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18. Assessment of Antiviral Coatings for High-Touch Surfaces by Using Human Coronaviruses HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2.

Author

Butot, S., Baert, L., and Zuber, S.

Subjects
*COVID-19, *ANTIVIRAL agents, *SARS-CoV-2, *SURFACE coatings, *CORONAVIRUSES, *INFLUENZA viruses, *REACTIVE oxygen species
Abstract

A novel and robust approach to evaluate the antiviral activity of coatings was developed, assessing three commercially available leave-on surface coating products for efficacy against human coronaviruses (HCoVs) HCoV-229E and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The assessment is based on three criteria that reflect real-life settings, namely, (i) immediate antiviral effect, (ii) effect after repeated cleaning of the coated surface, and (iii) antiviral activity in the presence of organic material. The results showed that only a copper compoundbased coating successfully met all three criteria. A quaternary ammonium compound-based coating did not meet the second criterion, and a coating based on reactive oxygen species showed no antiviral effect. Moreover, the study demonstrated that HCoV-229E is a relevant SARS-CoV-2 surrogate for such experiments. This new approach allows benchmarking of currently available antiviral coatings and future coating developments to avoid unjustified claims. The deployment of efficient antiviral coatings can offer an additional measure to mitigate the risk of transmission of respiratory viruses like SARS-CoV-2 or influenza viruses from high-touch surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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39. Soil organic carbon stocks in a tidal marsh landscape are dominated by human marsh embankment and subsequent marsh progradation.

Author

Van de Broek, M., Baert, L., Temmerman, S., and Govers, G.

Subjects
*HUMUS, *ESTUARINE ecology, *SALT marshes, *SUBSOILS
Abstract

Summary: Tidal marshes are coastal and estuarine ecosystems that store large amounts of sedimentary organic carbon (OC). Despite the valuable ecosystem services they deliver, tidal marshes have been converted to other land‐use types over the past centuries. Although previous studies have reported large decreases in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks after tidal marsh embankment, knowledge on the magnitude and rate of OC losses is still limited. Here, we studied the effect of stepwise embankments of brackish and salt marshes and subsequent marsh progradation on SOC stocks in the Scheldt estuary (the Netherlands). We collected samples from soil profiles along tidal marsh–reclaimed tidal marsh chronosequences and determined total OC stocks and the stable carbon signature of the OC. Our results showed that large losses of previously sequestered SOC occur on a decadal timescale with the embankment of brackish (−8.7 ± 0.7 kg OC m−2) and salt marshes (−6.7 ± 0.8 kg OC m−2). The (incomplete) replacement of tidal marsh OC by agricultural OC is substantially faster in topsoils (ca. a century) compared with subsoils (multiple centuries). Simulations with a coupled land use–SOC model showed that large rates of marsh progradation following embankment construction resulted in a substantial increase in landscape‐scale SOC storage, whereas large SOC losses occurred in landscapes dominated by embanked tidal marshes. The findings of our study might help to assess how these management practices affect regional SOC stocks. Highlights: We studied how OC stocks in tidal marsh sediments are affected by embankment constructionOC stocks of both brackish and salt marsh sediments were reduced by ca. 60% with embankmentGains in landscape‐scale SOC storage occurred with marsh progradation after embankmentIf no marsh progradation occurs, embankments always lead to SOC loss at the landscape scale [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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