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Microgrids (MG) can be considered as a reduced power system network wherein the generation, transmission, and distribution of power take place within a limited geographical area. They are employed to utilize the maximum penetration of renewable energy sources (RES). Microgrid also has advantages such as reduction of transmission losses and costs pertaining to such losses. In this research, economic dispatch, emission dispatch, combined economic emission dispatch (CEED) based on fractional programming (FP), and environment-constrained economic dispatch (ECED) were assessed. An MG system for three distinct scenarios is studied. A novel, robust, and powerful swarm-intelligence hybrid algorithm, created by amalgamating the features of the conventional gray-wolf optimizer (GWO), sine-cosine algorithm (SCA), and crow search algorithm (CSA), is implemented as the optimization tool for the study. A significant reduction in generation costs of about 4.50-9.75% was achieved throughout the study when the time-of-usage (TOU) electricity market pricing strategy was used instead of the fixed pricing strategy. Furthermore, the paper also dealt with the Demand Side Management (DSM) to facilitate the generation cost by managing the controllable load demand. The generation cost decreased by a notable amount when ECED was evaluated with a 15% and 20% DSM-based revised load curve for the MG system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel approach for reactive power planning of a connected power network. Reactive power planning is nothing but the optimal usage of all reactive power sources i.e., transformer tap setting arrangements, reactive generations of generators and shunt VAR compensators installed at weak nodes. Shunt VAR compensator placement positions are determined by a FVSI (Fast Voltage Stability Index) method. Optimal setting of all reactive power reserves are determined by a GA (genetic algorithm) based optimization method. The effectiveness of the detection of the weak nodes by the FVSI method is validated by comparing the result with two other wellknown methods of weak node detection like Modal analysis and the L-index method. Finally, FVSI based allocation of VAR sources emerges as the most suitable method for reactive power planning.

Microgrids can be considered a reduced power system network wherein the generation, transmission, and distribution of power occurs within a limited geographical area. They are employed to use the maximum penetration of renewable energy sources (RES). Microgrid also has advantages like reduction of transmission losses and costs pertaining to such losses. The objectives of economic dispatch, emission dispatch, penalty‐factor (PPF) based combined economic emission dispatch (CEED) and environmental constrained economic dispatch (ECED) are evaluated in this paper. A low‐voltage microgrid system for three different scenarios is studied. A novel, robust and powerful hybrid swarm‐intelligence optimization algorithm is used, which is based on amalgamating the features of conventional gray‐wolf optimizer, sine‐cosine and crow search algorithm. Due to the use of RES, the active power production cost and carbon emission of the microgrid system were reduced to approximately 3% for all the objectives. More than 15% reductions in generation costs were obtained throughout the study when the time‐of‐usage electricity market pricing strategy was used instead of the fixed pricing strategy. Also, results show that the ECED methods of economic emission dispatch provided better‐compromised solutions than the PPF‐based CEED method. Finally, non‐parametric statistical analysis is used to analyze and validate the quality of the projected novel technique, which is measured against the outcomes found with algorithms used in the state‐of‐art literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgrids are a type of restricted power distribution systems in which electricity is generated, transmitted, and distributed within a small geographic region. They are used to ensure that renewable energy sources are used to their full potential. Microgrids provide further benefits, such as lowering transmission losses and the expenses associated with them. This research compares and contrasts the aims of economic dispatch, emission dispatch, fractional programing based combined economic emission dispatch, and environmental restricted economic dispatch (ECED). A low‐voltage microgrid system is investigated for three different scenarios. As a study optimization tool, an innovative, resilient, and strong hybrid swarm‐intelligence optimization algorithm is utilised, which is based on combining the properties of the traditional grey‐wolf optimiser, sine‐cosine algorithm, and crow search algorithm. The employment of a time‐of‐use energy market pricing approach instead of a fixed pricing plan resulted in a 15% decrease in generation costs throughout the course of the research. When ECED was assessed with a 15%–20% demand side management based restructured load demand model for the microgrid system, the generation costs were reduced even further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assimilation of exible AC transmission (FACTS) controllers to the existing power network outweigh the numerous alternatives in enhancing the damping behavior for the inter-area/intra-area system oscillations of a power network. This paper provides a rigorous analysis in damping of oscillations in a power network. It utilizes a shunt connected voltage source converter (VSC) based FACTS device to enhance the system operating characteristics. A comprehensive system mathematical modelling has been developed for demonstrating the system behavior under different loading conditions. A novel hybrid augmented grey wolf optimization-particle swarm optimization (AGWO-PSO) is proposed for the coordinated design of controllers static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and power system stabilizers (PSSs). A multi-objective function, comprising damping ratio improvement and drifting the real part to the left-hand side of S-plane of the system poles, has been developed to achieve the objective and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms have been analyzed by monitoring the system performance under different loading