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Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are crucial components of the plant microbiota and can form symbioses with 72% of land plants. Researchers have long known that AM symbioses have dramatic effects on plant performance and also provide multiple ecological services in terrestrial environments. The successful establishment of AM symbioses relies on the host plant recognition of the diffusible mycorrhizal (Myc) factors, lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and chitooligosaccharides (COs). Among them, the short-chain COs such as CO4/5 secreted by AM fungi are the major Myc factors in COs. In this review, we summarize current advances, develop the concept of mycorrhizal biceptor complex (double receptor complexes for Myc-LCOs and CO4/5 in the same plant), and provide a perspective on the future development of mycorrhizal receptors. First, we focus on the distinct perception of two Myc factors by different host plant species, highlighting the essential role of Lys in- M otif (LysM)-type mycorrhizal receptors in perceiving them. Second, we propose the underlying molecular mechanisms by which LysM-type mycorrhizal receptors in various plants recognize both the Myc-LCOs and -COs. Finally, we explore future prospects for studies on the biceptor complex (Myc-LCO and -CO receptors) in dicots to facilitate the utilization of them in cereal crops (particularly in modern cultivated rice). In conclusion, our understanding of the precise perception processes during host plant interacting with AM fungi, where LysM-type mycorrhizal receptors act as recruiters, provides the tools to design biotechnological applications addressing agricultural challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilized a hydrothermal method to synthesize various metal‐modified rod‐like ceria catalysts (Fe, Co, Cu, Ni, La), achieving efficient COS removal at low temperatures. The research identified surface oxygen vacancies and basic sites as critical factors that influence the catalytic performance of COS hydrolysis. The addition of different metals to pristine ceria rods increased the specific surface area, oxygen vacancy content (Ov), and basicity, which enhanced the catalysts′ sulfur resistance and stability. Among all the catalysts tested, 10La‐CeO2 demonstrated the highest COS removal rate. This is because La doping significantly augmented Ov, providing more H2O adsorption and activation sites. Furthermore, 10La‐CeO2 showed enhanced Lewis basicity, making it easier for COS to adsorb and promote hydrolysis. The in situ DRIFTS results confirmed that appropriate oxygen vacancies and basic sites favored the formation of intermediates such as HCO3− and HSCO2−, promoting the decomposition of COS into H2S and CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are crucial components of the plant microbiota and can form symbioses with 72% of land plants. Researchers have long known that AM symbioses have dramatic effects on plant performance and also provide multiple ecological services in terrestrial environments. The successful establishment of AM symbioses relies on the host plant recognition of the diffusible mycorrhizal (Myc) factors, lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and chitooligosaccharides (COs). Among them, the short-chain COs such as CO4/5 secreted by AM fungi are the major Myc factors in COs. In this review, we summarize current advances, develop the concept of mycorrhizal biceptor complex (double receptor complexes for Myc-LCOs and CO4/5 in the same plant), and provide a perspective on the future development of mycorrhizal receptors. First, we focus on the distinct perception of two Myc factors by different host plant species, highlighting the essential role of Lysin-Motif (LysM)- type mycorrhizal receptors in perceiving them. Second, we propose the underlying molecular mechanisms by which LysM-type mycorrhizal receptors in various plants recognize both the Myc-LCOs and -COs. Finally, we explore future prospects for studies on the biceptor complex (Myc-LCO and -CO receptors) in dicots to facilitate the utilization of them in cereal crops (particularly in modern cultivated rice). In conclusion, our understanding of the precise perception processes during host plant interacting with AM fungi, where LysM-type mycorrhizal receptors act as recruiters, provides the tools to design biotechnological applications addressing agricultural challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric donors of gasotransmitters, gaseous signaling molecules such as hydrogen sulfide, nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide, hold potential for localized and extended delivery of these reactive gases. Examples of gasotransmitter donors based on polysaccharides are limited despite the availability and generally low toxicity of this broad class of polymers. In this work, we sought to create a polysaccharide H2S donor by covalently attaching N‐thiocarboxyanhydrides (NTAs) to amylopectin, the major component of starch. To accomplish this, we added an allyl group to an NTA, which can spontaneously hydrolyze to release carbonyl sulfide and ultimately H2S via the ubiquitous enzyme carbonic anhydrase, and then coupled it to thiol‐functionalized amylopectin of three different molecular weights (MWs) through thiol‐ene "click" photochemistry. We also varied the degree of substitution (DS) of the NTA along the