lung tissues. Further studies are needed to evaluate these proteins that investigate whether these proteins can candidate as biomarkers to use in the early diagnosis of patients with NSCLC.

Background: A heterogeneous pattern was detected in COVID-19 severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients. The aim of this study was to define special features and individualized treatment modalities for this fatal infectious disease. Methods: Thirty-six patients diagnosed as COVID-19 severe ARDS were chosen. Lung mechanics (compliance), the extravascular lung water index (EVLWI) and pulmonary vascular permeability index (PVPI), and serum concentrations of immunology markers (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, IL-8, ferritin, and C-reactive protein) were measured. Accordingly, individualized treatment consisting of Actemra, hemoperfusion (HP), continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was implemented for each patient. Results: Patients were categorized according to the lung compliance: 18 in “L type” with compliance> 40 cc/cmH2O and 18 in “H type” with compliance ≤40 cc/cmH2O. In 16 patients, standard mechanical ventilation management and antiviral therapy were unsuccessful; therefore, hemodynamic and immunity responses were evaluated. Results of transpulmonary thermodilution in L-type patients surprisingly showed EVLWI = 8.8 ± 1.3 (6.9–9.7) and PVPI = 2.4 ± 0.1 (2.2–2.6). In the H-type patients, five cases showed EVLWI = 8.7 ± 0.8 (7.5–9.8) and PVPI = 2.6 ± 0.3 (2.1–2.8) which were subclassified as “Ha type” and five cases with EVLWI = 17.5 ± 1.9 (15.7–20.6) and PVPI = 3.9 ± 0.4 (3.5–4.5) were named “Hb type”. By measuring immunologic markers, these two groups were subdivided into high and low marker groups. Individualized treatment resulted in 2 survivals with Actemra, 1 with HP, 2 with HP + CRRT, and 1 with ECMO. Conclusion: According to the heterogeneity of COVID-19 severe ARDS presentation, which is due to various immunologic and hemodynamic responses, a systematic approach is an important and relatively successful strategy in choosing the appropriate treatment modality.

Background: Nowadays COVID-19 has become a pandemic in which global society experience multiple difficulties in management. It seems that olfactory dysfunction is one of the early occurring symptoms of this viral infection and many patients just show this symptom after they got infected. Considering so, olfactory dysfunction especially a decline in olfaction could potentially be used for screening purposes and preventing the disease to spread. Materials and Methods: 50 PCR-verified SARS-CoV-2 infected participants were assessed about their olfactory function adequacy using a Modified Version of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) for the Iranian population called Iran Smell Identification Test (Iran-SIT). Participants scores were compared against normal population scores in this test and possible correlations of age and scores were explored as well. Results: Participants with SARS-CoV-2 infection generally obtained lesser scores in the mentioned test which means they experience a decline in olfactory function more, significantly. Aging also has a negative correlation with olfaction adequacy. Conclusion: Based on this article’s finding, olfactory function decrease is more frequent among SARS-CoV-2 infected people and potentially could be a suggestive indicator for screening programs. This indicator should be interpreted concerning patients’ age. Keywords: COVID-19; Olfactory dysfunction; Anosmia; Early detection.

