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In the arid conditions of the Steppe of Ukraine, the species composition of weeds characteristic of this soil-climatic zone develops. The correctly chosen method of basic soil tillage determines the effectiveness of weed suppression while simultaneously improving the growing conditions for sunflower varieties and hybrids. The purpose of the study was to identify the species composition of weeds in the steppe zone and establish the effectiveness the methods of basic tillage of soil in the technology of growing sunflower hybrids aimed at suppressing weeds and reducing the quantity of weeds in agrocenoses. Research has established that weeds of sunflower agrophytocenoses are represented by 78 species that belong to 2 classes, 18 orders, 27 families, 62 genera. In the agrophytocenosis of sunflower, the largest number of 93.5-96.3% is represented by dicotyledonous weeds (Magnoliopsida). The species composition is dominated by weeds of the Compositae family (Asteraceae) of the dicotyledonous class (Magnoliopsida), which leads to a significant decrease in the yield level. According to the species composition, 3 groups of weeds of the Asteraceae family (Asteraceae) were identified, of which 1 group of weeds is the most harmful and leads to the formation of a minimum yield of sunflower hybrids Yason and Daryi of 1.77-1.79 t/ha. The use of non-moldboard tillage leads to a percentage increase in the share of air dry mass of weeds of the Asteraceae family by 11.1-13.1%, while reducing the yield of sunflower hybrids by 0.13-0.21 t/ha. Thus, with the established species composition of weeds and the quantity of weeds, the use of plowing in sunflower cultivation technology makes it possible to form a maximum yield of 2.07-2.24 t/ha, providing more effective weed suppression in sunflower agrophytocenoses with a minimum percentage of air-dry mass of weeds of the Asteraceae family to the total number of weeds of 21.1-24.1%.

The purpose of the research is to identify the most effective and preferable variant of the basic autumn tillage for inclusion of dark gray forest soil into the tillage system when sowing spring crops. The research was carried out in 2021–2023 in the conditions of the Chuvash Republic in the link of the field crop rotation "barley–peas–oats". Moldboard and non-moldboard autumn soil tillage methods were compared: plowing (26–28 cm) – control; cultivation (15–17 cm); disking (12–14 cm); without tillage. The tillage system was completed by surface early pre-sowing cultivation to a depth of 6 cm. During the studied years, the average soil density in the 0–30 cm layer was within the optimal values: after moldboard plowing it was 0.93–1.09 g/cm3 , after cultivation – 0.98–1.13 g/cm3 , without basic tillage– 1.05–1.20 g/cm3 . The average values of the soil porosity after plowing were in the range of 50.4–62.5 % and decreased with the abandonment of the basic tillage to 52.0–57.4 %. In arid conditions of 2021 growing season, the total supply of productive moisture in the 0–30 cm soil layer was 12–14 % higher after cultivation than after plowing. The analysis of the structural and aggregate state of the soil (0–20 cm) revealed an increase in the proportion of dusty particles by the end of the experiment after plowing from 3.9 to 6.9 %. When using a stubble cultivator as the basic tillage unit, the proportion of the lumpy fraction increased. The average annual productivity of the crop rotation link during moldboard plowing was the highest – 20.5 c/ha of grain units per 1 ha, after cultivation – 19.5 c of grain units per 1 ha. At the same time, plowing is the most expensive and economically unprofitable way of basic soil preparation. After cultivation with a KOS-3.0 combined stubble cultivator, the profitability of crop cultivation was significantly higher – 9.4–18.1 % after cereals in dry years and 96.9 % after peas under optimal hydrothermal conditions (for plowing – 8.3–4.2 % and 73.7 %, respectively).