amylopectin backbone. H2S release studies on the six samples, termed amyl‐NTAs, with variable MWs (three) and DS values (two), revealed that lower MW and higher DS led to faster release. Finally, dynamic light scattering experiments suggested that aggregation increased with MW, which may also have affected H2S release rates. Collectively, these studies present a new synthetic method to produce polysaccharide H2S donors for applications in the biomedical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Interaction of the interface-heterostructures is crucial to rapid ionic conductivity and highly energy density of electrode materials toward supercapacitors. Herein, a novel anode heterostructure is synthesized using cobalt sulfide (CoS) nanoflowers as a substrate for composite nitrogen doped vanadium pentoxide (denoted as N-V 2 O 5 @CoS) by combination of hydrothermal and calcination method. As expected, the N-V 2 O 5 @CoS electrode possesses superhigh specific surface area that significantly enhances the specific capacitance, and its unique porous interconnected structure not only reduces the volume effect during the cycles, but also greatly enhances the conductivity of electron transfer. The as-prepared N-V 2 O 5 @CoS electrode has a specific capacitance of up to 2413.6F/g at a current density of 1 A/g, and can still maintain 87.51 % of the initial capacitance after 5,000 cycles at a high current density of 10 A/g. More importantly, the partial density of states (PDOS) ares obtained through theoretical calculations reveal that the interaction of heterogeneous interfaces is contributed by the p-orbitals of C, O and S and d-orbitals of V and Co. In addition, asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) with N-V 2 O 5 @CoS as the positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as the negative electrode has a high voltage of 1.7 V, which achieves an outstanding energy density of 71.6 W h kg−1 at a power density of 849.8 W kg−1, showing excellent cycle stability (retain 90.6 % of the initial capacitance after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles). This paper offers novel paradigm for the doping of metal oxides and the development of heterostructures, which provides support for their use as advanced energy storage materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study undertook a thorough examination of three different morphologies (rod-shaped, cubic, and spherical) of CeO2 and La-doped catalysts on CeO2. The focus was on understanding the impact of alkaline site quantity and intensity on catalytic activity. Additionally, it explored how introducing oxygen vacancies affects H2O activation and dissociation, which leads to the formation of hydroxyl groups, ultimately boosting COS hydrolysis activity. The deactivation mechanism of the catalyst was also discussed. Initially, the rod-shaped morphology (CeO2−R) displayed more oxygen vacancies on the (110) crystal plane. This unique characteristic contributed to enhanced catalytic efficiency in COS hydrolysis. When 10% La was doped onto CeO2−R, it resulted in the formation of a solid solution. This synergistic effect of La with CeO2 led to the creation of more asymmetric oxygen vacancies on the catalyst surface, which further stimulated H2O activation and dissociation, thereby advancing COS hydrolysis activity. Several techniques, such as CO2−TPD and EPR, were employed to investigate the influence of alkaline sites and oxygen vacancies on COS removal. The results suggested that alkaline sites were advantageous for low-temperature COS hydrolysis, whereas oxygen vacancies served as surface defects, promoting the formation of —OH functional groups. The combined effect of oxygen vacancies and alkaline sites facilitated COS and water adsorption, thereby enhancing the catalytic hydrolysis efficiency. Further characterization using XPS revealed variations in the Ce3+ species content on the catalyst surface during the catalytic reaction, which are closely linked to the generation and consumption of oxygen vacancies. Simultaneously, the O 1s spectra suggested that oxygen vacancies on the catalyst surface played a pivotal role during the reaction. In addition, XPS and S 2p spectra analyses revealed the generation of sulfate salts during the reaction, likely arising from by-products of COS hydrolysis. This development led to pore blockage and active center coverage, resulting in sulfur poisoning of the catalyst. This was identified as a major cause of catalyst deactivation. The study also underscored the importance of an appropriate oxygen content in enhancing the removal efficiency of the catalyst. Excessive oxygen content could lead to catalyst deactivation, highlighting the need for balance. Further investigations through in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (in situ DRIFTS) experiments provided insights into the surface functional group changes and gas products during the heterogeneous hydrolysis reaction on the 10La–CeO2 catalyst. The experimental results indicated that HSCO2 was the main intermediate product, with surface —OH groups and oxygen vacancies actively participating in the hydrolysis reaction. In summary, this study systematically elucidated the performance and mechanisms of CeO2 catalysts in different morphologies and doping conditions for COS removal. These findings provide valuable information for catalyst design and optimization for low-temperature catalytic COS hydrolysis.

