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Objectives: Historically, nonadherence to medication has been a major problem faced by health care workers while treating chronic illnesses. Nonadherence to psychotropic medications is known to be associated with poorer treatment outcomes, remarkable risk, and cost to the medical system in managing psychiatric illness. For care providers, partial compliance or discontinuation of medications represents the difficulty of maintaining treatment successes over time. In this study, we intended to assess medication adherence and to understand the reasons for nonadherence in patients with major psychiatric disorders in southern India. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study, done from January to June 2023. With the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision diagnosis, we assessed patients with psychotic disorders, bipolar affective disorders, and major depressive disorder. The Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS) was used to assess medication adherence. The patients also completed copies of semi-structured questionnaire on their sociodemographic characteristics, their medications, and reasons for nonadherence. Results: A total of 147 subjects were assessed. We found that 68.0% of subjects were poorly adherent to the treatment based on MARS, and that only 32.0% of them were strictly adherent to the treatment. The reasons for poor adherences to the medication treatment were carelessness or forgetfulness (21.8%), adverse effects of the medications (16.3%), and the perception of the subject of feeling better (15.6%). Conclusion: More than two thirds of the subjects was found to be non-adherent to the medications. Assessing various reasons for medication adherence will help find strategies to improve medication adherence and thus outcome of the treatment.

Background: Surgical site infections penetrate to depths in tissues and cause simple superficial infections to sepsis. The aim of this study is to identify the incidence rate of surgical site infections and their risk factors at the surgical section of a tertiary care center. Material and Methods: This retrospective observational study included 245 patients. The CDC class-wise breakup of would infection and the risk factors were recorded. Results: The Incidence of surgical site infections was 11.4%. 60-year aged patients showed 22.7% incidence. Malignancy observed as 31.3% incidence than without malignancy (10%) risk factor (p = 0.024). Among the origin, Lumbar sympathectomies and Breast surgery for malignancy showed the highest incidence (43.8%), followed by Genitourinary tract surgeries with 22.9%. Wound infection was more in an emergency (15.4%) than elective procedures (10.4%). The incidence rate increases from 7.9% (

Disulfiram (DSF) is most commonly used as avertive therapy in day to day practice in deaddiction devision, have many side effects but dystonia is an uncommon side effect. Here we report a case of 34 year-old-male who is suffering from disulfiram induced dystonia. clinician should be aware of this side effect as this may influence the drug compliance and maintainig abstinence from the alcohol.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images of the brain are used for detection of various brain diseases including tumor. In such cases, classification of MRI images captured with respect to ventricular and eye ball regions helps in automated location and classification of such diseases. The methods employed in the paper can segregate the given MRI images of brain into images of brain captured with respect to ventricular region and images of brain captured with respect to eye ball region. First, the given MRI image of brain is segmented using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, which is an optimized algorithm for MRI image segmentation. The algorithm proposed in the paper is then applied on the segmented image. The algorithm detects whether the image consist of a ventricular region or an eye ball region and classifies it accordingly.

In the title complex, C60·4C2Cl4, the C60 molecule is located on an inversion centre and there are two tetrachloroethylene (TCE) molecules in the asymmetric unit. Both TCE molecules show positional disorder, with occupancy ratios of 0.75:0.25 and 0.56:0.44. Four fullerene C atoms form short contacts [3.208 (17) and 3.223 (17) Å] with the centres of the TCE double bonds, indicating that C60–solvent interactions are largely π–π in nature.

This Letter proposes a customised approach for attribute selection applied to the fuzzy rough quick reduct algorithm. The unbalanced data is balanced using synthetic minority oversampling technique. The huge dimensionality of the cancer data is reduced using a correlation-based filter. The dimensionality reduced balanced attribute gene subset is used to compute the final minimal reduct set using a customised fuzzy triangular norm operator on the fuzzy rough quick reduct algorithm. The customised fuzzy triangular norm operator is used with a Lukasiewicz fuzzy implicator to compute the fuzzy approximation. The customised operator selects the least number of informative feature genes from the dimensionality reduced datasets. Classification accuracy using leave-one-out cross validation of 94.85, 76.54, 98.11, and 99.13% is obtained using a customised function for Lukasiewicz triangular norm operator on leukemia, central nervous system, lung, and ovarian datasets, respectively. Performance analysis of the conventional fuzzy rough quick reduct and the proposed method are performed using parameters such as classification accuracy, precision, recall, F -measure, scatter plots, receiver operating characteristic area, McNemar test, chi-squared test, Matthew's correlation coefficient and false discovery rate that are used to prove that the proposed approach performs better than available methods in the literature.