Purpose: to conduct research dedicated to assessing the impact of primary soil cultivation techniques and the microelements application on the yield of cereal and leguminous grain crops. Materials and methods. The effect of moldboard plowing (25–27 cm), flat-cutting (20–22 cm), minimum surface tillage (8–10 cm) and no-tillage on the yield of leguminous crops (soybeans, peas, chickpeas) and cereal grains (spring wheat, Sudan grass) is studied. The studies were conducted at the experimental production farm of the Volga Research Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Land Reclamation in 2022–2024 using generally accepted methods. Results. The impact of basic tillage techniques and the impact of micro-fertilizers on vegetation in cereal and leguminous crops agrocenoses on productivity and its structure have been studied. The use of flat-cutting and the micronutrients application for cereals and legumes increased the yield indicators on average for soybeans – by 65.9 %, peas – 48.5 %, chickpeas – 41.8 %, spring wheat – 61.3 %, Sudan grass – 26.3 % compared with the no-tillage option. The maximum yield was obtained on soybeans with the use of flat-cutting tillage – 3.45 t/ha, and the minimum at no-tillage – 1.94 t/ha. The impact of flat-cutting tillage on the spring wheat productivity is expressed by an increase in yield by 0.34 t/ha, compared with no-tillage. Chickpea yield is higher when using flat-cutting tillage with leaf dressing – 2.75 t/ha, and without tillage and dressing – 1.87 t/ha. The yield of Sudan grass of two staves when using flat cutting tillage with the micronutrients application on vegetation is 40.37 t/ha and 31.50 t/ha with no-tillage. Conclusions. For the soil and climatic conditions of the dry steppe Volga region, it has been proven that when cultivating chickpeas, soybeans, peas, Sudan grass and spring wheat as examples, the best indicators of the crop structure were achieved in variants using flat-cutting tillage against the background of the micronutrients application to vegetative plants.

Purpose: to determine the share influence of agrophysical, technological, climatic factors and soil moisture on spring wheat grain yield in the arid conditions of the Saratov Trans-Volga region based on a complete correlation analysis of long-term field data. Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, an experiment with basic tillage with various implements according to the following scheme, was carried out: A₀ – with PLN-8-35 plow at 23–25 cm (control); A₁ – with plow PBS-10P at 23–25 cm; A₂ – with deep ripper SSD-4 (2017–2020), chisel plow PChM-4 (2021–2022) at 30–32 cm; A₃ – with a disk header BDM 7×3 PPKShKS at 10–12 cm. The research was carried out over a period of six years using generally accepted methods. Results. A complete correlation analysis of long-term data showed that the most significant influence on the spring wheat yield in the Trans-Volga region is exerted by precipitation during the growing season (24.1 %) and the hydrothermal coefficient (23.6 %). Air temperature determined this indicator by only 12.5 %. The share influence on the yield of soil density in the 10–30 cm layer was 2.9 %. The moisture content of the upper half-meter soil layer during the spring wheat tillering phase determined the yield by 14.8 %, and the lower one (50–100 cm) by 15.6 %. Conclusions. On average, over six years, the maximum yield of spring wheat Albidum 32 variety was obtained in variants with plowing (PBS-10P and PLN-8-35): 1.16 and 1.17 t/ha. Non-mouldboard cultivation with a deep ripper and chisel plow reduced this indicator by 8.5 %. Treatment of dark chestnut soil with a disk header reduced the spring wheat grain yield by 24.8 % relative to the control.

