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Copyright of China Condiment is the property of China Condiment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Apple polyphenols (APs) have gained attention for their various bioactivities, while no studies on anti-liver fibrosis activity are reported. This study evaluated the protective effect of APs on liver fibrosis using LPS-treated activated HSC-T6 cells and alcohol-treated liver fibrosis (ALF) mice. The results indicated that APs inhibited HSC-T6 cells activation in vitro and reduced the level of serum hyaluronic acid (HA) (p < 0.05), decreased fibrogenesis marker expression (p < 0.05), thereby alleviating ALF. In addition, APs (800 mg/kg b.w.) decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (p < 0.05) in ALF mice, inhibited LPS accumulation in the liver tissue and serum (p < 0.05), and significantly inhibited the TLR4/NF-κB/TGF-β signaling in mice liver. In conclusion, APs markedly ameliorated ALF, possibly by improving gut microbiota homeostasis, decreasing the translocation of bacterial endotoxins to the blood, and suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB/TGF-β signaling pathway, indicating its potential as lead compounds for functional foods and/or drugs against ALF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apple polyphenols are one of the major bioactive compounds in apple products and have strong anti-inflammatory effects and the ability to prevent chronic diseases with health benefits. The development of apple polyphenol products is dependent on the extraction, purification and identification of apple polyphenols. The extracted polyphenols need to be further purified to improve the concentration of the extracted polyphenols. This review, therefore, presents the studies on the conventional and novel methods for polyphenols purification from apple products. The different chromatography methods, as one of the most widely used conventional purification methods, for polyphenol purification from various apple products are introduced. In addition, the perspective of the adsorption-desorption process and membrane filtration technique in enhancing the purification of polyphenols from apple products are presented in this review. The advantages and disadvantages of these purification techniques are also discussed and compared in depth. However, each of the reviewed technologies has some disadvantages that need to be overcome, and some mechanisms need to be further identified. Therefore, more competitive polyphenols purification techniques need to emerge in the future. It is hoped that this review can provide a research basis for the efficient purification of apple polyphenols, which can facilitate their application in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of apple polyphenol (AP) intake on muscle endurance. Since mitochondria are critical for muscle endurance, we investigated mitochondrial enzyme activity, biogenesis, degradation and protein quality control. Twenty‐four Wistar rats were randomly fed a 5% AP diet (5% AP group, n = 8), a 0.5% AP diet (0.5% AP group, n = 8), or a control diet (control group, n = 8). After a 4‐week feeding period, the expression level of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ coactivator‐1α, a mitochondrial biosynthetic factor, did not increase, whereas that of transcription factor EB, another regulator of mitochondrial synthesis, significantly increased. Moreover, the mitochondrial count did not differ significantly between the groups. In contrast, mitophagy‐related protein levels were significantly increased. The enzymatic activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes II, III and IV were significantly higher in the AP intake group than in the control group. We conclude that AP feeding increases the activity of respiratory chain complex enzymes in rat skeletal muscles. Moreover, mitochondrial biosynthesis and degradation may have increased in AP‐treated rats.

Inflammatory bowel conditions can involve nearly all organ systems and induce pathological processes through increased oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and disruption of the immune response. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at high risk of having extra-intestinal manifestations, for example, in the hepatobiliary system. In 30% of patients with IBD, the blood values of liver enzymes, such as AST and ALT, are increased. Moreover, treatments for inflammatory bowel diseases may cause liver toxicity. Apple polyphenol extracts are widely acknowledged for their potential antioxidant effects, which help prevent damage from oxidative stress, reduce inflammation, provide protection to the liver, and enhance lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the polyphenol apple extract from Malus domestica cv. 'Limoncella' (LAPE) may be an effective intervention for the treatment of IBD-induced hepatotoxicity. The LAPE was administrated in vivo by oral gavage (3–300 mg/kg) once a day for 3 consecutive days, starting 24 h after the induction of dinitro-benzenesulfonic acid (DNBS) colitis in mice. The results showed that LAPE significantly attenuated histological bowel injury, myeloperoxidase activity, tumor necrosis factor and interleukin (IL-1β) expressions. Furthermore, LAPE significantly improved the serum lipid peroxidation and liver injury in DNBS-induced colitis, as well as reduced the nuclear transcription factor-kappaB activation. In conclusion, these results suggest that LAPE, through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, could prevent liver damage induced by inflammatory bowel disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing the concern of heat accumulation in electronic devices, considerable research efforts have been dedicated to develop composites that are thermally conductive yet electrically insulative. Incorporating hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as fillers shows promise in enhancing the thermal conductivity of polymer composites. However, notable challenges arise from difficulties in achieving well dispersion and establishing efficient three-dimensional thermal conductive networks. This work demonstrated an efficient photocurable direct ink writing (DIW) printing method to fabricate functional h-BN nanosheets (A-BNNS)/epoxy acrylate (EA) resin-based thermal conductive composites (A-BNNS/EA). Apple polyphenol-assisted ball milling was employed to fabricate functionalized BN nanosheets (A-BNNS). Subsequently, A-BNNS/EA inks were 3D printed using DIW to create thermally conductive composites, which were then UV-cured. The composite containing 55 wt% A-BNNS demonstrated an impressive thermal conductivity (TC) of 3.44 W/(m K). The utilization of 3D printing technology enables an onion-like dispersion of A-BNNS within the polymer matrix, effectively constructing three-dimensional thermal conductive networks. This contribution significantly enhances the overall thermal conductivity. Highlights • The functional BNNS (A-BNNS) was achieved by apple polyphenol-assisted ball milling. • The utilization of photocurable 3D printing technology for producing high thermal conductivity materials are efficient. • A-BNNS exhibited an onion-like distribution and effectively constructed a 3D thermal conductive network within the polymer matrix • The composites demonstrate excellent thermal conductivity and favorable heat dissipation property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Storage & Process is