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Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the majority of experiments with complementary currencies occurred during periods of crisis and economic instability. During these times, individuals turned to such currencies primarily for their protective functions. It is noteworthy that discussions about alternative currencies often emphasize the ethical and political dimensions of the phenomenon. Economists often categorize them as "forms of modern monetary competition" and tools contributing to the establishment of alternative currencies, fostering what is termed as economic democracy. This subject is inherently controversial, raising sensitive issues such as local economic patriotism. One crucial aspect that emerges in the exploration of alternative currencies is the requirement for trust. Building trust among users is challenging but essential for the establishment of an extensive network.

Purpose: This paper aims to emphasize how economics courses offered at higher education institutions can influence sustainable development, in general, and Romania's sustainable development, in particular. Design/methodology/approach: The conclusions are based on a pilot questionnaire conducted by the authors on the level of Romanian students enrolled in public and private economic faculties. The results were based on a sample of 1,250 respondents -- students, master and PhD -- from the economic faculties of some prestigious Romanian universities. To identify differences between some groups, "t"-test analysis and ANOVA were conducted. Findings: Education is an important pillar for ensuring sustainable development because through education, people understand and learn how to become more responsible toward the environment. Studies conducted in the twenty-first century are showing a direct link between the investment in education and economic, social and human development. The present study revealed that the economic higher education system in Romania has started with small steps to adapt to the environmental requirements. Unfortunately, the efforts still required to be made are significant, since it is observed that all undergraduate, postgraduate and PhD require a change of attitude and mentality. Romanian public universities are more involved than private universities in the implementation of programs, projects, debates and courses on sustainable development and students' reactions are positive. Originality/value: This paper provides useful insights, allowing a better understanding of the role of universities in fostering sustainable development. This research is useful to find solutions for developing education for sustainable development in Romania and it can be a starting point for ESD programs and policies.

Culture is one of those terms that are difficult to express distinctly, but everyone knows it when they sense it. Many articles have been written in recent years about corporate culture, which can be looked at as a system. Inputs include feedback from society, professions, laws, stories, heroes, values on competition or service, etc. Outputs are organizational behaviors, technologies, strategies, image, products, services, appearance, etc. Most organizations don't consciously try to create a certain culture, as it is typically created unconsciously, based on the values of the top management or the founders of an organization. In this paper we try to see whether corporate culture has any influence on competition and if it has, whether it is a positive one or a negative one.

Starting from selfknowing and the law of correspondence (the behaviour from the outside of one person is the reflection of its inside feelings) the authors try to define the meaning of proactivity. It is underlined that as we have the quality to be human beings we are responsible for our lives. The proactive persons do not blame the environment or the circumstances to justify their behaviour. As it was implanted in the literature of management, the meaning of proactivity is based on initiative, on responsibilities and actions; this gives priority to values in front of any feelings.

The current pandemic crisis, which is far from being over, has led to a significant paradigm shift in economics. In a turbulent environment in which the labor market has encountered a long series of changes generated by the processes of automation, robotization and digitalization, the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed that a workforce with digital skills can quickly adjust to new circumstances. Since novel issues, such as restrictions on internal movement and distorted supply chains, put major stress on the labor market, it seems that there is an urgent need for reshaping economies and following up-to-date technological trends. Moreover, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant number of scholars and policymakers expressed their concerns about the volatility of employment and the weak ability of labor to adapt to new types of jobs. Within this framework, our paper aims to analyze the plausible impacts of digital efficiency on the future development of the labor market. Based upon the assumption that employment is facing ongoing challenges and the labor market is constantly being reshaped by technological trends, our study attempts to provide a pragmatic analysis of the effects of digital skills and the use of the Internet on salaries and wages in EU member states. Since, according to our results, the levels of salaries and wages are strongly correlated with digital proficiency and Internet usage, a consistent effort to increase the digital skills of individuals may be required to achieve a more effective and flexible labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byline: Angela Rogojanu, Diana Mihaela Pociovalisteanu, Liana Badea A market economy cannot exist without competition, which represents a guarantee for a free game of the market forces and for building an economic environment able to cope with competitive pressures of the global market. Thus, the legislative framework in the competition field is essential for strengthening the private sector as an engine of growth and development and for prohibiting any restrictive practices by undertakings, which may be shaped as agreements or abuse of dominant position. Starting from such aspects, this paper aims to emphasise the role of the competition in a globalised world.