A plow is a tool used to perform basic cultivation of soil in order to restore the arable soil layer. The quality of its execution is one of the most important factors that ensures the stable production of plant crops. With a well-executed basic tillage, the same plot is of the appropriate structure, which implies minimal energy consumption for pre-sowing preparation. The research was conducted in field conditions, and it included basic parameters that were an indicator of the productivity of machine and human work. The Zetor Forterra tractor has an installed power of 100.02 kW and is in operation for the first time. The goal of the research is to examine the possibility of adjusting basic parameters in order to increase the quality and productivity of work. The results obtained in this research indicate that despite the good conditions of exploitation of tractor aggregates, the effects that should be provided by new, modern mechanization during intensive production have not been achieved in It is necessary to pay special attention to parameters such as: coefficient of utilization of the work scope, shift efficiency, and productivity of machine and human work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was performed to assess the effect of the main tillage methods and rates of mineral fertilizers on the yield, quality, and economic efficiency of barley grain production under the conditions of the Central Chernozem Region. The work was performed in 2014–2022 in crops of barley in a grain-grass row crop rotation located on a watershed plateau. The soil of the plot was typical medium loamy chernozem. We studied the variants with different rates of fertilizers: without fertilizers, N30Р30K30, and N60Р60K60 and with various methods of basic tillage: plowing to a depth of 20–22 cm, disking to 8–10 cm, and nonmoldboard loosening to 20–22 cm. The experimental data were processed according to the method of optimal planning of a multifactorial experiment. The yield of barley grain increased over the entire range of increased rate of fertilizers. The yield was the greatest (3.32–3.63 t/ha) on the background of plowing. The protein content and grain unit slightly depended on the rate of fertilizers. The mean for the fertilization variants amount of protein was maximal (13.1%) in the variant with soil disking and minimal nonmoldboard loosening (12.7%). The grain unit (631–637 g/L) corresponded to the first class according to GOST 28672-2019. Nonmoldboard loosening is preferable for obtaining better grain unit. The weight of 1000 grains increased parallel to the fertilizer rates. It was maximal (46.9–48.4 g) in the variants with nonmoldboard loosening and disking. The lowest prime cost of grain (4650 rubles/t on average) was recorded for disking. It increased from 4390–4820 to 4990–5540 rubles/t with the rise in the yield of barley grain in variants with higher rates of fertilizers, because yield gain did not cover the expenses for the application of higher fertilizer rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tillage system and macronutrients are the many emerging farming issues that are addressed in contemporary cropping systems. In this regard, selection of a promising high-yielding variety of winter soft wheat was considered. The effects of basic tillage practices (Moldboard ploughing, Flat cutting ploughing and Disk ploughing) in combination with the different fertilization (Fertilizer-free, N90P50 and N180P100) were investigated on qualitative and quantitative parameters of winter wheat cultivar Grom under semi-arid environmental condition of southern Russia. The experimental design used in this experiment was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The highest winter wheat Grom yield with the value of 5.3 and 5.6 t/ha was attained for Moldboard ploughing and Flat cutting ploughing at a depth of 20-22 cm combined with application of nutrients N180P100, respectively. On the other hand, the lowest grain yield (2.78 t/ha) was achieved in fertilizer-free treatment in combination with Disk ploughing 12-14 cm depth. Moldboard ploughing plus nutrient application N180P100had the best results on leaf area (48.2 thousand m²/ha), photosynthetic potential (million m² x day/ha) and dry biomass (10.1 t/ha). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regularities of the influence of crop rotations, methods of basic tillage, and doses of mineral and organic fertilizers on the yield of sugar beet were studied in a multifactorial field experiment established in 1987 in the Belgorod oblast on typical heavy loamy chernozem with a 5.18–5.32% humus content in the 0–30 cm layer and 52–58 and 95–105 mg/kg of mobile phosphorus and potassium (according to Machigin), respectively, pHsalt = 5.8–6.4. The experiment was based on a full factorial 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 scheme, which includes 81 variants. The experiment had three repetitions. The plot size was 4 × 30 m. The regression method was used to describe the action and interaction of factors. The use of a quadratic model showed a close relationship between the actual and calculated values at R = 0.94–1.00. The grain-grass row crop rotation with perennial grasses had an advantage in which the average harvest of sugar beet root crops without fertilizers was 19.0 t/ha, 17.0 t/ha in the grain row crop rotation and 15.7 t/ha in the grain fallow crop rotation with black fallow. The nonmoldboard tillage was mostly used. In the grain-grass row crop rotation, the introduction of N180P180K180 increased the yield by 68.8–103.3%. The use of 80 t/ha of manure provided an increase in yield by 53.7–84.7%. In tilled crop rotations, yield increases from organic and mineral fertilizers were higher. In variants with double doses of mineral fertilizers, depending on tillage, the yield increased by 89.5–130.0%; with manure doses of 40 t/ha, the yield increased by 17.1–42.7%, 80 t/ha gave 86.8–109.3%. The maximum yield in the experiment (48.9 t/ha) was found in the crop rotation with black fallow and double doses of fertilizers against the background of plowing. The efficiency of mineral and organic fertilizers was higher when using deep tillage methods. The largest yield of sugar beet was found in the variants with the combined use of organic and mineral fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in the climate conditions of the steppe zone of Ukraine, frequent placement of spring barley after the sunflower predecessor and many other reasons, cause the necessity to improve the system of basic tillage for spring barley in the direction of its minimization taking into account the technologies of growing crops. The issue of basic tillage for spring barley after sunflower, which is fairly common predecessor today, has not been studied yet. In this case, based on the complex experimental studies the effect of different types of basic tillage and their impact on the yield of spring barley in the Luhansk region has been studied. The aim of the research was to determine the best methods of basic tillage for spring barley with general background post-harvest residues of all field crops, application of mineral fertilizers and the influence of these factors on the yield of spring barley in Luhansk region. The following types of spring barley were sown during the experiment – Adapt, Stalker, Helios, Vakula. As a result of the conducted researches the best indicators were obtained at non-shelf tillage with the usage of modern aggregates and with joint application of Ammonium nitrate and Diammonium phosphate, at all biometric indicators of the studied culture. Since such tillage has not only loosened it well, but also ensured better accumulation and retention of moisture, which further affected the yield of spring barley plants in the area of insufficient moisture. Such strains as Stalker and Helios had the highest rates with the combined use of Ammonium Nitrate and Diammonium Phosphate in shelfless tillage at the level of 47,5 c/ha and 58,8 c/ha accordingly. Shelf tillage gave less results with such a fertilizer system. The lowest indicators were in the variant of disking in all studied samples