Polymer mediated drug delivery system represents a novel promising platform for tumor-targeting with reduced systemic side effects and improved chemotherapeutical efficacy. In this study, we report the preparation and characterization of herceptin targeted, diglycolamic acid (DGA) functionalized polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer as a potent drug carrier for cisplatin. DGA dendrimers carrying cisplatin demonstrated enhanced anticancer activity when targeted with herceptin. In vitro cell line studies with herceptin-DGA-G4-cisplatin in HER-2 +ve and HER-2 -ve human ovarian cancer cell lines showed that these nanoparticles possessed remarkable features such as lower IC50 value, improved S-phase arrest, and enhanced apoptosis due to increased cellular uptake and accumulation than the untargeted DGA-G4-cisplatin and free cisplatin. Furthermore, in vivo results in SCID mice bearing SKOV-3 tumor xenografts, herceptin-DGA-G4-cisplatin, appeared to be more effective in inducing tumor regression as compared to free cisplatin. Collectively, these results indicate that herceptin targeted DGA functionalized PAMAM-cisplatin conjugates serve as better anti-tumor agents than individual therapeutic agents., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We report here the experimental investigation on third-order nonlinear optical parameters of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-N,N-dimethyl-4-anilinyl)porphyrin and its various metal complexes, using Z-scan technique at 532 nm. The third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities (χ(3)) were of the order 10(-12) esu and are compared through degenerate four wave mixing (DFWM). The operating mechanism is reverse saturable absorption (RSA) as the effective excited-state absorption cross-section was found higher than ground state absorption cross-section as well as the magnitude of nonlinear absorption coefficient was found decreasing with on-axis input intensity. The compounds found to exhibit good optical limiting at 532 nm, 7 ns excitation steering applications in laser safety., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To elucidate immunoprophylactic potential of recombinant Wuchereria bancrofti (W. bancrofti) cuticular collagen (COL-4) in BALB/c mice and filarial clinical samples., Methods: col-4 gene was PCR amplified from W. bancrofti L3 cDNA library and cloned in pRSET B vector. Recombinant COL-4 was over expressed in salt inducible system and was purified by nickel affinity chromatography. Humoral and cellular responses were measured by ELISA and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of various filarial clinical samples respectively using purified recombinant COL-4 antigen. Then the protective immune responses of COL-4 immunized BALB/c mice were characterized., Results: Sequence analysis of COL-4 with human host proteins reveals lack of homology. The recombinant COL-4 was found to be at 15 kDa fusion protein. The affinity purified COL-4 showed significant reactivity with putatively immune sera and in a similar fashion it demonstrated marked proliferation in PBMC samples. Immunization studies in experimental filarial host (mice) elicited significant titers with protective antibody isotype profile (IgM and IgG). Cellular immune responses were also significant in terms of splenocytes proliferation assay on mice samples., Conclusions: Our immunological findings in experimental host suggest Th2 mediated immune response. Hence, we propose that W. bancrofti COL-4 could be an efficacious vaccine candidate against lymphatic filariasis., (Copyright © 2014 Hainan Medical College. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) causes immunosuppression in young chickens by destruction of antibody producing B cells in the Bursa of Fabricius and poses a potential threat to the poultry industry. We have examined the protective efficacy of a subunit DNA vaccine against IBDV infection in chickens in this study. An immunodominant VP2 gene fragment (VP252-417) was cloned into CMV promoter based DNA vaccine vector pVAX1 and in vitro expression of the DNA encoded antigens was confirmed by transfection of CHO cells with vaccine constructs followed by RT-PCR and western blot analysis using IBDV-antiserum. Two weeks old chickens were immunized intramuscularly with pVAXVP252-417 and the in vivo transcription of the plasmid DNA was confirmed by RT-PCR analysis of DNA injected muscle tissue at different intervals of post immunization. Tissue distribution analysis revealed that the plasmid DNA was extensively distributed in muscle, spleen, kidney, liver, and bursa tissues. Chickens immunized with pVAXVP252-417 developed high titer (1:12,000) of anti-VP252-417 antibodies. Further, chicken splenocytes from pVAXVP252-417 immunized group showed a significantly high proliferation to the whole viral and recombinant antigen (P<0.01) compared to control groups, which implies that pVAXVP252-417 codes for immunogenic fragment which has epitopes capable of eliciting both B and T cell responses. This is evident by the fact that, pVAXVP252-417 immunized chicken conferred 75% protection against virulent IBDV (vIBDV) challenge compared to the control group. Thus, the present study confirms that the immunodominant VP2 fragment can be used as a potential DNA vaccine against IBDV infection in chickens., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Production of tannase by Aspergillus flavus (MTCC 3783) using tamarind seed powder as substrate was studied in submerged fermentation. Plackett-Burman design was applied for the screening of 12 medium nutrients. From the results, the significant nutrients were identified as tannic acid, magnesium sulfate, ferrous sulfate and ammonium sulfate. Further the optimization of process parameters was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM). RSM has been applied for designing of experiments to evaluate the interactive effects through a full 31 factorial design. The optimum conditions were tannic acid concentration, 3.22 %; fermentation period, 96 h; temperature, 35.1 °C; and pH 5.4. Higher value of the regression coefficient (R 2  = 0.9638) indicates excellent evaluation of experimental data by second-order polynomial regression model. The RSM revealed that a maximum tannase production of 139.3 U/ml was obtained at the optimum conditions.