Abstract Background Bone tissue is one of the tissues that are capable of self-regeneration. However, bone self-regeneration is defeated in the case of broad lesion of bone structure. Isolated stem cells from wisdom tooth follicles can potentially differentiate into ectodermal and mesodermal cells. Saghez is a natural substance that has been extracted from Pistacia terebinthus with unique features, such as high temperature and mechanical stability, adhesive structure, biocompatibility, and anti-neoplastic properties. Methods In this study, Saghez-encapsulated BMP2 was applied as a scaffold for wisdom tooth follicle stem cell differentiation into the osteocyte. A total of three wisdom tooth follicles were obtained for stem cell isolation. For verification of differentiation of the isolated stem cells into osteocyte and adipocyte, Oil Red and Alizarin staining were applied, respectively. Moreover, mesenchymal stem cells were distinguished by profiling their cell surface markers, includingCD73, CD90, CD44, and CD105, by flow cytometry. Saghez scaffold loaded with BMP2 factor was prepared using sol-gel method. Four experimental groups were considered in this study: cells seeded on BMP2 encapsulated in Saghez scaffold, Saghez scaffold, osteogenic medium, and DMEM medium. Results Mechanical properties of Saghez scaffold, including tensile Young’s modulus, ultimate tensile stress, compression Young’s modulus, and complex shear modulus, were 19 MPa, 32 MPa, 0.42 MPa, and 0.9 MPa, respectively. The porosity of the scaffold was 70–140 μm, and the percentage of porosity was 75–98%. The results of flow cytometry studies indicated that CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105 were positively expressed on the membrane of the tooth follicles’ stem cell. The results indicated that the rate of differentiation of the follicle stem cells into osteocyte was the highest in the Saghez-BMP2 scaffold containing differentiation medium groups. These findings were verified by morphological studies, osteoblast and osteocalcin gene and protein expression investigations, and alkaline phosphatase activity measurement. The highest osteopontin and osteocalcin genes expression levels (1.7 and 1.9) were seen in positive control, followed by DMEM + differentiation factor (1.5 and 1.6), scaffold + BMP2 (1.2 and 1.4), DMEM + stem cell (1 and 1) and scaffold (0.4 and 0.5), and negative control respectively. Conclusion This study provides a novel system for differentiation of the stem cell into osteocytes. The results of this study suggest that loaded BMP2 in Saghez scaffold possibly acts as an osteocyte differentiator factor.

Introduction: Cancer is one of the most important causes of mortality in the world. So, in this study the changes of expressing miR-205 and CEA in oral cancer in peripheral blood were examined for early detection and better treatment. Methods: In this study, we selected the number of 30 patient people and 30 healthy people. We measured their blood miR-205 and CEA using Real-Time PCR technique and evaluated the relationship between the expression of these biomarkers with tumor staging and cancer progression. Findings: there is no a significant difference in mean age by comparing these two groups using t-test. The CEA mRNA biomarker was positive in 24 out of 30 people of the patient people group and was positive in 4 out of 30 people of the healthy people group. Statistical comparison represented a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P-value

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by chronic airway blockage. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Haemophilus influenzae in patients with COPD using molecular method. Methods: A total of 100 samples of respiratory secretion were collected from patients with COPD. The molecular identification of Haemophilus influenza was performed using specific primers against standard kits by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Findings: Haemophilus influenzae bacteria were positive in 10 out of 100 patients, and 8 of 100 were positive in PCR using specific primers. Conclusion: Nucleic acid-like PCR tests, due to their sensitivity, high accuracy, and time saving, are the appropriate method for diagnosis of Haemophilus influenzae in patients with chronic pulmonary obstruction.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the 10 most common malignant tumors. This study aimed to evaluate the relevance of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cytokeratin 19 (CK19) genes as biomarkers for diagnosis of OSCC. Methods: In this study, 30 patients and 30 healthy individuals were selected. CK19 and VEGF were measured in peripheral blood using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. T-test was performed to analyze the data. Findings: In patients with OSCC, CK19 and VEGF markers were positive in 17 and 23 patients out of 30. Conclusion: The expression of VEGF and CK19 is more among the patients with OSCC, compared to healthy people. In summary, the result of this study can be considered as a diagnostic screening test in the early stages of the disease.

Background: Among the myriad adverse events of drugs in the oral cavity, Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is one of the most detrimental drug reactions that have ever been known. Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the success of applying collagen scaffold alone and platelet-rich plasma (PRP)+collagen scaffold in prevention of zoledronic acid-induced BRONJ in the rat. Methods: A total of 17 male Wistar-rats were treated with 4 weekly doses of zoledronic acid. All rats were undergone bilateral tooth extraction of mandibular first molars and divided into three groups of scaffold + PRP + suture, scaffold + suture, and suture only. All rats were scarified and clinical, radiological, histological and histomorphomerical evaluations were made on week 8 post-treatment. The soft tissue healing, bone mineralized density (BMD), number of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, necrotic bone (NB), intensity of inflammation and new bone formation (NBF) were analyzed. Results: BMD, number of osteoblasts and NBF variables proved to be statistically were higher in the treatment groups than the control group. In addition, the PRP + scaffold group showed the better results in terms of BMD, number of osteoblasts and NBF than that of the scaffold alone group. Number of osteoclasts, inflammation intensity and osteonecrosis were also significantly different in the PRP + scaffold group compared to the scaffold alone and the control groups. Conclusion: Application of a PRP-enriched collagen scaffold appeared to be a successful preventive treatment for BRONJ by effecting of the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, BMD, NBF, inflammation, and osteonecrosis.