Today, in the scientific and practical field, as well as a long time later, much attention is paid to improving the quality and quantity of yield. To obtain the desired results, we considered various systems of basic soil tillage in the growing of winter wheat, namely, determined the influence of basic soil tillage systems on the autumn development of winter wheat in the Luhansk region. The results of research of the influence of the basic soil tillage and the forecrop on the density and content of productive moisture in the soil layer of ordinary chernozems and on the autumn phases of development of winter wheat variety “Antara” are discussed. The research was performed in 2018‒2020 in the fields of the department of scientific and technical training in agronomy and farms located in the north-central moderately arid subzone of Luhansk region. Three methods of soil tillage have been studied by us: moldboard ploughing ‒ depth 22 cm; moldboard- less disking ploughing ‒ depth 10 cm; moldboard-free subsurface cultivation ‒ depth 12 cm. Forecrops: occupied fallow, sunflower, maize. The research was performed according to generally accepted methods. By means of research was established the advantage of moldboard ploughing over moldboardless ploughing. Moldboard soil ploughing contributed to the creation of lower density in the arable horizon under different forecrops, greater microbiological activity of the soil, better water supply during the autumn vegetative season. Moldboard ploughing increased access to nutrients such as potassium and nitrogen, and moldboardless ploughing accumulated available phosphorus. Improving the agrophysical properties of the soil contributed to the formation of better biometric indices in the autumn vegetative season. The height of the plants where the soil was plowed to the depth 22 cm was higher compared to the height of the plants with moldboard- less disking ploughing to the depth 10 cm. This affected the number of stems, which also increased, the number of leaves and roots increased, respectively. The depth of the tillering node increased relative to the increase in the depth of soil tillage, the weight of 100 absolutely dry plants increased, respectively, almost three to four times. Thus, the basic soil tillage improves the agrophysical properties, increases the microbiological activity of the soil and improves the biometric indices of plants.

Aim. The aim of research was to study various methods of basic soil cultivation and a domestic wastewater silt sludge application which could possibility be directed to soil fertility saving and increase in crop yields.Materials and Methods. The object of research was a safflower variety called Alexandrite. Experimental variants were carried out according to a 4-fold repetition. Experiment installation, observations and accounting were carried out in accordance with the field experiment methodology named after B.A. Dospehov.Results. Field research was undertaken in order to study the various methods of a basic tillage and a domestic wastewater silt sludge application possibility under arid conditions of the Volgograd region on light chestnut solonetz soils. The amino acid composition of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seeds has been estimated. The data from the study of soil microbiological activity and the effect of non-traditional fertilizers on the increase in the activity of soil biota are presented. The crop yields and economic evaluation of the Carthamus tinctorius cultivation were determined.Conclusion. Modern resource-saving soil cultivation technologies and nontraditional fertilizers are required to: maintain the fertility of slightly humus soils in this arid climate zone, increase amino acids levels in plants, increase soil biological activity, as well to increase safflower crop yields. The proposed technical solutions, employing Rancho chisel tillage with as the basic tillage together with the introduction of non-traditional fertilizers-meliorants, provides structural restoration of soil aggregates, intensification of the humus formation process, increase in soil microbiological activity and - as a result - an increase in the yield of the cultivated Carthamus tinctorius crop.

The choice of the method of basic cultivation must be differentiated, considering zonal soil and climatic conditions and local peculiarities of the fields. Chisel tillage refers to soil conservation technologies, and chisel tools provide low-power and, if it is necessary, differential loosened soil, the accumulation, preservation and rational use of soil moisture that is relevant in the arid climate. The authors designed the combined chisel working implements RANCHO, ROPA, plow-cultivator. The traction resistances of the working tools were studied strain-gauge method. The unified equation of traction resistance chisel working was developed. The resistance of tine, chisel, additional equipment on the tine and the dynamics of the chiseling were introduced. The resistance of the chisel was determind by pressure from the soil on its surface. If the speed of machine-tractor aggregate will increase from 1 to 3 m/s then traction resistance of the working implements ROPA will rise by 26-29 percent, plow-cultivator - by 21-23 and classic mould-board plough - by 35 percent due to more significant influence of the dynamic component during moving mould-board plough in the undisturbed soil. The plowing work by the plow-cultivator in comparison with mould-board plough provides more depth of soil loosening (0.38 m when 0.15 m real tillage and 0.2 m in control variant) at comparable energy consumption.