The composites of Mg20Pr1Sm3Y1Ni10 as-quenched alloy and 3 wt.% M (M = CoS, CoS2, MoS2) catalyst were prepared by high-speed vibration ball mill. The effects of metal sulfides on the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation dynamics of alloys were compared. The results show that the as-milled composites contain a large number of amorphous embedded by a small amount of nanocrystals, and there are many point defects. After ball milling, the crystal grain size in the composites containing CoS is relatively larger, followed by CoS2 and MoS2 again. After hydrogenation, the amorphous phase is crystallized to form Mg2NiH4, YH3, Pr8H18.96, Sm3H7, Mg, Co or Mo phases, however, Mg2Ni, YH2, PrH2 and Ni3Y phases appeared after dehydrogenation. The maximum hydrogenation capacity of the composites containing CoS, CoS2 and MoS2 are 3.939, 4.265 and 4.507 wt.%, respectively. The hydrogenation saturation ratio of composite containing MoS2 is higher than that of the composites containing CoS and CoS2. The dehydrogenation activation energy of the composites containing CoS, CoS2 and MoS2 is 107.76, 68.43 and 63.28 kJ.mol−1.H2. On the improvement of hydrogen storage performance of Mg20Pr1Sm3Y1Ni10 alloy, the catalytic effect of MoS2 sulfide is better than that of CoS2 sulfide, and which is better than CoS sulfide.

The composites of Mg 20 Pr 1 Sm 3 Y 1 Ni 10 as-quenched alloy and 3 wt.% M (M = CoS, CoS 2 , MoS 2) catalyst were prepared by high-speed vibration ball mill. The effects of metal sulfides on the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation dynamics of alloys were compared. The results show that the as-milled composites contain a large number of amorphous embedded by a small amount of nanocrystals, and there are many point defects. After ball milling, the crystal grain size in the composites containing CoS is relatively larger, followed by CoS 2 and MoS 2 again. After hydrogenation, the amorphous phase is crystallized to form Mg 2 NiH 4 , YH 3 , Pr 8 H 18.96 , Sm 3 H 7 , Mg, Co or Mo phases, however, Mg 2 Ni, YH 2 , PrH 2 and Ni 3 Y phases appeared after dehydrogenation. The maximum hydrogenation capacity of the composites containing CoS, CoS 2 and MoS 2 are 3.939, 4.265 and 4.507 wt.%, respectively. The hydrogenation saturation ratio of composite containing MoS 2 is higher than that of the composites containing CoS and CoS 2. The dehydrogenation activation energy of the composites containing CoS, CoS 2 and MoS 2 is 107.76, 68.43 and 63.28 kJ.mol−1.H 2. On the improvement of hydrogen storage performance of Mg 20 Pr 1 Sm 3 Y 1 Ni 10 alloy, the catalytic effect of MoS 2 sulfide is better than that of CoS 2 sulfide, and which is better than CoS sulfide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supported by a large body of work demonstrating the impact of infant attachment representations on subsequent development, numerous therapeutic programs have been developed to promote secure attachment, with increasing focus on parental mentalizing. Nonetheless, empirical evidence supporting their effectiveness has yet to be fully established. The current pilot study (N = 24) was designed to evaluate whether and to what extent parents' shifts in parental mentalizing following a brief attachment‐based group intervention, namely circle of security parenting (COSP; Cooper, Hoffman & Powell, 2009) can be captured using the parental embodied mentalizing instrument (PEM; Shai & Belsky, 2017). Compared to a waiting list–control group, this small‐scale study examined whether community‐based low‐risk mothers of infants aged 5–48 months show an increase in their observed PEM capacities following the intervention. Secondary self‐reported outcome variables parental stress, feeling of competence, and self‐compassion. Findings show that PEM ratings improved significantly over time in the COSP group, but not in the control group. Intervention group mother–infant dyads also presented significantly longer embodied interactions communication post intervention compared to the control group. No effects of the COSP on parental stress, competence, or self‐compassion were found. Despite the small sample size, these results tentatively suggest that COSP can improve embodied mentalizing abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the valuation of variable annuities with a guaranteed minimum maturity benefit under a regime-switching Lévy model. The model allows policyholders to surrender their annuities and receive a surrender benefit at predetermined tenor times before maturity. Additionally, we consider a state-dependent periodic fee structure where fees are deducted from the policyholder's account if it exceeds a certain level at discrete time points. Incorporating this fee structure, the Fourier cosine series expansion method based on characteristic functions is employed