Introduction: Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common oral malignancies, which accounts for 80-90% of malignant neoplasms of the oral cavity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that regulate post-transcriptional gene expression by targeting mRNAs. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 40 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and 40 healthy individuals as control were studied. Blood samples were collected from both groups. Also, 30 cancer tissue samples and 30 healthy tissue samples were prepared and evaluated. RNA was extracted from collected peripheral blood and tissue samples and evaluated for the expression level of miR-494 via real-time PCR technique. P. value values

Background: The efficacy of mesnchymal stem cells (MSCs) to treat the necrotic tissue of salivary glands (SGs) has yet investigated. Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the potential capacity of MSCs to restore the function and regenerate the necrotic submandiular gland in the rat animal model. Methods: Twenty-one Sprague–Dawley rats were provided from a breeding colony and randomly divided into three groups including the positive control or induced SG atrophy without treatment, the treatment group or induced SG atrophy with MSCs isolated transplantation and the negative control group consists of healthy rats. The atrophic and necrotic submandiular gland was induced using intraoral duct ligation of the main duct of submandiular gland for one month. The isolated stem cells were confirmed using flow cytometry for CD90 and CD 105. The isolated MSCs were cultured and injected to submandiular gland and the potential efficacy of MSCs to treat the atrophic submandibular glands was evaluated using histopathology on two weeks post-transplantation. To detect the acinar cell protein secretory granules, Alcian Blue and periodic acid shift (PAS) staining were done. For the demonstration of mitotic index or proliferation rate of the SG epithelia tissue, Ki-67 and Smbg proteins expression were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Results: The locally injected MSCs could regenerate the overall histological structure of the necrotic submandibular gland tissue within 2 weeks of post-transplantation. Alcian Blue and PAS staining indicated that the mean amount of serous and mucin secretions in the treatment group was significantly increased compared to the positive control groups. We have also found that the treatment group significantly express higher Ki-67 protein, as a diagnostic marker for cell mitosis and proliferation rate, and lower Smbg protein, as a diagnostic marker, for damage to the submandibular gland than that of control group. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the therapeutic benefits of MSCs isolated from the SG in treating atrophic and necrotic SGs in a rat model. MSCs may be potential candidates for cell-based therapies targeting hypofunction of SG induced by a range of diseases or because of surgery and radiotherapy of head and neck cancers.

Background and purpose: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a common type of cancer and one of the most important causes of death in the world; therefore, this study investigates the expression of miR-21, MUC1 mRNA and VEGF protein in peripheral blood for early detection and better treatment of this cancer using Real-Time RT-PCR and Elisa. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 50 OSCC patients and 50 healthy subjects were selected as controls. The total RNA in peripheral blood was extracted by RNA extraction kit and quality evaluation of extracted RNA was measured by NanoDrop.For the synthesis of cDNA, Viva 2-steps RT-PCR kit was used. Expression of miR-21 and MUC1 mRNA were measured by Real-Time RT-PCR and used Elisa for VEGF protein. The relationship between the expressions of these biomarkers was evaluated with tumor staging and progression of cancer. Results: The average age difference is not significant in these two groups by using t-test. The miR-21 was positive in 43 out of 50 OSCC patients (86%), and it was also 14 out of 50 healthy subjects (28%). The MUC1 mRNA was positive in 35 out of 50 OSCC patients, indicating 70% sensitivity, and it was positive in 9 of the 50 healthy subjects(18%). The serum levels of VEGF protein were measured using Elisa; it was positive in 32 out of 50 OSCC patients (64%) and this biomarker in healthy subjects report was not positive, indicating that the specificity is 100%. Conclusions: Overall, the miR-21, MUC1 mRNA and VEGF protein biomarkers could be suggested as a diagnostic screening test for the early detection of diseases. To prove further research is recommended further studies with a larger sample size to be done.