the property of Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Previous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of apple polyphenol (AP) intake on muscle endurance. Since mitochondria are critical for muscle endurance, we investigated mitochondrial enzyme activity, biogenesis, degradation and protein quality control. Twenty‐four Wistar rats were randomly fed a 5% AP diet (5% AP group, n = 8), a 0.5% AP diet (0.5% AP group, n = 8), or a control diet (control group, n = 8). After a 4‐week feeding period, the expression level of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ coactivator‐1α, a mitochondrial biosynthetic factor, did not increase, whereas that of transcription factor EB, another regulator of mitochondrial synthesis, significantly increased. Moreover, the mitochondrial count did not differ significantly between the groups. In contrast, mitophagy‐related protein levels were significantly increased. The enzymatic activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes II, III and IV were significantly higher in the AP intake group than in the control group. We conclude that AP feeding increases the activity of respiratory chain complex enzymes in rat skeletal muscles. Moreover, mitochondrial biosynthesis and degradation may have increased in AP‐treated rats. New Findings: What is the central question of this study?Does the administration of apple polyphenols (AP) affect mitochondrial respiratory chain complex enzyme activity, biogenesis, degradation and protein quality control in rat skeletal muscles?What is the main finding and its importance?AP feeding increases respiratory chain complex enzyme activity in rat skeletal muscle. Moreover, AP administration increases transcription factor EB activation, and mitophagy may be enhanced to promote degradation of dysfunctional mitochondria, but mitochondrial protein quality control was not affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study investigated the effects of fermentation by Lactobacillus rhamnosus zrx01 (LR‐zrx01), Lactobacillus acidophilus zrx02 (LA‐zrx02), and Lactobacillus plantarum zrx03 (LP‐zrx03), as well as dynamic simulated digestion by bionic rats, on the biotransformation and antioxidant potential of apple polyphenols. Polyphenols were determined by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry, the dynamic simulated digestion of fermented apple pulp was determined by bionic rats, and the antibacterial and antioxidant activities were analyzed. Results: The polyphenol content of apple pulp fermented using the three strains was respectively 1.41, 1.38, and 1.36 times that of non‐fermented pulp. The antibacterial activity of apple pulp improved dramatically after fermentation. Moreover, the antioxidant potential of apple pulp increased after fermentation and digestion. After dynamic simulated digestion by bionic rats, the polyphenol content in unfermented and the three fermented groups increased significantly by 1.19, 1.23, 1.20, and 1.19 times compared to that before digestion, respectively. The major polyphenols in each group with obvious changes were epicatechin, rutin, kaempferol, quercetin‐3 galactoside, p‐coumaric acid, and two unknown substances, 1 and 2. Conclusion: Fermented and digested apple polyphenols showed better biotransformation effects and mostly existed in the form of small molecules, which was conducive to the improvement of polyphenol bioavailability and beneficial to the absorption of active substances by the human body. These findings build a foundation for the development of functional food beverages. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Apple polyphenols (APs) with multiple biological effects have attracted extensive attention due to their broad opportunities for application. However, the use of APs is hampered by their instability in the face of environmental changes. Designing efficient carriers to improve the bioavailability of APs is the key to solving these problems. In this study, gelatin‐chitooligosaccharide nanoparticles produced by the Maillard reaction (GCM) were fabricated to encapsulate AP, and the structure, antioxidant activity, and stability of the GMM‐AP nanoparticle system were evaluated. RESULTS: The results of endogenous fluorescence spectrum, Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and simultaneous thermal analysis confirmed structural changes and interactions between GCM and AP. Combination with GCM did not adversely affect the antioxidant properties of AP, and the GCM‐AP nanoparticles possessed superior temperature and storage stability. In comparison with fish gelatin‐apple polyphenol nanoparticles, the GCM‐AP nanoparticles were more stable at a wider pH range, and were more resistant to the electrostatic shielding effect of NaCl. After simulating gastric digestion, the particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) of GCM‐AP nanoparticles were almost unchanged. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that GCM nanoparticles loaded with AP could be used as good carriers with good antioxidant activity and stability. This study therefore provides a theoretical foundation for the development and industrial application of food functional factors. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additives can influence the processability and quality of three-dimensional (3D)-printed foods. Herein, the effects of apple polyphenols on the antioxidant activity and structure of 3D-printed processed cheese were investigated. The antioxidant activities of processed cheese samples with different contents of apple polyphenols (0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2%, or 1.6%) were evaluated using 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-di(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. In addition, the rheological properties and structural characteristics of the processed cheeses were investigated using rheometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Then, the final printed products were analyzed for comparative molding effects and dimensional characteristics. it was found that apple polyphenols can significantly improve the antioxidant activity of processed cheese. When the amount of apple polyphenols added was 0.8%, the 3D shaping effect was optimal with a porosity rate of 4.1%. Apple polyphenols can be used as a good antioxidant additive, and the moderate addition of apple polyphenols can effectively improve the antioxidant and structural stability of 3D-printed processed cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the main processing product of apple in China, juice contributed great to the value-added of the industry. However, browning reaction is easy to occur during processing and storage, resulting in color instability, quality deterioration and reduced commercial value. Therefore, using antioxidants effectively to solve the browning problem of apple juice is an important issue faced by juice processing industry. In this paper, the progress of the apple juice browning mechanism is reviewed, and the action mechanism of four common antioxidants including apple polyphenols, ascorbic acid, sulfur dioxide and glutathione are also described. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of each antioxidant are compared and analyzed, further putting forward the use of synergistic color protection can make up for the problems of independent use and improve the antioxidant effect to provide an idea for solving the browning problem of apple juice.