to determine the values and optimal surrender strategies for variable annuity contracts. Finally, we provide a comprehensive set of numerical examples to demonstrate and assess the effectiveness of our approach thoroughly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTOxidative stress (OS) has been considered as the main mediator of male infertility by causing abnormal sperm production and function, and, therefore, exploration of natural antioxidant has attracted a great deal of attention in human reproduction. Chitosan and its derivatives exhibit great antioxidant potential in various diseases, whereas the protective functions are not defined in spermatogenesis. Here, we show that chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), a degradation product of chitosan with a degree of polymerization of less than 10, is a strong antioxidant in spermatogonia cells. COS treatment reduces t-BHP-induced reactive oxygen species overproduction and programmed necrosis in GC-1 spg cells, and improves mitochondrial functions and cell viability by inhibiting excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress. Our findings provide novel insight into the protective role of COS in germ cell damage.

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Electrochemical activation tactics have been adopted to enhance the electrochemical performance of electrodes. To reveal the charge/discharge activation mechanism of sulfides/hydroxides composites, herein, self-supporting NF/CoS/NiMn-hydroxides (NF/CoS/NiMn- OH) composite is prepared with NiMn- OH nanosheets wrapped rod-like CoS. The activation mechanism is revealed in 1 M KOH electrolyte, as well as the relationship between the charge/discharge cycles, microstructure/composition transition and electrochemical performance. During a charging process, the S2− anions are replaced by OH－ to generate active Co-hydroxides, accompanied by the dissolution of rod-like CoS. When activated for 10 cycles, the capacitance reaches the maximum value of 2980 F g−1 (8.046 F cm−2) at 1 A g−1, much higher than the initial capacitance of 2160 F g−1. The resulting product is verified as highly active CoNiMn–OH. A possible activation mechanism of CoS/NiMn–OH is proposed as the anion exchange reaction of S2−, followed by the generation and reconstruction of CoNiMn–OH nanosheets. Compared with initial composite, the inner CoS is converted into Co-hydroxide. Meanwhile, newly generated tri-metallic CoNiMn-hydroxide contributes to much more pseudocapacitance by playing a synergistic effect. When acting as a positive electrode, the asymmetric supercapacitor with activated carbon negative electrode presents a capacitance of 63.6 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, with a high capacitance retention of 90.6% over 6000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute kidney injury (AKI) and renal interstitial fibrosis are global clinical syndromes associated with high morbidity and mortality. Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, which commonly occurs during surgery, is one of the major causes of AKI. Nevertheless, an efficient therapeutic approach for AKI and the development of renal interstitial fibrosis is still lacking due to its elusive pathogenetic mechanism. Here, we showed that chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), a natural oligomer polysaccharide degraded from chitosan, significantly attenuates I/R-induced AKI and maintains glomerular filtration function by inhibiting oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, long-term administration of COS can also attenuate the proliferation of myofibroblasts, mitigate extra cellular matrix deposition, and thus inhibit the transition of AKI to chronic kidney disease through participating in metabolic and redox biological processes. Our findings provide novel insights into the protective role of COS against acute kidney injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of a Half Bridge (HB) Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) for D-STATCOM application is studied in this article. For the control of MMC switches, the Carrier-Based (CB) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) scheme has been selected as the appropriate method. There are two types of CB PWM schemes such as phase shift and level shift. Phase Disposition (PD), Phase Opposition Disposition (POD), and Alternate Phase Opposite Disposition (APOD) are the three different types of PWM that are used in level shifts. The PD CB PWM is projected in this work due to its simplicity and accuracy. The conventional PI Controller (PIC) has its disadvantages, including that it is time-consuming and comes with complexity in the estimation of gain values. Hence, the Cuttlefish Optimization Scheme (COS) is proposed for the online tuning of the PI gain values. The verification of performance parameters, including active power, reactive power, DC voltage balance, and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), is effectively conducted using the COS method and subsequently compared with the conventional PIC. The suggested research is executed using the Matlab/Simulink software package. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAcute kidney injury (AKI) and renal interstitial fibrosis are global clinical syndromes associated with high morbidity and mortality. Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, which commonly occurs during surgery, is one of the major causes of AKI. Nevertheless, an efficient therapeutic approach for AKI and the development of renal interstitial fibrosis is still lacking due to its elusive pathogenetic mechanism. Here, we showed that chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), a natural oligomer polysaccharide degraded from chitosan, significantly attenuates I/R-induced AKI and maintains glomerular filtration function by inhibiting oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, long-term administration of COS can also attenuate the proliferation of myofibroblasts, mitigate extra cellular matrix deposition, and thus inhibit the transition of AKI to chronic kidney disease through participating in metabolic and redox biological processes. Our findings provide novel insights into the protective role of COS against acute kidney injury.

For the realization of small-scale biomass-to-liquid (BTL) processes, low-cost syngas cleaning remains a major obstacle, and for this reason a simplified gas ultracleaning process is being developed. In this study, a low- to medium-temperature final gas cleaning process based on adsorption and organic solvent-free scrubbing methods was coupled to a pilot-scale staged fixed-bed gasification facility including hot filtration and catalytic reforming steps for extended duration gas cleaning tests for the generation of ultraclean syngas. The final gas cleaning process purified syngas from woody and agricultural biomass origin to a degree suitable for catalytic synthesis. The gas contained up to 3000 ppm of ammonia, 1300 ppm of benzene, 200 ppm of hydrogen sulfide, 10 ppm of carbonyl sulfide, and 5 ppm of hydrogen cyanide. Post-run characterization displayed that the accumulation of impurities on the Cu-based deoxygenation catalyst (TOS 105 h) did not occur, demonstrating that effective main impurity removal was achieved in the first two steps: acidic water scrubbing (AWC) and adsorption by activated carbons (AR). In the final test campaign, a comprehensive multipoint gas analysis confirmed that ammonia was fully removed by the scrubbing step, and benzene and H2S were fully removed by the subsequent activated carbon beds. The activated carbons achieved > 90% removal of up to 100 ppm of COS and 5 ppm of HCN in the syngas. These results provide insights into the adsorption affinity of activated carbons in a complex impurity matrix, which would be arduous to replicate in laboratory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignocellulosic biomass (LB) is a promising source that has the potential to revolutionize the world of bioenergy, bioproducts, and nondigestible dietary components. As a substrate, LB has proven to be particularly attractive for the production of high-value cello-oligosaccharides (COS) and xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), which offer diverse applications in the food, biopharmaceutical, and other industries, as well as potential health benefits, including prebiotic and antidiabetic effects. However, despite these promising developments, the manufacturing of these oligosaccharides remains a challenge due to slow reactions and low yields. Therefore, this review presents various pretreatment techniques to improve enzymatic hydrolysis, as well as the possibilities of employing a multi-step process and utilizing thermostable enzymes to enhance the production of COS and XOS from LB. Additionally, this review addressed the potential for by-product recovery during the XOS and COS production and the separation of β-glucosidase enzymes using the "separation–adsorption" method in high-temperature and continuous systems for COS production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to extensive studies on affecting parameters in sulfur removal with ZnO adsorbents from coal gasification syngas, similar studies conducted for biomass gasification syngas (BGS) are quite rare. Thus, considering the BGSs with high water content, this study was performed to investigate the effect of H2O presence in syngas on sulfur removal capacity (SRC) of ZnO adsorbents. Initially, the effect of gas composition and temperature on SRC in binary gas mixture was investigated. While H2O decreased the