Parasitic nematodes infect nearly half of the world's human population, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Though filariasis is not fatal, it is the second leading cause of permanent and long-term disability worldwide. Filariasis has a spectrum of disease manifestation and infectivity found among the infected individuals and also goes unnoticed for years. Furthermore, there are ample reports emerging on the genetic variation among the parasites population. Hence, it is necessary to develop diagnostics for early detection of the disease. Synthetic peptides that mimic the immunogenic regions and a conserved region similar to that of recombinant antigen will be more useful in developing diagnostics, vaccines, or therapeutics. WbSXP-1 was earlier proven as a good diagnostic antigen; B-cell epitopic analysis showed 4 potent immunodominant regions spanning the whole antigen. These synthetic peptides (N, N1, N2, and N3) were produced and used as a diagnostic candidate to detect anti-SXP antibody and conversely to detect the infected individuals. The monomeric peptides showed good reactivity against microfilareamic (MF) sera. Among them, the peptides N, N1, and N2 were found to be more reactive. Furthermore, multiple chimeric peptides in linear combinations of 2 peptides were tested for its efficacy to detect anti-SXP antibody in infected MF sera. The peptides N:N1 and N1:N2 were synthesized and tested against human clinical sera. This chimeric peptides constructed based on WbSXP-1 were found to be reactive, specifically with MF sera by ELISA. These peptide-based diagnostic method can serve as a standard better tool without cross-reactivity in lymphatic filariasis elimination program., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Abundant larval transcript (ALT), a novel filarial protein, has been shown to have great potential as a vaccine in the prevention of human lymphatic filariasis. In this study, we report a method for the production of recombinant ALT-2 protein, expressed in the cytoplasm of bacterium Escherichia coli in soluble form and purification in a single step using hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). Fermentation was done by continuous fed-batch methodology with dissolved oxygen (DO)-controlled feed addition. The culture was induced with 1 mM isopropyl-β-D: -thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). Up to 9 g/l dry cell weight (DCW) of biomass was obtained from 1.6 l of Luria-Bertani (LB) broth in a bench-scale reactor. Around 200 mg/l of purified ALT-2 with a yield of about 60% was obtained. This is almost a 2.5-fold increase in final protein yield compared to purification using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC).

