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Entrepreneurial support organizations (ESOs), such as incubators and accelerators, are now ubiquitous. Despite this proliferation, their impact on entrepreneurs, ventures, and communities remains unclear, while academic research remains disjointed and largely descriptive, limiting understanding of the entrepreneurial support process and the influence of ESOs on it. Conducting a systematic review of 337 peer-reviewed articles involving five ESO forms—incubators, science parks, accelerators, maker spaces, and co-working spaces—we find that the literature's conception of support is under-socialized such that there is a need for longitudinal, processual, and experimental examination of changes in the rich relationships between entrepreneurs and their ventures, entrepreneurs and other entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs and ESOs, and ESOs and external stakeholders. Conceiving of support as help to become self-sufficient, we offer an alternative, relational approach to research on entrepreneurial support and those organizations seeking to provide it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research summary We provide an ethnographic account of how social entrepreneurs in the Safe Water for Africa program made sense of hybrid goods, as well as how and why those understandings affected both the social enterprise's marketing mix and stakeholders' expectations of the enterprise's rights and responsibilities. We find that output maximizing-behavior enabled by prosocial motivation elicits a psychological feeling of entitlement to a socio-emotional return on investment in the form of beneficiary gratitude. When external stakeholders consider them justified, these feelings become moral norms that can induce or prevent the institutionalization of a suboptimal path of development, depending on the motivations of competitors. We show that social entrepreneurs' emotional attachment can have consequences for development, challenging the functionalist conception of social enterprise as a temporary patch to institutional voids. Managerial summary We present a detailed account of the Safe Water for Africa program that examines: (a) how the program's stakeholders made sense of water as a 'hybrid good;' and (b) how these understandings shaped the social entrepreneurs' attitudes, the social enterprise's marketing mix, and stakeholder's expectations of the enterprise's rights and responsibilities. We find that the same motivation that prompted social entrepreneurs to act on behalf of those without safe water elicited a sense of entitlement to a 'return on investment' in the form of beneficiary gratitude. If reciprocated, these feelings may become normalized and, depending on competitors' motives, hinder long-term development efforts by precluding their entry. Copyright © 2017 Strategic Management Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel synthetic approach for the addition of carbon-based nucleophiles to the carbocyclic ring of quinolines is presented. The C(5) carbon of the quinoline ring is vulnerable to regiospecific attack by a broad range of carbanions, as the three-center, two-electron bonding of the C(8) carbon of the quinoline ring with two metal atoms of the Os3 triangle conveys a considerable electron deficiency to it. The development of the new synthetic methodology was prompted by the recent synthesis of a family of quinoline compounds that undergo regioselective nucleophilic addition of hydride at the 5-position.

This article examines the nonverbal performance predictive technique for employee screening and appraisal in the United States. The miniature job training and evaluation concept appears to possess merit as a technique for predicting the performance of low aptitude applicants. While the miniature job training and evaluation concept seems supported for mechanically oriented jobs, additional verification is indicated in other job contexts which include tasks which are less oriented to manipulation or mechanical work and which are more conceptually oriented. It seems that a reasonable start has been made towards the goal of definition of a valid test development approach which meets fairness criteria.