SRC, as expected, the highest reduction in the capacity occurred in the CO–H2S gas mixture due to observed COS formation. Second, the SRCs and resulting COS formation were compared for synthetic syngas mixtures having different water contents and for different amounts of adsorbents. Finally, the separate and combined effects of temperature and H2O on SRC and COS formation in synthetic syngas were investigated by comparing SRCs of typical syngas under wet and dry conditions. The results showed that increasing the amount of adsorbent and temperature results in higher SRC due to a reduction in COS formation through the reactions of COS with H2 and H2O. This indicates that it is critical to control the residence time of syngas and temperature to reduce COS formation during ZnO adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium–sulfur batteries (Li–S) are potentially applicable in electrification and the replacement of fossil fuels due to the high energy density and the economy of sulfur. However, effectively an insulator, sulfur is known to suffer from inert electrochemical and poor conductivity. By synthetically incorporating conductive, low‐dimensional carbonaceous composites acting as both containment hosts and catalysts to active materials, this work entails an effective and straightforward materials engineering approach in fundamentally remodeling active materials utilization and activation. This synthetic‐based approach highlights direct processing capabilities than traditional thermal infusion processes without compromising performance and addresses the low activation, poor conductivity as well as alleviating side reactions due to polysulfide species. Motivated by recent efforts in excellent catalytic properties of cobalt sulfide (CoS)‐based materials, in this work, high‐performance CoS‐based carbonaceous composites are designed and employed, alleviating side reactions. These sulfide‐based catalysts are further elucidated in their role in facilitating charge/discharge of active materials, and assessed on practical polysulfide and side reaction alleviation with respect to various discharge/charge states. Proof‐of‐concept devices demonstrate the following performance highlights: 1) high‐performance stability, 2) strong polysulfide adsorption capability and kinetic characteristics, 3) large and workable areal capacity, and active materials loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clostridioides difficile infection is expected to become the most common healthcare-associated infection worldwide. C. difficile-induced pathogenicity is significantly attributed to its enterotoxin, TcdA, which primarily targets Rho-GTPases involved in regulating cytoskeletal and tight junction (TJ) dynamics, thus leading to cytoskeleton breakdown and ultimately increased intestinal permeability. This study investigated whether two non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs), alginate (AOS) and chitosan (COS) oligosaccharides, possess antipathogenic and barrier-protective properties against C. difficile bacteria and TcdA toxin, respectively. Both NDOs significantly reduced C. difficile growth, while cell cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that neither COS nor AOS significantly attenuated the TcdA-induced cell death 24 h post-exposure. The challenge of Caco-2 monolayers with increasing TcdA concentrations increased paracellular permeability, as measured by TEER and LY flux assays. In this experimental setup, COS completely abolished, and AOS mitigated, the deleterious effects of TcdA on the monolayer's integrity. These events were not accompanied by alterations in ZO-1 and occludin protein levels; however, immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that both AOS and COS prevented the TcdA-induced occludin mislocalization. Finally, both NDOs accelerated TJ reassembly upon a calcium-switch assay. Overall, this study established the antipathogenic and barrier-protective capacity of AOS and COS against C. difficile and its toxin, TcdA, while revealing their ability to promote TJ reassembly in Caco-2 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While research on parenting programs typically focuses on program-specific evaluations, this article considers therapeutic competence as a transversal feature across different programs. It draws empirically on focus group interviews with practitioners of two separate parenting programs in Sweden: Circle of Security (COS-P) and Communication Method (COMET). The qualitative data analysis shows how the practitioners of both programs used their therapeutic competence to tailor the program manuals for each parent group; they combined the techniques of positive reinforcement and intentional self-disclosure with an attuned flexibility that was enabled by mentalization. The article concludes that