The study aims to analyze the importance of renewable energy and to assess the progress made by Romania comparing to European Union and to targets set by Community institutions. We consider that both economic issues such as job creation or reduction of import dependency, but also ecological issues including reducing greenhouse gas emissions are important in discussions about renewable energy in rural areas in Romania. By using linear regression it has been identified a strong correlation in Romania, for period 2004-2014, between share of renewable resources in gross final energy consumption and import dependency. Taking into account that energetic independence is a problem of great importance for each country, the paper aims to identify unused renewable energy potential in rural areas and also opportunities for developing renewable energy sector based on the resources that can be exploited with high efficiency, action that will generate economic and social positive effects. Our results reveal that Romania has a high development potential of rural areas using renewable energy because Romania has a high volume of renewable resources (sun, wind, water). Under these circumstances it is necessary to adopt the policies in order to support projects referring to these types of energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Undeclared work exists for a long time and does not represent an exception. People have been working over decades in order to gain the money necessary to a decent living. Some of them are choosing to work legally; some decide not to pay taxes. The reasons are different and hard to judge. During the time, the attempts to remove the undeclared work were multiple, but the results were never the expected ones. At the present, this phenomenon levels are quite important and it seems almost impossible to eradicate it. Starting from classical factors influencing undeclared work perpetuation, from the advantages and disadvantages it brings, this paper aims to emphasize the perception of young people in our country on this phenomenon. The paper starts from the premise that young people are those who in the future will carry forward the cultural, economic, social heritage and therefore if we want to eradicate undeclared work, it is necessary to understand how it is perceived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration is one of the oldest phenomena that accompanied the development of human society, sometimes causing clashes between peoples, cultures and civilizations. Recent events or from a not too distant past of Europe show that tensions created by migratory movements often have an impact on political and economic relations between countries, cultures and religions. The Romanian reality shows that after 1989 the resident population experienced a decline. According to the National Institute of Statistics, in the period 1989-2012, Romania's population decreased by about 3.1 million, this reduction being due to both migration phenomenon and negative natural increase of population. Some statistic records also show that the extremes are usually among those who decide to emigrate. On the one hand those who are choosing this path are individuals with low income and a low or medium level of education; on the other hand, we can find the phenomenon of brain drain. It is alarming that among those who choose to emigrate are registered young people able to work, this generating the problem of funding on medium and long term the social services. Starting from such aspects, this paper aims to highlight key issues regarding the intention of emigration of highly educated young people. Using quantitative and qualitative methods the authors of this paper aim to identify some possible causes that may determine the highly educated youth to emigrate, evaluate some possible effects due to this phenomenon and to find proposals to limit the negative effects of demographic decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last half-century was marked by an academic revolution, which brought unprecedented changes in terms of application and diversity. Understanding the ongoing and dynamic process is not an easy task, but is extremely important, especially when you are in the midst of the changes it brings. Currently, scientists believe that higher education systems are facing a lot of changes and many are starting to question the functionality of these systems. Starting from the current economic context and from the controversies existing in the academic environment concerning the functionality of the higher education system, this paper aims to emphasize the features of the functionality of a higher education system. The paper scope is also to underline some of the problems affecting the functionality of the higher education system, staring form the access to the system and finishing with the connection existing between the labour market and the output of the universities functioning inside the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workforce migration is a phenomenon that has grown over the past 20 years the European Union. Regarding our country, the prevalence of emigration phenomenon holds. This paper aims to realize a study concerning some aspects of the labour market in Romania. We started from the fact that a part of the workforce educated in our country emigrates in order to find a better paying job and a better life. Emigration has positive effects in economic, social and cultural area as well as negative effects for instance on the labour market in the country of origin; it may produce unbalances in the parent-child relationships and it also may create a labuor shortage in some sectors of the economy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficiency in the economy is not, as it might seem, independent on the moral behaviour of those who take part in the economic game. The interest for ethics is justified, mostly, by the perenniality of the declared aim of the economic action -- welfare. The mixture, sometimes difficult to be arranged between the aim and the means, raises the doubt, lack of confidence and free arbiter. The whole mankind is for sure going through a moral crisis, characterized by a severe moral disagreement of the responsibility taken by the individuals in the society. Looking for the agreement, some may notice the importance given not only to rules and clear regulations -- laws can make "wonders", but not when we mention people's feelings -- but also to the identification of some moral principles to cover the real "black holes" of human behaviour. In all this historical flow related to the making up of the economist's identity some questions related to the necessity and opportunity of the behaviour rules show up as related to the business environment (people and institutions) dominated by the capital: Did the capitalism turn up due to the greedy and despotic behaviour of people? Did a whole system, recognized to be the most efficient, come up and build its grandioseness because some people had no longer a God? Does capitalism have a special ethics, which conserves the cultural inheritance and the intellectual traditions generating trust in the system? We shall try to elucidate these issues by using the most significant moral principles taught by the business environment, such as Freedom, Responsibility, Trust, Loyalty, Reputation, and Prestige. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years tourism industry has become an area of high importance in the European economy, the rate of job creation in this sector exceeded the overall average in the EU. For these reasons it is considered that the tourist industry has an important role in achieving the objectives set by the European Commission under Agenda 2020. With a significant tourism potential, Romania could implement a strategy for economic recovery in the tourism and economic activities to support local economic development adjacent to significant regional effects propagated. To assess the potential economic recovery of the Romanian tourism research the authors conducted a survey based on about one of the most valuable tourist areas of Romani -Bucovina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Into the 21st century, the meaning of prosperity has gone beyond material wealth. Many of the economists asks themselves what prosperity really means, as it is a problem studied from many years and it does not have an unique and general accepted definition. As Indira Gandhi said: "Freedom is indivisible …peace is indivisible …economic prosperity is indivisible", we can say that the issue is still of interest and in the same time it is controversial. Starting from such aspects, this paper aims to emphasize some different approaches of the concept of prosperity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the quality of the living organism,inside where is actting one of the most important functions of the community - education, the educational organizations are in a health shape as long as their functioning is linked to normal and wished sense of human life in society, being a part of its fulfilment. The health of the university organization has to be conceived, done and used as the pattern of the education we done supply the fulfilment of human life as a part of our common living. In our oppinion, education in general, an the higher education in special, is responsible for the pozitive gain of human cognition, and for the negative gain of it. The difficult problems that life has to face at the level of our hole common living, are the consequences of human actions. In order to stop the unfavorable stream of our common evolution is essential to re-spiritualize the process of the education on the whole organic levels of it. The goal of our study is to make a research at the level of high scool graduates, their parents and higher education students linked to the involvement of higher education and its challange that we named it „healthy education‟. Starting from these points we wished to validate by this research applied over the main beneficiaries of the educational process (students, would be students and their parents) which are the main characteristics of a healthy university organization, seen by the paradigma of the whole common living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors of this paper consider themselves as adepts of Adler's theory sustaining the idea that human beings cannot authentically progress outside the acknowledgement of their feelings and interconnectedness for living and work activities as parts of the whole society. Following this point of view, the achievement of all necessities of life, inside the society, is a systemic process of consciousness supposing the freedom as an assumed responsibility. From this perspective, the humanity should switch from the knowledge based society's concepts to those of the application of assumed responsibility where scientific knowledge becomes a must to knowing and evaluating the whole living soundness at any level (individuals, family, official entities and authorities, communities, environment). We will use the term of network effect generated by the communication for the whole living of the national academic society facing deep challenges and transformations. This way we intend to promote the re-spiritualization of the education under a national program, so that the durable change be produced and proved, from the inside to the outside of our daily societal life . Working on a model to set up a new way to measuring the soundness of any whole living, we are applying the model to determine the soundness of an university; to understand the evolution of the whole it is necessary to study the evolution and reaction of its components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education for sustainable development (ESD) has presented long-lasting interest for researchers and policy makers. Despite a significant body of research, more in depth empirical studies are required for a better understanding of how sustainable development goals are applied in higher education and how sustainable behavior could be shaped via ESD. The need for this kind of research arises from, first, the scarceness of existing studies that explore economic and business higher education, and, second, the necessity to properly assess the connection between ESD principles and students' behavior. Following this rationale, the present paper aims to provide an overview of how students' sustainable behaviors are shaped via their perception of sustainable campus initiatives, teaching staff involvement and curricula. Statistical and econometric analysis applied on data collected via a survey on students from Bucharest University of Economic Studies (N = 1253) provides findings on the extent to which the awareness of sustainable development-specific issues acquired through education leads to sustainable behavior among students. According to the results, we argue that an increasing share of sustainable development topics combined with teaching staff involvement to raise awareness of sustainability issues are crucial to students' sustainable behavior. However, on-campus actions are unlikely to change behavior unless they are optional rather than compulsory. Our findings ratify that, since education is one of the main drivers of sustainable development, there is an urgent need for coherence in shaping higher education according to sustainability issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]