Patulin (PAT), a foodborne toxin, causes severe intestinal damage. To mitigate this health threat, mice were pretreated with apple polyphenols (AP) in their drinking water (0.01 % and 0.05 %) for eight weeks, followed by exposure to PAT during the last two weeks. Subsequently, histopathological and biochemical evaluations of intestinal tissues were conducted, alongside assessments of alterations in gut microbiota, colonic content metabolome, and hepatic metabolome. Consequently, AP alleviated PAT-induced villus and crypt injury, mucus depletion, GSH level decline, GSH-Px and SOD activity reduction, and MPO activity elevation. Notably, AP counteracted PAT-mediated microbiota disruptions and promoted the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Dubosiella , Akkermansia , Lachnospiraceae , and Lactobacillus). Furthermore, AP counteracted PAT-induced metabolic disorders in the colonic contents and liver. Ultimately, AP prevented intestinal injury by regulating the gut microbiota and amino acid, purine, butanoate, and glycerophospholipid metabolism in the gut-liver axis. These results underscore the potential of AP to prevent foodborne toxin-induced intestinal damage. [Display omitted] • Apple polyphenols were effective against patulin-induced intestinal damage. • Apple polyphenols promoted the relative abundance of probiotic bacteria. • Apple polyphenols averted patulin-caused metabolic disorders of the gut-liver axis. • The hepatic metabolome was closely related to the intestinal phenotype. • The preventive mechanism was based on the regulation of the gut-liver axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant secondary metabolites, known as phytochemicals, have recently gained much attention in light of the "circular economy", to reutilize waste products deriving from agriculture and food industry. Phytochemicals are known for their onco-preventive and chemoprotective effects, among several other beneficial properties. Apple phytochemicals have been extensively studied for their effectiveness in a wide range of diseases, cancer included. This review aims to provide a thorough overview of the main studies reported in the literature concerning apple phytochemicals, mostly polyphenols, in cancer prevention. Although there are many different mechanisms targeted by phytochemicals, the Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways are the ones this review will be focused on, highlighting also the existing crosstalk between these two systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Apple polyphenols (AP), derived from the peel of mature-green apples, are widely used as natural plant-derived preservatives in the postharvest preservation of numerous horticultural products. Methods: The goal of this research was to investigate how AP (at 0.5% and 1.0%) influences senescence-related physiological parameters and antioxidant capacity of 'Jinshayou' pummelo fruits stored at 20°C for 90 d. Results: The treating pummelo fruit with AP could effectively retard the loss of green color and internal nutritional quality, resulting in higher levels of total soluble solid (TSS) content, titratable acidity (TA) content and pericarp firmness, thus maintaining the overall quality. Concurrently, AP treatment promoted the increases in ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione, total phenols (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) contents, increased the scavenging rates of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical (•OH), and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) as well as their encoding genes expression (CmSOD, CmCAT, CmPOD, CmAPX, and CmGR), reducing the increases in electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde content and hydrogen peroxide level, resulting in lower fruit decay rate andweight loss rate. The storage quality of 'Jinshayou' pummelo fruit was found to be maintained best with a 1.0% AP concentration. Conclusion: AP treatment can be regarded as a promising and effective preservative of delaying quality deterioration and improving antioxidant capacity of 'Jinshayou' pummelo fruit during storage at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-derived polyphenols exhibit beneficial effects on physiological and pathological processes, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, mainly because of their antioxidant activity. Apples are highly enriched in these compounds, mainly in their peel. The Tuscia Red (TR) apple variety exhibits the peculiar characteristic of depositing high quantities of polyphenols in the pulp, the edible part of the fruit. Since polyphenols, as any natural product, cannot be considered a panacea per se, in this paper, we propose to assess the biological effects of TR flesh extracts, in comparison with two commercial varieties, in a model system, the insect Drosophila melanogaster, largely recognized as a reliable system to test the in vivo effects of natural and synthetic compounds. We performed a comparative, qualitative and quantitative analysis of the polyphenol compositions of the three cultivars and found that TR flesh shows the highest content of polyphenols, and markedly, anthocyanins. Then, we focused on their effects on a panel of physiological, morphometrical, cellular and behavioral phenotypes in wild-type D. melanogaster. We found that all the apple polyphenol extracts showed dose-dependent effects on most of the phenotypes we considered. Remarkably, all the varieties induced a strong relenting of the cell division rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many fruits and vegetables have been found to have a protective effect against cardiovascular diseases. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the relationship between apple or apple polyphenol intake and cardiovascular disease risk. The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases were searched up to August 4, 2020. Studies that had an intervention time of >1 week; used apple or apple polyphenols as the intervention; were designed as a randomized controlled trial; and measured blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood glucose levels were included. The meta-analysis showed that the group with apple or apple polyphenol intake had significantly higher high-density lipoprotein levels (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.01, 0.67], p = 0.0411, I2 = 77%, random-effects model) and significantly lower C-reactive protein levels (SMD = –0.43, 95% CI [–0.65, –0.20], p = 0.0002, I2 = 18%, fixed-effects model) than the control group, indicating that the intervention reduced the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Apple or apple polyphenol intake is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. These results are consistent with the old saying that eating an apple a day can help keep the doctors away.

Apple polyphenols (AP) have strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We examined the effects of AP on the progression of osteoarthritis (OA) AP was administered to surgically-induced OA model rats for 4 or 8 weeks. This treatment suppressed inflammation and oxidative stress in the synovium, resulting in a decrease in the OA severity score, and the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 in the synovium. It was suggested that long-term administration of AP may be effective for the treatment of OA. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was enhanced in serum samples by AP. AP or its constituent procyanidin B2 (PC) were added to HIG-82 synoviocytes. The results showed that AP enhanced cell proliferation and hyaluronan production. This indicates that AP may improve synovial conditions in OA and suppress OA progression. These effects may be attributed to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of AP. • Apple polyphenols (AP) have strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. • The effects of AP on the progression of osteoarthritis (OA) is studied. • AP suppresses inflammation and oxidative stress in the synovium. • Administration of AP may be effective to treat OA. • Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in serum was enhanced by AP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to prepare edible films with cassava starch (CS) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as basic raw materials and apple polyphenol (AP) as biologically active components. The addition of AP makes the flexibility of the film increase first and then decrease while the tensile strength decreases slightly and the barrier ability increases significantly. When the AP concentration was 70 mg/mL, the tensile strength of the film decreased from 5.61 ± 0.45 to 3.36 ± 0.19, the water vapor transmittance decreased from 7.17 ± 0.17 to 4.97 ± 0.07 and the peroxide value decreased from 1.896 ± 0.04 to 0.53 ± 0.04. By studying the microstructure of CS/CMC/AP-4 film, it was found that hydrogen bonds were formed between AP, CS, and CMC, and they showed high compatibility, thus improving the crystallinity. On this basis, the roughness of the film decreases and the compactness is enhanced. The increase in compactness is directly related to the increase in blocking ability. At the same time, the improvement of thermal stability is attributed to the increase in crystallinity. In addition, the application of CS/CMC/AP-4 film in chicken preservation also proved its antioxidant potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) has important commercial value because of its high nutritional value and delicious taste. However, large yellow croaker is readily affected by microorganisms during storage, which causes the corruption of muscle tissue. Both chitosan (CS) and apple polyphenols (APs) are bio‐preservatives, which can effectively inhibit the growth of microorganisms and improve the quality of large yellow croaker. The effects of 10.0 and 20.0 g L–1 CS combined with 1.0 g L–1 AP coating on the quality and microbial composition of large yellow croaker during ice storage were investigated respectively. RESULTS: CS + AP coating restrained the increase of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N) and biogenic amines, slowed down the rise of K‐value and retarded the growth of microorganisms. The bacteriostatic effect was positively correlated with the concentration of CS. Through the analysis of high‐throughput sequencing (HTS), the microbial diversity was changed respectively. The proportion of Shewanella was significantly decreased by CS + AP coating treatment and Pseudomonas was the dominant microorganism in spoiled samples. Compared with the shelf‐life of the control group (8 days), 20.0 g L–1 CS combined with 1.0 g L–1 AP coating treatment could extend the shelf‐life of large yellow croaker for another 8 days. CONCLUSIONS: CS combined with AP coating may be considered a promising method to delay the biochemical changes of ice stored large yellow croaker and extend its shelf life. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additives can influence the processability and quality of three-dimensional (3D)-printed foods. Herein, the effects of apple polyphenols on the antioxidant activity and structure of 3D-printed processed cheese were investigated. The antioxidant activities of processed cheese samples with different contents of apple polyphenols (0%, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2%, or 1.6%) were evaluated using 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-di(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. In addition, the rheological properties and structural characteristics of the processed cheeses were investigated using rheometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Then, the final printed products were analyzed for comparative molding effects and dimensional characteristics. it was found that apple polyphenols can significantly improve the antioxidant activity of processed cheese. When the amount of apple polyphenols added was 0.8%, the 3D shaping effect was optimal with a porosity rate of 4.1%. Apple polyphenols can be used as a good antioxidant additive, and the moderate addition of apple polyphenols can effectively improve the antioxidant and structural stability of 3D-printed processed cheese.