Background: Breast cancer is a multifactorial potentially lethal disease that is triggered by genetic factors as well as numerous environmental factors. The present research aimed to examine the expression of Vascular endothelial growth factor messenger RNA (VEGF mRNA), cytokeratin-19 mRNA (CK19 mRNA), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein biomarker in the peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer. Methods: 40 patients with breast cancer were compared to 40 healthy individuals. The real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) method was used to determine the expressions of the CK19 mRNA and VEGF mRNA biomarkers in the peripheral blood samples of the healthy participants and the patients. The VEGF protein was also compared using the (ELISA) method. Findings: The positive VEGF mRNA biomarker was observed in 30 of the 40 patients with breast cancer; thus the sensitivity of this marker was 75%. In the healthy participants group, 6 of the 40 participants showed a positive VEGF mRNA biomarker expression. The CK19 mRNA marker was positive in 25 of the 40 patients, which indicated a sensitivity of 62.5%. In the healthy participants group, the positive expression of the CK19 mRNA biomarker was observed in 7 of the 40 participants. VEGF was positive in 27 of the 40 patients. In the control group, 5 of the 40 participants showed the positive expression of this biomarker. Conclusion: In sum, based on the results of this research, the assessed breast cancer tumor markers can be used as screening tests for the early diagnosis of patients. To further prove the findings of this study, more extensive studies with larger sample sizes are recommended.

Statement of the Problem: Evidence shows thiabendazole has the potential to inhibit angiogenesis in melanoma and fibrosarcoma; however, its effect on oral squamous cell carcinoma has not been previously studied. Purpose: This study sought to assess the cytotoxic effects of thiabendazole on HN5 head and neck squamous carcinoma cell line. Materials and Method: HN5 cell lines were exposed to different concentrations of thiabendazole (prepared from 99% pure powder) for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Cell viability was assessed by the methyl thiazol tetrazolium assay, and IC50 of thiabendazole was calculated. Cells were also exposed to different concentrations of thiabendazole for 48 hours to determine its effect on expression and transcription of vascular endothelial growth factor gene. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The vascular endothelial growth factor release was assessed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. Results: In all concentrations of thiabendazole except for 200 and 550μM, cell viability was significantly different at different time points (p< 0.05). At 48 and 72 hours, cell viability at all concentrations of thiabendazole (100-650μM) significantly decreased compared to the control group (zero concentration). In addition, cell viability significantly decreased with an increase in thiabendazole concentration. At 48 hours, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA was significantly lower in presence of 500μM thiabendazole compared to the control group (p< 0.001) and release of vascular endothelial growth factor was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Thiabendazole inhibited the proliferation of HN5 cells in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. It also inhibited the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor gene.

Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 2% of all cancers and also is one of the top 10 causes of death in humans. The goal of this article is to assess changes of VEGF mRNA and miR-494 expression. Materials and Methods: We chose 30 patients with OSCC and 30 healthy people (as a controlled group) and assess the rate of VEGF mRNA and miR-494 expression in peripheral blood with real-time PCR technique. Findings: VEGF mRNA marker was positive in 24 out of 30 patients. Also, miR-494 was positive in 20 out of 30 patients. Results: Overall based on this article’s findings, results could count as a diagnostic screening test for OSCC detection in early steps of cancer.

Background and Aim: Lung cancer is the most common cancer among men around the world. The aim of this study was to determine the expression levels of CK19 mRNA marker in the affected patients’ peripheral blood. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients with lung cancer (NSCLC type) were compared with 30 healthy controls. After taking peripheral blood samples and extracting total RNA, cDNA was synthesized and examined by Real-time RT-PCR technique. Then, the CEA antigen was measured by ELISA. Results: The CK19mRNA was positive in 7 out of 30 lung cancer patients. Hence, its sensitivity was determined to be 23.3 %. The serum level of CEA antigen was positive in 11 out of 30 lung cancer patients. The mean serum level of CEA antigen markers was higher in patients than in controls; the difference was statistically significant (P< 0.001). The sensitivity of this test was determined to be 36.6 %. Conclusion: This study showed that the sensitivity of CK19 mRNA in peripheral blood was low, but it had a high specificity for the diagnosis of primary lung cancer. Also, it was found that CEA antigen could be the specific marker for the early detection of lung cancer in patients’ peripheral blood.

