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The deterministic motions of clouds and turbulence, despite their chaotic nature, have nonetheless been shown to follow simple statistical power-law scalings: a fractal dimension D relates individual cloud perimeters p to a measurement resolution, and turbulent fluctuations scale with the air parcel separation distance through the Hurst exponent, ℋ. However, it remains uncertain whether atmospheric turbulence is best characterized by a split isotropy that is three-dimensional (3D) with H=1/3 at small scales and two-dimensional (2D) with ℋ=1 at large scales or by a wide-range anisotropic scaling with an intermediate value of ℋ. Here, we introduce an “ensemble fractal dimension” De – analogous to D – that relates the total cloud perimeter per domain area 𝒫 as seen from space to the measurement resolution, and we show theoretically how turbulent dimensionality and cloud edge geometry can be linked through H=De-1. Observationally and numerically, we find the scaling De∼5/3 or H∼2/3, spanning 5 orders of magnitude of scale. Remarkably, the same scaling relationship links two “limiting case” estimates of 𝒫 evaluated at resolutions corresponding to the planetary scale and the Kolmogorov microscale, which span 10 orders of magnitude. Our results are nearly consistent with a previously proposed “23/9D” anisotropic turbulent scaling and suggest that the geometric characteristics of clouds and turbulence in the atmosphere can be easily tied to well-known planetary physical parameters.

In this communication we report initial results using high power pulsed techniques at 94 GHz to perform solid state Dynamic Nuclear Polarisation (DNP) on high volume samples. It is shown that excitation with short pulses, comparable to the π/2 pulse length, at fast repetition rates can result in higher DNP enhancements relative to continuous wave (cw) excitation for the same average power. Peak enhancements are observed at an average power of only a few hundred mW delivered to the sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To check the respiratory muscle strength in cardiac surgery and the relationship with the postoperative pulmonary complications., Methods: Sixty-tree adult's patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery were enrolled in this study. In the day of the surgery all patients did the respiratory muscle strength test. In the postoperative a multidisciplinary team took care all patients and they receive physiotherapy treatment twice a day following the usual care of the hospital. In the fifth day after surgery, the patients repeat the respiratory muscle strength test and were examined postoperative pulmonary complications., Results: A significant lower inspiratory muscle strength (P = 0.001) and expiratory muscle strength (P = 0.0001) was found in the postoperative, however it wasn't statistics significantly the relationship between the inspiratory muscle strength (P = 0.58) and expiratory muscle strength (P = 0.4) preoperative with postoperative pulmonary complication., Conclusions: The respiratory strength preoperative couldn't be a predictor of postoperative pulmonary complication.