This study aimed to examine the effects of apple polyphenols (APPs) on antioxidant capacity, immune and inflammatory response, and barrier function in weaning piglets. Results showed that APPs improved jejunal barrier function by increasing the villus height, villus height/crypt depth, the mRNA levels of occludin, mucin-1, and mucin-4 and up-regulating the protein expression of occluding (P < 0.05). As for antioxidant capacity, APPs increased the activities of total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant capacity level in jejunum (P < 0.05). Besides, APPs up-regulated the protein expressions of NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and nuclear-related factor 2 (NRF2) and down-regulated the protein expression of kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). As regard to immune and inflammatory response, APPs increased the immunoglobulin A content in serum and decreased the mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and IL-8 in jejunum (P < 0.05). Overall, dietary APPs supplementation improves the jejunal barrier function by enhancing antioxidant capacity and suppressing the mRNA expression related to inflammation, which may be related to the NRF2 signal and TLR4/NF-κB signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers demand healthy and natural food products. Thus, naturally derived antioxidants are emerging as a promising alternative to the use of present ingredients. Apples and apple derivative products (e.g., apple juice, apple cider, apple sauce, and others) are widely consumed throughout the world for a variety of different reasons and supply a large quantity of polyphenolic compounds. The extraction of polyphenolic compounds from apples and their incorporation into processed foods as naturally sourced ingredients could be a preferred alternative to commonly used commercial antioxidants that are used in many foods. In addition, they could have a positive impact on the environment and on the economy due to the utilization of byproducts generated during processing of apples, like apple pomace. In terms of the extraction procedures for the antioxidant compounds found in apples, the most efficient processes are methods that use ultrasound as the extraction tool. With this technique, greater yields are achieved, and less extraction time is required when compared with other, more conventional, extraction methods. However, parameters such as the extraction solvent, temperature during extraction, and extraction time must be suitably optimized in order to obtain the best performance and the highest antioxidant capacity. From an application standpoint, the use of apple‐derived polyphenol extracts as a naturally derived food additive has documented applications for bread, meat, fish, cookies, and juices and there is evidence of increased antioxidant capacity, reduced rate of lipid oxidation, and increased storage time without compromising on sensory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is almost always caused by ruptured cerebral aneurysms, and the most serious complication after SAH is cerebral vasospasm. Oxidative stress due to free radicals released from subarachnoid hemorrhage clots causes cerebral vasospasm, as proven by animal experiments. Apple polyphenols have already been demonstrated to strongly suppress oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) derived from reactive oxygen species (ROS), and to improve cerebral vasospasm. However, it is unclear how apple polyphenol acts downstream of ROS. The purpose of this study is to reveal a more detailed mechanism of functioning for apple polyphenols in suppressing oxidative stress and cerebral vasospasm. Using the double-hemorrhage rabbit subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model, we investigated the effect of apple polyphenols by measuring the basilar artery diameter, endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression, diacron reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROM), biological antioxidant potential (BAP), and malondialdehyde (MDA). The mean diameter of the basilar artery in the apple polyphenol treatment group was significantly larger than in the SAH group (p

Plant-derived polyphenols exhibit beneficial effects on physiological and pathological processes, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, mainly because of their antioxidant activity. Apples are highly enriched in these compounds, mainly in their peel. The Tuscia Red (TR) apple variety exhibits the peculiar characteristic of depositing high quantities of polyphenols in the pulp, the edible part of the fruit. Since polyphenols, as any natural product, cannot be considered a panacea per se, in this paper, we propose to assess the biological effects of TR flesh extracts, in comparison with two commercial varieties, in a model system, the insect Drosophila melanogaster, largely recognized as a reliable system to test the in vivo effects of natural and synthetic compounds. We performed a comparative, qualitative and quantitative analysis of the polyphenol compositions of the three cultivars and found that TR flesh shows the highest content of polyphenols, and markedly, anthocyanins. Then, we focused on their effects on a panel of physiological, morphometrical, cellular and behavioral phenotypes in wild-type D. melanogaster. We found that all the apple polyphenol extracts showed dose-dependent effects on most of the phenotypes we considered. Remarkably, all the varieties induced a strong relenting of the cell division rate.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to investigate effects of apple polyphenols (APPs) on myofiber-type transformation in longissimus dorsi muscle of finishing pigs and its mechanism. In this study, 36 healthy castrated Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire pigs with an average body weight of 71.25 ± 2.40 kg were randomly divided into three treatment groups (control, 0.04% APPs, 0.08% APPs). The experiment lasted for 49 days. Results showed that dietary APP supplementation increased the protein expression of MyHC I and the activities of succinic dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase, as well as decreased the protein expression of MyHC IIb and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, suggesting that APPs promoted muscle fiber-type transformation from fast-twitch to slow-twitch in finishing pigs. We also showed that dietary 0.08% APP supplementation increased the expressions of mitochondrial biogenesis and function-related proteins PGC-1α, Sirt1 and Cytc. In addition, dietary supplementation with 0.08% APPs increased the activities of T-SOD, GSH-PX and CAT and decreased the MDA content. Together, we provided the first evidence that APP promotes muscle fiber-type transformation from fast-twitch to slow-twitch in finishing pigs, which may be achieved by improving the mitochondrial biogenesis and function and increasing the antioxidant capacity of skeletal muscle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widely-studied interaction between starch and phenolic compounds remains poorly understood. This study prepared three different starch–apple polyphenol (AP) complexes, and studied their rheological, pasting, and structural properties. The curves of starch-AP complexes and raw starches fitted the power law model, and R2 ranged from 0.968 to 0.999. AP addition significantly affected the dynamic viscoelasticity of starches. Creep and pasting properties further indicated the effect of APs on starches. The results indicated that APs affect the properties of starches at different levels. This paper provides a basis for the production of functional foods with starch-AP complexes.