Background and Aim: Lung cancer is the most common cancer among men around the world. The aim of this study was to determine the expression levels of CK19 mRNA marker in the affected patients’ peripheral blood. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients with lung cancer (NSCLC type) were compared with 30 healthy controls. After taking peripheral blood samples and extracting total RNA, cDNA was synthesized and examined by Real-time RT-PCR technique. Then, the CEA antigen was measured by ELISA. Results: The CK19mRNA was positive in 7 out of 30 lung cancer patients. Hence, its sensitivity was determined to be 23.3 %. The serum level of CEA antigen was positive in 11 out of 30 lung cancer patients. The mean serum level of CEA antigen markers was higher in patients than in controls; the difference was statistically significant (P< 0.001). The sensitivity of this test was determined to be 36.6 %. Conclusion: This study showed that the sensitivity of CK19 mRNA in peripheral blood was low, but it had a high specificity for the diagnosis of primary lung cancer. Also, it was found that CEA antigen could be the specific marker for the early detection of lung cancer in patients’ peripheral blood.

Background and purpose: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a common type of cancer and one of the most important causes of death in the world; therefore, this study investigatesthe expression of miR-21, MUC1 mRNA and VEGF protein in peripheral blood for early detection and better treatment of this cancer using Real Time RT-PCR and Elisa. Materials and methods:In this experimental study, 50 OSCC patients and 50 healthy subjects were selected as controls. The total RNA in peripheral blood was extracted by RNA extraction kit and quality evaluation of extracted RNA was measured by NanoDrop.For the synthesis of cDNA Viva 2-steps RT-PCR kit was used. Expression of miR-21 and MUC1 mRNA were measured by Real Time RT-PCR and used Elisa for VEGF protein. The relationship between the expressions of these biomarkers were evaluated with tumor staging and progression of cancer. Results:The averageage difference is not significant in these two groups by using t-test. The miR-21 was positive in 43 out of 50 OSCC patients (86%), and it was also 14 out of 50 healthy subjects (28%). The MUC1 mRNA was positive in 35 out of 50 OSCC patients, indicating 70% sensitivity, and it was positive in 9 of the 50 healthy subjects(18%). The serum levels of VEGF protein were measured using Elisa; it was positive in 32 out of 50 OSCC patients (64%) and this biomarker in healthy subjects report wasnot positive, indicating that the specificity is 100%. Conclusions:Overall, the miR-21, MUC1 mRNA and VEGF protein biomarkers could be suggested as a diagnostic screening test for the early detection of diseases. To prove further research is recommended further studies with larger sample size to be done.

Background: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one most prevalent cancers among worldwide. Aim of this study was to evaluate possible effect of bevacizumab, a vascular endothelial growth (VEGF) factor monoclonal antibody on HNSCC cells in vitro to evaluate angiogenic profile changes. Materials and Methods: HNSCC cells were grown and after that different concentrations of bevacizumab were added in order to evaluate cytotoxic concentration using MTT assay. Then after, the cultured cells in presence of different concentration of bevacizumab were evaluated for gene expression of VEGF, matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 using real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Moreover, the VEGF expression was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The concentration at which half cells died (IC59) was calculated 1779 µg/mL and at this concentration, VEGF protein secretion was decreased by over one fold. RT-PCR results showed that MMP2, MMP9 and VEGF decreased by 1, 0.6 and 1.1 folds, respectively. Conclusion: It seems that bevacizumab could be considered as a side therapy for patients with HNSCC due to its potential for inhibition of angiogenic related factors, but further complementary studies are necessary.