High-valent manganese(IV or V)-oxo porphyrins are considered as reactive intermediates in the oxidation of organic substrates by manganese porphyrin catalysts. We have generated Mn(V)- and Mn(IV)-oxo porphyrins in basic aqueous solution and investigated their reactivities in C-H bond activation of hydrocarbons. We now report that Mn(V)- and Mn(IV)-oxo porphyrins are capable of activating C-H bonds of alkylaromatics, with the reactivity order of Mn(V)-oxo>Mn(IV)-oxo; the reactivity of a Mn(V)-oxo complex is 150 times greater than that of a Mn(IV)-oxo complex in the oxidation of xanthene. The C-H bond activation of alkylaromatics by the Mn(V)- and Mn(IV)-oxo porphyrins is proposed to occur through a hydrogen-atom abstraction, based on the observations of a good linear correlation between the reaction rates and the C-H bond dissociation energy (BDE) of substrates and high kinetic isotope effect (KIE) values in the oxidation of xanthene and dihydroanthracene (DHA). We have demonstrated that the disproportionation of Mn(IV)-oxo porphyrins to Mn(V)-oxo and Mn(III) porphyrins is not a feasible pathway in basic aqueous solution and that Mn(IV)-oxo porphyrins are able to abstract hydrogen atoms from alkylaromatics. The C-H bond activation of alkylaromatics by Mn(V)- and Mn(IV)-oxo species proceeds through a one-electron process, in which a Mn(IV)-oxo porphyrin is formed as a product in the C-H bond activation by a Mn(V)-oxo porphyrin, followed by a further reaction of the Mn(IV)-oxo porphyrin with substrates that results in the formation of a Mn(III) porphyrin complex. This result is in contrast to the oxidation of sulfides by the Mn(V)-oxo porphyrin, in which the oxidation of thioanisole by the Mn(V)-oxo complex produces the starting Mn(III) porphyrin and thioanisole oxide. This result indicates that the oxidation of sulfides by the Mn(V)-oxo species occurs by means of a two-electron oxidation process. In contrast, a Mn(IV)-oxo porphyrin complex is not capable of oxidizing sulfides due to a low oxidizing power in basic aqueous solution.

Crystal structures of a series of free base porphyrins, 2,3,12,13-tetra(cyano/chloro/bromo)-5,7,8,10,15,17,18,20-octaphenylporphyrin solvates [H(2)(TPP(Ph)(4)(CN)(4)) x 3 (C(2)H(4)Cl(2)), H(2)(TPP(Ph)(4)Cl(4)) x 2 (CH(3)OH), and H(2)(TPP(Ph)(4)Br(4)) x 2 THF x 1.5 (CH(3)OH)], were determined to examine the influence of mixed antipodal beta-pyrrole substitution on the stereochemistry of the porphyrin macrocycle. Nonplanarity of the porphyrin skeleton increases with an increase in size of the X group at the beta-pyrrole positions, and the root-mean-square deviation of the core atoms follows the order CN (0.508 A) < Cl (0.687 A) < Br (0.792 A). The normal-coordinate decomposition analysis of the free-base structures shows dramatic substituent- (X-)dependent out-of-plane distortions featuring saddling combined with a ruffled conformation in H(2)(TPP(Ph)(4)(CN)(4)), while it is predominantly saddled geometry in H(2)(TPP(Ph)(4)X(4)) (X = Cl, Br) structures. For H(2)(TPP(Ph)(4)X(4)) (X = Cl, Br) structures, the core elongation is along the antipodal pyrroles bearing halogen groups, and in the case of the H(2)(TPP(Ph)(4)(CN)(4)) structure, it is along the other antipodal pyrroles with phenyl groups. However, the average core, N...N separation along the transannular pyrrole direction follows the trend H(2)(TPP(Ph)(4)(CN)(4)) (4.134(4) A) < H(2)(TPP(Ph)(4)Cl(4)) (4.184(5) A) < H(2)(TPP(Ph)(4)Br(4)) (4.205(5) A). The bond lengths of the 24-atom core are comparable, but its bond angles showed significant differences along the antipodal direction bearing beta-pyrrole with X groups when compared to the other transannular pyrrole direction. The four-nitrogen porphyrin core (N(4)H(2)) exhibited weak intramolecular hydrogen bonding and also intermolecular interactions. Interestingly, H(2)(TPP(Ph)(4)Cl(4)) x 2 (CH(3)OH) shows an extended chain structure involving hydrogen-bonding interactions between the CH(3)OH...OHCH(3) (O...O) and CH(3)OH...core (N(4)H(2)) interactions. The nonplanar geometry of these free base porphyrin rings suggests a more predominant influence of steric crowding of the peripheral substituents rather than intermolecular interactions. The four-coordinated Ni(TPP(Ph)(4)(CN)(4)) x C(6)H(14) x 0.5 (C(2)H(4)Cl(2)) complex shows an enhanced ruffling of the macrocycle along with the saddled conformation relative to more saddle-shaped H(2)(TPP(Ph)(4)(CN)(4)) x 3 (C(2)H(4)Cl(2)) structure. The crystal structure of the Zn(TPP(Ph)(4)Cl(4))(Py) x (C(2)H(4)Cl(2)) complex features distorted square-pyramidal geometry with the reduction in the nonplanarity of the core in contrast to its free base porphyrin structure. Normal-coordinate-decomposition analysis for the out-of-plane displacement of the core atoms in the Ni(TPP(Ph)(4)(CN)(4)) structure showed enhanced ruffling combined with saddling of the macrocycle while Zn(TPP(Ph)(4)Cl(4))(Py) exhibited mainly saddling when compared to their corresponding free base porphyrin structures. The nonplanar distortion in the Ni(TPP(Ph)(4)(CN)(4)) x (C(6)H(14)) x 0.5 (C(2)H(4)Cl(2)) complex indicates that the contracted porphyrin core and the weak intermolecular interactions are responsible for the nonplanar geometry of the macrocyclic ring.