BACKGROUND Promoting brown and beige adipogenesis contributes to adaptive thermogenesis, which provides a defense against obesity and related disorders. Apple polyphenols (APs) play a significant role in treating variety of metabolic diseases. This study was conducted to determine the effects of APs on the development of brown and beige adipocytes and thermogenesis and investigate whether these effects are mediated by adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK). High‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced obese mice and differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes were subjected to APs treatment. The thermogenic program and associated regulatory factors, and the involvement of AMPKα was assessed. RESULTS: Dietary APs supplementation reduced adiposity and improved insulin sensitivity in HFD‐induced obese mice. Moreover, APs increased the oxygen consumption and heat production and decreased respiratory exchange ratio, which were accompanied by the upregulation of thermogenic genes expression and the activation of AMPKα in brown fat and inguinal white fat. Further, APs treatment directly increased expression of brown adipogenic markers and induced phosphorylation of AMPKα in differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, whereas the beneficial effects of APs were reversed by AMPK inhibition. CONCLUSION: Our results provide new insights into the function of APs in regulating brown/beige adipogenesis and adaptive thermogenesis and suggest the potential application of APs in the prevention and therapeutics of obesity and associated metabolic diseases. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch nanoparticles (SNPs) have the capability to adsorb polyphenol components from apple pomace efficiently, forming bound polyphenols (P-SNPs). These bound polyphenols may have potential bioactivities to affect human health positively. Therefore, in-depth in vivo observation of the antioxidant activity and evaluation of its gut microbiota regulatory function are essential. The results revealed that P-SNPs indicated significant scavenging abilities against DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals. Furthermore, the nanomaterials exhibited non-toxic properties, devoid of hepatorenal and intestinal damage, while concurrently stimulating the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) within the gastrointestinal tract. Notably, P-SNPs significantly enhanced antioxidant capacity in serum, liver, and kidney tissues, fostering the proliferation of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus , Bacillus , norank_f__Muribaculaceae) while suppressing pathogenic bacterial growth (Helicobacter , Odoribacter). This study proposes a novel research concept for the scientific use of polyphenols in promoting gut health. [Display omitted] • The P-SNPs exhibit excellent antioxidant capacity both in vitro and in vivo. • The SNPs and P-SNPs exhibited no cytotoxicity. • P-SNPs significantly increased intestinal SCFAs content. • P-SNPs have high potential for regulating the gut microbiota of mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of nutrients with immunomodulatory properties into the daily diet has emerged as a pressing health requirement. The aim of this study was to screen apple polyphenols with immunomodulatory activitiy using molecular docking and to investigate the modulatory effects of apple polyphenol-isochlorogenic acid A on the activation of macrophage immune responses and the inhibition of inflammation through the immunoreceptors TLR2 and TLR4. The results showed that isochlorogenic acid A of apple polyphenols had high docking scores with TLR2 and TLR4. The isochlorogenic acid A exhibited favorable ADMET properties and water solubility. Cellular assays results showed that isochlorogenic acid A enhanced the viability of RAW264.7 cells and promoted the expression of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, TLR2, and TLR4 in cells, and inhibited the expression of NO, TNF-α, IL-6, TLR2, and TLR4 in inflammatory cells. The isochlorogenic acid A bound to residues Phe325, Phe349, Leu350 and Pro352 of TLR2 by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, and to residues Val82, Arg90, Ser127, Cys133 and Ser441 of TLR4-MD-2 via π-alkyl and hydrogen bonds. In summary, the immunoreceptors TLR2 and TLR4 play a crucial role as recognition receptors for isochlorogenic acid A of apple polyphenols in the regulation of cellular immune response and inflammation. [Display omitted] • Isochlorogenic acid A from apple had immunomodulatory activity. • Isochlorogenic acid A had high binding affinity to TLR2 and TLR4. • Isochlorogenic acid A bound to TLR2/4 via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. • Isochlorogenic acid A could bidirectionally regulate the expression of NO and cytokines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apple polyphenols (APPs) are biologically active flavonoids that have antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, improving insulin sensitivity, hypocholesterolaemic effect and antiviral properties. This study was conducted to explore effects of dietary APPs supplementation on antioxidant activities and lipid metabolism in weaned piglets. Fifty‐four weaned piglets (half male and female) were randomly divided into three groups with six replicates in each group and three piglets in each repetition. Piglets were fed control diet (basal diet) or a control diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg or 800 mg/kg APPs for 6 weeks. Blood and liver samples were collected to determine biochemical, antioxidant and lipid metabolism parameters. Here we showed that dietary APPs supplementation increased HDL‐C and decreased T‐CHO, TG and LDL‐C concentrations. Dietary APPs supplementation increased antioxidative capacity in serum and CAT activity in liver, and significantly increased the mRNA expressions of CAT, GST and SOD1 in liver. ACC mRNA level and LPL activity were tended to decrease by APPs. HMG‐CoAR, CTP7A1, CD36 and FATP1 mRNA levels were decreased by APPs, while LDL‐R, PGC‐1α, Sirt1 and CPT1b mRNA levels were increased by 400 mg/kg APPs. No alterations in growth performance were found in all treatments. This study firstly provided the evidence that dietary APPs supplementation could enhance systemic antioxidant capacity and improve lipid metabolism in weaned piglets. The mechanism by which APPs improve lipid metabolism might be through regulating hepatic cholesterol metabolism and increasing fatty acid oxidation, and decreasing fatty acid uptake and de novo synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A pea starch (PS) and pulp cellulose nanofibers (CNF-P) hybrid matrix biodegradable film was prepared using apple polyphenol (AP) as the active substance. SEM and thermogravimetric analyses showed that apple polyphenols could be uniformly distributed and form hydrogen bonds with the matrix, and the increase in crystallinity improved the