conditions. Eigenvalue analysis and damping nature of the system states under perturbation have been presented for the proposed algorithms under different loading conditions, and the performance evaluation of the proposed algorithms have been done by means of time of execution and the convergence characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safe operation of the power grid requires a complete and robust control network to ensure full observability. However, redundancy measurements can create problems in expense, management, and control. The optimal phasor measurement unit (PMU) positioning problem (OPPP) is proposed to limit the number of PMUs deployed in the power grid and ensure the whole grid's observability in the meantime. A modified branch‐and‐bound algorithm (MBBA) to unravel the OPPP is presented. Original BBA, which uses a single search order to create a binary tree, gives only one solution to the OPPP, although more than one optimal solution exists. The proposed MBBA method consists of two different stages: the vertexes in the search tree are investigated by depth‐first search (DFS) in stage 1, and the search route continues as the breadth‐first search. In stage 1, the LP relaxing problems are solved by dual simplex, and in stage 2, the basic viable solution from stage 1 is used to configure the primary simplex until the optimum solution is found. OPPP is formulated as a binary decision variable MBBA model, minimizing linear objective function subject to linear matrix observability constraints. The MBBA model is unravelled using a linear integer‐based external approximation scheme. IEEE test systems are used to check the feasibility of the proposed approach. Matlab software performs simulation based on a number of graph theory‐based methods such as DFS, graph‐theoretical method, simulated annealing, and recursive N‐algorithms. These algorithms are compared to the algorithmic perspective of the proposed MBBA method. IEEE test network results confirm the validity of the proposed methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimization is the process of attaining the best solution from the available set of prioritized constraints to maximize or minimize the desired function involved in it. It is imperative in engineering to plan and design to find the best out of confined resource and time. A recently recommended barnacles matting optimization (BMO) has been recognized in computing the optimal parameters of the electric power system with excellent performance characteristics. In this paper, the intensified version of BMO has been proposed with the aid of cuckoo search (CS) and traditional particle swarm optimization (PSO). An in‐depth analysis was made on the BMO technique and proposed suitable modifications to deal with the electrical power system stability enhancement issue efficiently. The proposed technique in the power system stabilizer (PSS) parameter computation is validated on the 23 benchmark functions to examine for its suitability. The robustness of the proposed method is presented via statistical analysis and boxplot of the 23 benchmark functions. The PSS parameters are computed in a benchmark two area four machine system using intensified BMO under self‐clearing fault conditions. A multi‐objective function is designed to improve the damping nature offered under system uncertainties, and the comparative analysis is presented among conventional PSS, BMO, intensified BMO with CS and PSO (BMO‐CS and BMO‐PSO), and harris hawks optimizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article proposes a planning strategy of reactive power (VAR) in a power transmission system, because reactive power planning (RPP) is a topical issue in the energy sector. Basically, it is a qualitative effort to understand the mathematical principles, technical facets, and economic aspects with their utility in RPP prior to executing the proposed strategy through a unique solution model. Initially, the objective is formulated by measuring different cost components, such as VAR generation cost, line charging cost, flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device operation cost, and cost due to real power loss. The vulnerable positions in the system are defined for the placement of FACTS devices after computing a set of mathematical methods. The installation bottlenecks of these devices are wiped out depending on some technical considerations and performances. Thereafter, a hybrid intelligence approach along with fundamental algorithms is applied to determine an optimal set of controlling variables in conjunction with active and VAR demand. The code profiling of the proposed approach is rendered on two interregional practical power networks. Finally, the responses of the benchmark functions and statistical outcomes are analyzed extensively to justify the trustworthiness of the proposed solution model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work proposes a planning strategy pertaining to the techno-economic operation of Indian power systems. The proposed strategy focused on the reactive power (VAr) planning (RPP) subject to the system operating cost minimization ensuring system security. To mitigate the RPP issue, unique meta-heuristic hybridized techniques are adopted to size the optimal parameter settings such as alternator's reactive power, tap settings of transformers etc. instigated by power flow analysis satisfying all equality and inequality constraints. The controlling variables are optimally determined to solve this non-linear RPP problem. The bottleneck for the installation of static VAr compensators at weak buses is also wiped out by different analytical techniques viz. loss sensitivity, power flow and modal analysis. Two different inter-regional transmission networks prevailing in India are considered to measure the adaptability, efficacy and efficiency of the proposed approach. The results obtained by applying the proposed approach have confirmed that network loss-minimization procedures produce an acceptable solution and reduce the operating cost which is especially important in RPP. The responses of bench mark functions and statistical analysis of the outcomes from both systems allow us to assess the overall efficiency and efficacy of the proposed techno-economic planning approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]