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To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00920.x Byline: FRANCOIS BONNET (1) Keywords: poverty; railway stations; welfare; social control; police; non-governmental organization; agency; homeless; voluntary organizations Abstract: Abstract How to rid railway stations of the marginalized people who congregate in them? This is the problem faced by railway companies which are seeking to maximize the commercial drawing power of their spaces. The limitations of a strictly repressive policy are prompting railway companies to fund non-profit community-based organizations to carry out social policies aimed at the marginalized. Based on two studies in the railway stations of Lyon and Milan, the article analyses how this strategy was implemented. Our analysis involves differentiating our work from two hypotheses: the irenic hypothesis, which sets social policies in opposition to security policies, and the malefic hypothesis, which equates social policies with security policies. The work of the non-profit community-based organizations shows that the boundary between social policy and security policy is a tenuous one, since the principal aim is to disperse marginalized people and move them away from the station. Control of marginalized people is based on the use of incentive structures rather than on coercion. The community organizations also have to retain control of their philanthropic legitimacy, which they are selling to the railway companies, but which they are also putting at risk. Focusing on the agency of the actors allows us to avoid both an irenic analysis (in which 'human' and 'just' social policies come to the aid of the marginalized) and a malefic analysis (in which social policies are merely security policies in disguise). Resume Comment se debarrasser des marginaux qui se concentrent dans les gares? Tel est le probleme des compagnies ferroviaires qui cherchent a maximiser l'attractivite de leur espace. Les limites d'une politique strictement repressive conduisent les compagnies ferroviaires a financer des associations afin que celles-ci menent des politiques sociales en direction des marginaux. L'article, fonde sur deux monographies dans les gares de Lyon et Milan, analyse la mise en OEuvre de cette strategie. Analyser la politique mise en OEuvre suppose de se demarquer de deux conceptions, celle qui oppose politiques sociales et politiques de securite, et celle qui identifie les politiques sociales a des politiques de securite. Le travail des associations montre que la frontiere entre politique sociale et politique de securite est tenue: il s'agit avant tout de disperser les marginaux et de les eloigner de la gare. La gestion des marginaux repose sur la mise en OEuvre de structures d'incitation plutot que sur la coercition. Les associations doivent aussi gerer leur legitimite philanthropique, qu'elles monnaient aupres des compagnies ferroviaires, mais qu'elles mettent aussi en danger. L'attention a l'agency des acteurs permet d'eviter une analyse irenique (ou des politiques sociales 'humaines' et 'justes' viennent en aide aux marginaux) et une analyse malefique (ou les politiques sociales ne sont que des politiques de securite travesties). Author Affiliation: (1)Observatoire Francais des Conjonctures Economiques, Sciences Po, Center for Urban Research and Policy, Columbia University, France Article note: Francois Bonnet (francois.bonnet@sciences-po.org), Observatoire Francais des Conjonctures Economiques, Sciences Po, Center for Urban Research and Policy, Columbia University, 52 rue Jeanne d'Arc, 75013 Paris, France.

The main idea developed in this paper is a novel biconverter structure to supply a doubly fed induction machine (DFIM). Two voltage source inverters (VSIs) feed the stator and rotor windings. The outputs of the two VSIs are combined electromechanically in the machine, and as a result, novel features can be obtained. For example, for high power drive applications, this configuration uses two inverters dimensioned for a half of the DFIM power. A new dual direct torque control is developed with flux model of DFIM. Two switching tables linked to VSI are defined for stator and rotor flux vector control. The satisfactory experimental and simulation results are shown, and they confirm good dynamic behavior in four quadrants of the speed-torque plane. Moreover, experimental results show the correct flux vector control behavior and speed tracking performances. Index Terms--AC machine, direct torque control (DTC), doubly fed induction machine (DFIM), flux model, hysteresis motor drive, induction motor, motor drive, simulation, switching tables (STs), torque control, variable speed drive, voltage source inverters (VSIs).

This article seeks to make sense of tenant selection in the private rental sector. It is based on 51 interviews with real estate agents in Paris (France) and Geneva (Switzerland). Tenant selection is a process whereby real-estate agents primarily assess whether prospective tenants can be a stable source of income for landlords. First, real estate agents use the income criterion as a category to organize the worthiness of a rental applicant. Our comparative design shows that financial risk assessment depends on particular institutional features of national tenancy regulations. Second, a "good tenant" is more than just a financially-solvent one. A good tenant pays rent regularly, stays in the apartment, maintains it in good condition, and does not cause any trouble. We show that real estate agents use many different categorical stereotypes related to these unobservable characteristics to dismiss applicants, just as employers on the low-wage labor market rely on stereotypes to identify soft skills of prospective employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the relationship between street vendors and local authorities in Bangkok. We examine the goals, the means, and the effects of everyday regulation of street vending. We document how the district administration produces and maintains informality by creating a parallel set of rules where street vendors enjoy negligible rents and little competition. We provide detailed empirical evidence on earnings, rents, fines, and rules regarding commercial real estate. The district administration's policy of 'managed informality' results in a situation where more established informal vendors control less established ones. We hypothesize in the conclusion that the district administration's parallel legal system adjusts to the population's expectations in a political system where the law has little popular support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How people talk about ethnic minorities is a sensitive subject, especially in law enforcement. We know little about it as far as continental Europe is concerned. This article is about how police officers talk about minorities in France, in Italy and in the Netherlands. How do speech norms (‘political correctness’) apply outside the anglophone world? Is there a relation between speech norms and practices? This exploratory study is based on interviews with fifty-five police officers from France, Italy and the Netherlands. In these countries, police officers are aware that displaying overt racism is not socially desirable. Interviews show that there are vastly different speech norms governing decent race talk in the three countries. Specifically, we compare: how police use ethnic categories; how police anticipate accusations of discrimination; and how police theorize the over-representation of ethnic minorities in crime. French respondents respect much stricter speech norms than Dutch or Italian ones. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

How do individuals and organisations anticipate or deflect allegations of racism? This problem is especially sensitive in the context of crime control. There are two strategies to perform non-racism: colour-blind and race-conscious. This article is about how French police officers and security guards perform ‘not being racist’, based on an analysis of the discourse and policies of 60 respondents in a shopping mall and in a railway station. France promotes an ostensibly colour-blind approach to being not racist, urging its citizens to avoid using racial categories. How do security people manage to perform non-racism when the majority of their clients are minority youth? The main finding is that while respondents display a strong command of colour-blind speech norms (to perform non-racism), the security policy of the shopping mall is equally strongly race-conscious (also to perform non-racism). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]