Nonmesogenic 2,3,12,13-tetrabromo-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-butoxyphenyl)porphyrin crystallizes as the title 1,2-dichloroethane solvate, C(60)H(58)Br(4)N(4)O(4) x C(2)H(4)Cl(2). The porphyrin ring shows a nonplanar conformation, with an average mean plane displacement of the beta-pyrrole C atoms from the 24-atom (C(20)N(4)) core of +/-0.50 (3) A. The 1,2-dichloroethane solvent is incorporated between the porphyrin units and induces the formation of one-dimensional chains via interhalogen Cl...Br and butyl-aryl C-H...pi interactions. These chains are oriented along the unit-cell a axis, with the macrocyclic ring planes lying almost parallel to the (010) plane. The chains are arranged in an offset fashion by aligning the butoxy chains approximately above or below the faces of the adjacent porphyrin core, resulting in decreased interporphyrin pi-pi interactions, and they are held together by weak intermolecular (C-Br...pi, C-H...pi and C-H...Br) interactions. The nonplanar geometry of the macrocyclic ring is probably due to the weak interporphyrin interactions induced by the solvent molecule and the peripheral butoxy groups. The nonplanarity of the mesogens could influence the mesogenic behaviour differently relative to planar porphyrin mesogens.

In the title complex, C(60)·4C(2)Cl(4), the C(60) mol-ecule is located on an inversion centre and there are two tetra-chloro-ethyl-ene (TCE) mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit. Both TCE mol-ecules show positional disorder, with occupancy ratios of 0.75:0.25 and 0.56:0.44. Four fullerene C atoms form short contacts [3.208 (17) and 3.223 (17) Å] with the centres of the TCE double bonds, indicating that C(60)-solvent inter-actions are largely π-π in nature.

A 35 years old lady presented with fever, biliary colic, mild jaundice, indigestion and flatulence. The upper abdominal ultrasonography revealed cholecystitis with sludge and a round worm in the common bile duct. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and exploration of the bile duct for the removal of round worm was performed. The post-operative period was uneventful and the patient was discharged fit on the 4th post-operative day.

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is a new modality of treatment for end stage renal disease. Although this procedure is largely underutilised in India, in Manipur this procedure is routinely offered to patients of end stage renal disease. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheter implantation was started in Manipur in May, 2001. Till now continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheter has been implanted in 116 cases. Out of this 3 patients had associated inguinal hernia. Inguinal hernia is a relative contra-indication for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Still the inguinal hernia was repaired in the same sitting with the catheter implantation. The procedure is described along with the outcome.