thermal stability of the films (the final residue of the films increased from 22.66 % to 31.82 %). The TS and EAB of the films reached their maximum values of 11.14 ± 1.73 MPa and 71.55 ± 8.8 %, respectively, at an AP content of 1.5 %. It should be noted that the antioxidant properties of the films were significantly positively correlated with the AP content, and the DPPH radical scavenging rate of the films reached 73.77 % at an AP content of 4.5 %, which was about 49 times higher than that of the control film. The same trend was observed in the UV–vis spectra. In addition, the total color difference and water solubility of the membranes increased from 4.29 ± 0.29 to 31.86 ± 1.90 and from 20.01 ± 0.97 % to 21.70 ± 1.99 %, respectively, and the biodegradability also showed an upward trend. These findings provide a theoretical basis and data support for the development of multifunctional biodegradable food packaging materials. [Display omitted] • AP incorporated with PS/CNF-P was used to prepare biodegradable food packaging film. • AP was well dispersed in the PS/CNF-P matrix. • AP film has excellent antioxidant and UV-absorbing ability. • AP composite film has a broad application prospect as a multifunctional food packaging material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bladder cancer is a common human cancer with very high recurrence rate. Apple polyphenols (APs) possess anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammation properties. The effect of APs in human bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC, TSGH-8301 cells) was examined. The results showed AP reduces cell viability and causes cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase involving the decrease of cyclin B1 and cdc2. AP also increases the subG1 ratio in cell cycle, decreases the mitochondrial membrane potential, and alters the expression of apoptosis related proteins, apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), Bcl2, and caspase 3. It can cause the phenomenon of mitotic catastrophe with multi-nucleation and reduction of microtubule molecule. AP markedly reduces tumor size in TSGH-8301 cells-xenografted examination and induced the pattern of cell death as well as in cell system. In conclusion, AP possesses the potential to mediate cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and mitotic catastrophe in TCC.

The widely-studied interaction between starch and phenolic compounds remains poorly understood. This study prepared three different starch–apple polyphenol (AP) complexes, and studied their rheological, pasting, and structural properties. The curves of starch-AP complexes and raw starches fitted the power law model, and R2 ranged from 0.968 to 0.999. AP addition significantly affected the dynamic viscoelasticity of starches. Creep and pasting properties further indicated the effect of APs on starches. The results indicated that APs affect the properties of starches at different levels. This paper provides a basis for the production of functional foods with starch-AP complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apple (Malus domestica) polyphenols are strong antioxidants. However, the functional properties of apple polyphenols are limited due to their considerable low digestibility. Therefore, in this study, the effects of fermentation of apple pulp by Lactobacillus acidophilus on its total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were assessed using metabolomics. The results showed that the total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of apple pulp fermented with L. acidophilus zrx02 were significantly higher than those in the unfermented apple pulp. Six different significantly changed metabolites, including caffeic acid, hypericin, p -coumaric acid, p -hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, and eugenic acid, were selected using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and a metabolomics analysis. A cluster analysis revealed that one group contained caffeic acid, while the other one contained ferulic acid, p -hydroxybenzoic acid, p -coumaric acid, hypericin, and syringic acid. Ten metabolic pathways with significant differences were screened using the hypergeometric method. Overall, the results suggest that after fermentation by L. acidophilus zrx02, apple polyphenols can be biotransformed into small molecules that are easily digested and absorbed, and they have improved antioxidant activity. It is a raw material source of antioxidant-rich active substances that merits full utilization. • The strain has been patented. • We have independent intellectual property rights. • Fermentation can biotransform apple polyphenols into small molecules. • The digestibility and antioxidant activity of the apple polyphenols were improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal fibrosis is the common final pathological hallmark of most progressive renal diseases. Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) is a well-documented hydronephrosis model which shows interstitial inflammatory-cell infiltration and tubular dilatation, followed by tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Polyphenols possess antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. This study is aimed to investigate the effect of apple polyphenols (AP) on the inflammatory response and subsequent fibrotic change of the kidneys in UUO rats. After completing the UUO, 0.05, 0.1, or 0.15% of AP was given to the rats for 3 weeks. The results show that AP attenuates tubular dilatation and interstitial volume in UUO rats. It decreases the expression of inflammatory markers, ED-1 and MCP-1. AP also significantly down-regulate the expression of profibrotic markers, TGF-β and α-SMA, in UUO rats. The findings show the beneficial effects of AP in UUO induced renal injury, and it is also given the alternative medical function of AP.

Excessive fat deposition in the liver could lead to fatty liver and an increased risk of many metabolic diseases. Apple polyphenols (APPs), the major antioxidants in apples, possess wide-ranging beneficial biological functions. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of APPs on hepatic fat deposition and antioxidant capacity in finishing pigs, and their mechanisms. Results showed that APPs improved lipid profiles, increased antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced the fat deposition in the liver. In the liver, SOD1, CAT, GPX1, GST, NF-E2-related nuclear factor 2 (Nrf2), hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1b (CPT1b), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) mRNA levels were increased by APPs, while Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) mRNA level, C16:0 and C20:4n-6 proportions and Δ9-18 dehydrogenase activity were decreased. In conclusion, this study indicated that APPs might be an effective dietary supplementation for improving lipid profiles, increasing antioxidant capacities and decreasing fat deposition in the liver.