Introduction: Anthracosis is known as the black lung disease and studies have shown relationships between the disease and lung carcinoma. In addition, the expression of CDH1 and EGFR genes can be used as the prognostic of anthracosis. The present study surveys the expression of CDH1 and EGFR genes in anthracosis patients and its relationship with non-small cells lung carcinoma. Methodology: Thirty anthracosis patients diagnosed by a specialist participated in the study. The subjects were asked to sign an informed letter of consent and then, to examine the expression of CDH1 and EGFR genes through real-time PCR, tissue samples were collected. Afterward, the relationship of expression of the biomarkers with tumor staging and cancer progress was examined. Results: Mean age of the patients was 48±10.5 years. As the reference gene, 18sRNA was adopted and comparison of mean CTs at the center and edges of lesions showed no significant difference. As to CDH1 gene at the center of lesions, 12 cases out of 30 were positive, which indicates 40% sensitivity; while at the edges, 20 cases out 30 were positive. Comparison of the positive rates of CDH1 gene at the center and edges of the lesions indicated a significant difference (P-value

Introduction and objective: Anthracosis is a pneumoconiosis caused by coal dust. The term “pneumoconiosis” refers to an occupational lung disease caused by long-term inhalation of dust. To achieve more efficient diagnosis and treatment methods, changes in the expression of MUC1 and P16 genes in the patients with anthracosis and their relationship with none small cells lung carcinoma were examined. Methodology: Thirty anthracosis samples (center of the lesion) and thirty healthy samples (edges of the lesion) were collected from anthracosis patients diagnosed by a specialist. The patients signed a written letter of consent beforehand. The expression of MUC1 and P19 biomarkers was measured through Real-Time PCR. The relationship of the expression of biomarkers with tumor staging and lung carcinoma stage was examined. Results: The two groups in the study were compared using t-test. P16 marker was positive at the center and edges of lesions in seven (out of 30) and 18 (out of 30) cases respectively. There was a significant difference between positive P16 markers at the center and edges of the lesions (p-value

Objectives: Cancer is one of the main causes of death in the world. Changes in the expression of CK19 and CEA genes in peripheral blood of OSCC patients were examined for early diagnosis. Methodology: The participants were 36 patients and 36 normal individuals. CK19 and CEA of blood serum were measured through Real-Time PCR. The relationship of the biomarkers with tumor staging and cancer development was examined. Results: Comparison of the two groups of participants using t-test indicated no significant difference in terms of mean age. CK19 marker was positive in 19 participants of the patient’s group (n=36), which meant the sensitivity of the marker was 53%. In addition, the marker was positive in eight participants of the normal group (n=36). CEA marker was positive in 26 participants of the patient’s group (n=36), which meant the sensitivity of the marker was 72%. Moreover, the marker was positive in 11 participants in the normal group (n=36). Conclusion: In general, the study introduced a screening test for early diagnosis of OSCC. To have evidence with more reliability, future studies should be carried out with larger sample groups. Keywords: Oral squamous cells carcinoma- early diagnosis- CK19- CEA

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for about 90% of all malignant oral tumors, and is often diagnosed in advanced stages. In this study, changes in the expression of microRNA-155 (miR-155) and carcinoembryonic antigen messenger RNA (CEA mRNA) in peripheral blood of patients with oral cancer were investigated. Methods: In this study, 30 patients and 30 healthy people were selected. The miR-155 and CEA mRNA levels in their peripheral blood were measured and evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) technique. Findings: Positive miR-155 marker was observed in 21 people from 30 with oral cancer, and 7 of 30 healthy subjects. The CEA mRNA marker was positive in 23 of the 30 patients, and 5 out of 30 healthy subjects. Conclusion: In sum, the outcome of this study can be seen as a screening diagnostic test for early detection of the disease in the early stages.

Objectives: Cancer is one of the main causes of death in the world. Changes in the expression of CK19 and CEA genes in peripheral blood of OSCC patients were examined for early diagnosis. Methodology: The participants were 36 patients and 36 normal individuals. CK19 and CEA of blood serum were measured through Real-Time PCR. The relationship of the biomarkers with tumor staging and cancer development was examined. Results: Comparison of the two groups of participants using t-test indicated no significant difference in terms of mean age. CK19 marker was positive in 19 participants of the patients group (n=36), which meant the sensitivity of the marker was 53%. In addition, the marker was positive in eight participants of the normal group (n=36). CEA marker was positive in 26 participants of the patients group (n=36), which meant the sensitivity of the marker was 72%. Moreover, the marker was positive in 11 participants in the normal group (n=36). Conclusion: In general, the study introduced a screening test for early diagnosis of OSCC. To have evidences with more reliability, future studies should be carried out with larger sample groups.

Introduction: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a relatively rare autoimmune disease characterized by blistering of the skin and mucosa. The main objective of this study was to investigate the possible association between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and PV in Iranian patients. For this, 112 PV and 100 controls were enrolled in this study. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood and genotyping of all participants for the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The genotypes were grouped into three classes: homozygous for the short allele (SS), heterozygous for the short and long allele (LS) and homozygous for the long allele (LL). Results: Our results showed no significant association between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism genotypes, LL, SS and LS in PV patients compared to controls. Also, our finding did not reveal any evidence of an association between this disease and the allele frequency of S and L. Taken together, our findings suggested that the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism is unlikely to be a factor contributing to the risk of developing pemphigus vulgaris. Conclusion: It can be concluded that although 5-HTTLPR polymorphism seems to be associated with some of auto-immune and stress-related disease. Key words: Iranian Population, PCR, Pemphigus vulgaris, Polymorphism, Risk Factor.

Introduction: Pemphigus comprises a group of diseases characterized by cutaneous and mucosal blistering. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is the most common and important variant. Recent reports have revealed the relatively high incidence of PV in Iran. The onset or aggravation of many human diseases is attributed to oxidative stress and it has been suggested as one of the several factors responsible for etiopathogenesis of pemphigus. The present study sought to assess the association of salivary level of antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total antioxidant level with pemphigus vulgaris. Materials and Methods: This case-control study evaluated patients referred to Razi Dermatology Hospital in Tehran , Iran from January to November 2011. Thirty patients with early diagnosed PV, who had never been on treatment were enrolled in this study. The diagnosis of PV was confirmed by histopathology and direct immunofluorescence. The control group consisted of 30 age- and sex-matched healthy non-smoker volunteers. Saliva was collected from subjects for evaluation of glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant levels and comparison with controls. GPX and TAS activity was analyzed by spectrophotometry . Independent samples t-test was applied to compare the means of continuous variables. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean salivary level of glutathione peroxidase was significantly lower in pemphigus patients. No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in total antioxidant levels of saliva. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that lower levels of glutathione peroxidase may be associated with pemphigus vulgaris. Salivary GPx level may be used for diagnosis of PV. Key words: Antioxidant, Pemphigus vulgaris, Glutathione peroxidase.

Introduction: Anthracosis is known as the black lung disease and studies have shown relationships between the disease and lung carcinoma. In addition, the expression of CDH1 and EGFR genes can be used as the prognostic of anthracosis. The present study surveys the expression of CDH1 and EGFR genes in anthracosis patients and its relationship with non-small cells lung carcinoma. Methodology: Thirty anthracosis patients diagnosed by a specialist participated in the study. The subjects were asked to sign an informed letter of consent and then, to examine the expression of CDH1 and EGFR genes through real-time PCR, tissue samples were collected. Afterward, the relationship of expression of the biomarkers with tumor staging and cancer progress was examined. Results: Mean age of the patients was 48±10.5 years. As the reference gene, 18sRNA was adopted and comparison of mean CTs at the center and edges of lesions showed no significant difference. As to CDH1 gene at the center of lesions, 12 cases out of 30 were positive, which indicates 40% sensitivity; while at the edges, 20 cases out 30 were positive. Comparison of the positive rates of CDH1 gene at the center and edges of the lesions indicated a significant difference (P-value

Introduction and objective: Anthracosis is a pneumoconiosis caused by coal dust. The term “pneumoconiosis” refers to an occupational lung disease caused by long-term inhalation of dust. To achieve more efficient diagnosis and treatment methods, changes in the expression of MUC1 and P16 genes in the patients with anthracosis and their relationship with none-small cells lung carcinoma were examined. Methodology: Thirty anthracosis samples (center of lesion) and thirty healthy samples (edges of lesion) were collected from anthracosis patients diagnosed by a specialist. The patients signed a written letter of consent beforehand. The expression of MUC1 and P19 biomarkers was measured through Real-Time PCR. The relationship of the expression of biomarkers with tumor staging and lung carcinoma stage was examined. Results: The two groups in the study were compared using t-test. P16 marker was positive at the center and edges of lesions in seven (out of 30) and 18 (out of 30) cases respectively. There was a significant difference between positive P16 markers at the center and edges of the lesions (p-value