Fresh-cut (FC) red pitaya fruit were treated with 5 g a.i.l −1 apple polyphenols (APP) and then stored at 20 °C for up to 4 days to evaluate the effects on attributes. Results showed that FC pitaya fruit with APP treatment showed greater colour retention, delayed softening, reduced loss of soluble solids content, titratable acidity, betacyanin and total phenolics compared with untreated FC fruit. APP treatment also maintained antioxidant activity, as indicated by higher DPPH radical-scavenging activity and reducing power compared with untreated FC pitaya fruit. APP treatment strongly suppressed microbial growth, contributing to improvement of product safety. Because APP is a natural product, we propose that application of APP could be a convenient, safe and low-cost approach to maintain the quality and extend the shelf life of FC red pitaya fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenols are antioxidant ingredients in apples and are related to human health because of their free radical scavenging activities. The polyphenolic profiles of old and new apple cultivars (n = 15) were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection (DAD). The in vitro antioxidant capacity was determined by total phenolic content (TPC) assay, hydrophilic trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (H-TEAC) assay and hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance (H-ORAC) assay. Twenty polyphenolic compounds were identified in all investigated apples by HPLC analysis. Quercetin glycosides (203 ± 108 mg/100 g) were the main polyphenols in the peel and phenolic acids (10 ± 5 mg/100 g) in the flesh. The calculated relative contribution of single compounds indicated flavonols (peel) and vitamin C (flesh) as the major contributors to the antioxidant capacity, in all cultivars investigated. The polyphenolic content (HPLC data) of the flesh differed significantly between old (29 ± 7 mg/100 g) and new (13 ± 4 mg/100 g) cultivars, and the antioxidant capacity of old apple cultivars was up to 30% stronger compared to new ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inhibitors of the Wingless-related Integration site (WNT)/β-catenin pathway have recently been under consideration as potential chemopreventive agents against Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP). This autosomal-dominant syndrome is caused by germline mutations in the gene coding for the protein APC and leads to hyperactivation of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, uncontrolled intestinal cell proliferation and formation of adenocarcinomas. The aim of the present work was to: (i) test, on in vitro cultures of cells carrying FAP mutations and on ex vivo biopsies of FAP patients, the WNT inhibitory activity of extracts from two common southern Italian apples, Malus pumila Miller cv. 'Annurca' and Malus domestica cv 'Limoncella'; (ii) identify the mechanisms underpinning their activities and; (iii) evaluate their potency upon gastrointestinal digestion. We here show that both Annurca and Limoncella apple extracts act as WNT inhibitors, mostly thanks to their polyphenolic contents. They inhibit the pathway in colon cells carrying FAP mutations with active dilutions falling in ranges close to consumer-relevant concentrations. Food-grade manufacturing of apple extracts increases their WNT inhibitory activity as result of the conversion of quercetin glycosides into the aglycone quercetin, a potent WNT inhibitor absent in the fresh fruit extract. However, in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion severely affected WNT inhibitory activity of apple extracts, as result of a loss of polyphenols. In conclusion, our results show that apple extracts inhibit the WNT pathway in colon cells carrying FAP mutations and represent a potential nutraceutical alternative for the treatment of this pathology. Enteric coating is advisable to preserve the activity of the extracts in the colon-rectal section of the digestive tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: We previously reported that apple polyphenols (AP) and their major active components, procyanidins, had beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis and diabetes in diabetic ob/ob mice. The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of chronic AP administration on glucose tolerance in high-normal and borderline human subjects.Methods: Subjects (n=65) with a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level of 100-125mg/dL determined during a recent health check-up were randomised to receive tablets containing AP (600mg/day) or placebo tablets for 12weeks in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The primary outcome was insulin resistance, assessed using a 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).Results: The 12-week chronic administration of AP significantly reduced the increase in glucose at 30-min post-75g OGTT (OGTT30-min glucose) value, compared to the placebo regimen. Furthermore, in a subgroup of the high-normal (FPG value, 100-109mg/dL; 2-h post-75g OGTT glucose (OGTT2-h glucose) value, <140mg/dL) and borderline (FPG value, 110-125mg/dL; OGTT2-h glucose value, <140mg/dL and FPG value, <126mg/dL; OGTT2-h glucose value, 140-199mg/dL) subjects, OGTT30-min glucose value in the AP group (164.0±7.4mg/dL) was significantly lower than that of the placebo group (194.7±10.4mg/dL, p<0.05). No significant changes in the other lipid parameters and cytokine levels were observed.Conclusions: Chronic AP administration significantly improved impaired glucose tolerance in high-normal and borderline subjects. Larger and/or longer-term scale human studies are required to confirm the potential glucose homeostasis of AP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is characterized by intensive local invasion and high incidence of distant metastases. Conventional chemotherapy for ACC produces a poor result. We aimed to evaluate the effect of apple polyphenols (APs), a novel nutraceutical agent, on the proliferation and apoptosis levels in a metastatic oral ACC cell line. A metastatic ACC (ACC-M) cell line and control cells (MRC-5 cells derived from normal lung tissue) were treated with APs at different concentrations. MTT assay was used to determine the in vitro cytotoxicity. The cell cycle distribution and apoptosis levels were measured by flow cytometry. To evaluate the mechanism of APs, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and caspase-3 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein levels were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blots, respectively. After cells were cultured for 24 hours or 48 hours, the critical concentration of cytotoxicity of APs in MRC-5 cells was found to be 250 μg/mL. In contrast, in the concentration range of 100–250 μg/mL, the cytotoxicity of APs in ACC-M cells was time- and dose-dependent: ACC-M cell proliferation declined at 100 μg/mL when cultured for 48 hours, whereas growth was not inhibited at the concentrations of APs below 200 μg/mL when cultured for 24 hours. In selected time and dose patterns (ACC-M cells cultured at the concentrations of 150 and 250 μg/mL for 48 hours), the flow cytometry performance showed that apoptosis and necrosis occurred in APs-treated ACC-M cells. Also, in these patterns, VEGFR-2 mRNA and protein levels decreased whereas the levels of caspase-3 increased. In summary, APs could inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in ACC-M cells in vitro. These effects may be related to the downregulation of VEGFR-2 expression and the activation of caspase-3 expression.

β-Lactoglobulin (BLG) is an important nutrient of dairy products and an important allergen in cow’s milk allergy. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of laccase to cross-link BLG in the presence of an apple phenolic extract (APE) and to characterize the obtained products for their digestibility by pepsin and pancreatin. The composition of the apple phenolics used for cross-linking was determined by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC–ESI-MS). The apple phenolic extract contained significant amounts of quercetin glycosides, catechins and chlorogenic acid. The laccase cross-linked BLG in the presence of apple phenolics. The polymerization rendered the protein insoluble in the reaction mixture. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of the cross-linking reaction mixture revealed a heterogeneous mixture of high molecular masses (cross-linked BLG), with a fraction of the BLG remaining monomeric. Enzymatic processing of BLG by laccase and apple polyphenols as mediators can decrease the biphasal pepsin–pancreatin digestibility of the monomeric and cross-linked protein, thus decreasing its nutritional value. In addition, reduced BLG digestibility can decrease its allergenic potential. Apple polyphenols can find usage in the creation of new, more functional food products, designed to prevent obesity and hypersensitivity-related disorders.

Apple polyphenols (AP), a polyphenol extracted from the unripe apple, has been reported to improve acute hepatotoxicity induced by CCl 4 in mice due to its significant antioxidant activity. In this study, the hepatoprotective effect of AP against concanavalin A (Con A)-induced immunological liver injury in mice was investigated. Mice were treated with AP daily for seven days prior to a single intravenous administration of Con A. The serum levels of AST, ALT, TP, Alb and histopathological changes were determined and the A/G ratio was calculated. Potential mechanisms were further explored by measuring TNF-α and IFN-γ levels, NO content as well as changes in the levels of endogenous oxidants and antioxidants. AP significantly improved the abnormal levels of ALT, AST, TP and Alb, and the A/G ratio. AP was also associated with improvement of liver histopathological changes after Con A-induced liver injury. Moreover, AP reduced serum levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ, decreased serum NO content, inhibited oxidative DNA single-strand breaks, and improved the abnormalities of MDA content, SOD activity and GSH level. These results suggest that AP exerts a protective effect against Con A-induced immunological liver injury through suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and activating the antioxidant system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenols are antioxidant ingredients in apples and are related to human health because of their free radical scavenging activities. The polyphenolic profiles of old and new apple cultivars (n = 15) were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection (DAD). The in vitro antioxidant capacity was determined by total phenolic content (TPC) assay, hydrophilic trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (H-TEAC) assay and hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance (H-ORAC) assay. Twenty polyphenolic compounds were identified in all investigated apples by HPLC analysis. Quercetin glycosides (203 ± 108 mg/100 g) were the main polyphenols in the peel and phenolic acids (10 ± 5 mg/100 g) in the flesh. The calculated relative contribution of single compounds indicated flavonols (peel) and vitamin C (flesh) as the major contributors to the antioxidant capacity, in all cultivars investigated. The polyphenolic content (HPLC data) of the flesh differed significantly between old (29 ± 7 mg/100 g) and new (13 ± 4 mg/100 g) cultivars, and the antioxidant capacity of old apple cultivars was up to 30% stronger compared to new ones.

[Display omitted] • More than 90% of phlorizin quantitatively accumulates in gastrointestinal tract. • Phlorizin is absolutely hydrolyzed to phloretin after oral administration. • Physical condition, microbiota, and diet patterns affect utilization of phlorizin. • Daily dosage over 150 mg/kg theoretically reduces total availability of phlorizin. • Fecal excretion kinetics provides supports for polyphenols targeting microbiota. The microbiota plays important roles for polyphenols exerting bioactivity, which needs support to calculate the accumulated polyphenols in the gastrointestinal tract. Taking phlorizin as an example, fecal excretion kinetics was suggested to be ingenious for achieving it. No phlorizin was excreted with feces, implying almost 100 % total availability. Combined with its 0–5 % bioavailability, more than 95 % of phlorizin quantitatively accumulated in the gastrointestinal tract. Instead, trace phloretin was excreted, and the acquired kinetic parameters were influenced by physical conditions and dietary patterns. Dosage-total-availability curves indicated different relationships among normal-diet and obese mice, resulting in critical dosages of ∼ 159 and ∼ 196 mg/kg when taking 95 % total availability by phloretin. The dietary matrix affects the intake, digestion, metabolism and absorption of polyphenols, and may alter its total availability, and fecal excretion kinetics can provide further support for polyphenol dietary supplements targeting microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of apple polyphenols on ACE2 and its antibody binding, computer simulation and experiments in vitro were conducted. The results of molecular docking and molecular dynamics showed that apple polyphenols had a good binding effect on RBD and RBD-ACE2 complex. Fluorescence analysis exhibited that the three main apple polyphenols had a fluorescence quenching effect on the ACE2 antibodies, and the quenching mechanism was static. The results of the circular dichroism experiment suggested that apple polyphenols could change the secondary structure of the ACE2 antibodies. Western blot results displayed that apple polyphenols inhibited the binding of ACE2 and its antibodies. This study confirmed that apple polyphenols could bind ACE2 antibodies in vitro. Therefore, it is speculated that apple polyphenols have similar effects on a class of proteins with similar ACE2 recognition sites, which may potentially inhibit viral protein and ACE2 recognition, thus preventing viruses from entering host cells. [Display omitted] • 1, Polyphenol compounds rich in apples had a good binding ability with RBD and ACE2-RBD complex. • 2, Apple polyphenols could quench the fluorescence of ACE2 antibody by static quenching. • 3, pple polyphenols bound to antibodies to ACE2, thereby inhibiting the recognition of ACE2 and its antibodies. • 4, Apple polyphenols may have a potential inhibitory effect on viruses targeting ACE2 for host recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Litchi downy blight caused by Peronophythora litchii is one of the most devastating diseases in litchi fruit, and developing safe and effective anti-pathogenic agents is required. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects and related mechanisms of apple polyphenols (AP), naturally occurring products, on P. litchii in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that AP inhibited mycelial growth and sporangia germination of P. litchii in vitro in dose-dependent manner. Moreover, plasma membrane integrity of P. litchii was severely damaged by AP treatment at 5 g L−1, which could account for the leakage of reducing sugar and soluble protein during incubation of pathogen. The destruction of P. litchii due to AP exposure was further confirmed by ultrastructural observation. Microscopic image displayed that AP induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in P. litchii at early stage of treatment. Proteomic results exhibited that mitochondrion-related proteins in P. litchii were down-regulated by AP, which resulted in decreases in respiration rate and ATP production, consequently contributing to compromised pathogenicity of this pathogen. In vivo test demonstrated that 5 g L−1 AP delayed the disease development of litchi downy blight in P. litchii -inoculated litchi fruit. Suppression of disease in P. litchii -inoculated litchi fruit due to AP treatment was associated with reinforcement of host resistance, as indicated by enhanced activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and β-1,3-glucanase (GLU), upregulated expressions of LcPAL and LcGLU and more accumulations of total phenolics and flavonoids in AP-treated fruit. The results suggest that AP application could ameliorate the occurrence of litchi downy blight by both the direct inhibition on P. litchii and the elicitation of resistance in litchi fruit. • Apple polyphenols exert inhibitory effect in vitro / in vivo on Peronophythora litchii. • Apple polyphenols damage membrane integrity and morphostructure of P. litchii. • Apple polyphenols induce reactive oxygen species accumulation in P. litchii. • Lowered pathogenicity is linked with downregulated mitochondrion-related proteins. • Apple polyphenols induce the resistance of litchi fruit against litchi downy blight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]