therapeutic competence is a crucial aspect of parenting programs that needs further attention from scholars and practitioners alike. Highlights: Draws on qualitative data from focus group interviews with parenting program practitioners in Sweden. Focuses on the therapeutic competence of the practitioner as a transversal feature across two different parenting programs (COS-P and COMET). Shows how a combination of positive reinforcement, intentional self-disclosure, and mentalization, was used by the practitioners for enhanced program adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosans (CS) have been of great interest due to their properties and numerous applications. However, CS have poor solubility in neutral and basic media, which limits their use in these conditions. In contrast, chitooligosaccharides (COS) have better solubility in water and lower viscosity in aqueous solutions whilst maintaining interesting biological properties. CS and COS, unlike other sugars, are not single polymers with a defined structure but are groups of molecules with modifiable structural parameters, allowing the adaptation and optimization of their properties. The great versatility of CS and COS makes these molecules very attractive for different applications, such as cryopreservation. Here, we investigated the effect of the degree of polymerization (DP), degree of N-acetylation (DA) and concentration of a series of synthesized CS and COS, water-soluble at physiological pH, on their cytotoxicity in an L929 fibroblast cell culture. Our results demonstrated that CS and COS showed no sign of toxicity regarding cell viability at low concentrations (≤10 mg/mL), independently of their DP and DA, whereas a compromising effect on cell viability was observed at a high concentration (100 mg/mL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FeS2/CoS and FeS2/CoS/C composites were synthesized by solvothermal method and following vapor phase vulcanization at mild temperature with binary oxide CoFe2O4 as precursors. All FeS2/CoS composites prepared at different molar ratios of Fe3+ and Co2+ ions exhibit the similar morphology of solid microspheres. As anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the as-prepared FeS2/CoS and FeS2/CoS/C composites show higher reversible capacity and better cycling performance, compared with the bare FeS2 and CoS. Among them, the FeS2/CoS composite with molar ratio of Fe3+ and Co2+ of 2:1 exhibits the high reversible capacity of 1150 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1 and even 610 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 after 900 cycles. This strategy for synthesizing the heterogeneous structure of binary sulfide can effectively improve the kinetic which thus enhance the electrochemical performance of materials. This work can provide an effective method and idea for the preparation and modification of FeS2 and other transition metal sulfide anode materials for LIBs in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium–sulfur batteries (Li–S) are potentially applicable in electrification and the replacement of fossil fuels due to the high energy density and the economy of sulfur. However, effectively an insulator, sulfur is known to suffer from inert electrochemical and poor conductivity. By synthetically incorporating conductive, low‐dimensional carbonaceous composites acting as both containment hosts and catalysts to active materials, this work entails an effective and straightforward materials engineering approach in fundamentally remodeling active materials utilization and activation. This synthetic‐based approach highlights direct processing capabilities than traditional thermal infusion processes without compromising performance and addresses the low activation, poor conductivity as well as alleviating side reactions due to polysulfide species. Motivated by recent efforts in excellent catalytic properties of cobalt sulfide (CoS)‐based materials, in this work, high‐performance CoS‐based carbonaceous composites are designed and employed, alleviating side reactions. These sulfide‐based catalysts are further elucidated in their role in facilitating charge/discharge of active materials, and assessed on practical polysulfide and side reaction alleviation with respect to various discharge/charge states. Proof‐of‐concept devices demonstrate the following performance highlights: 1) high‐performance stability, 2) strong polysulfide adsorption capability and kinetic characteristics, 3) large and workable areal capacity, and active materials loading.

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Copyright of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Chemical Engineering is the property of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Angiogenin 4 (ANG4), a novel antimicrobial protein with multiple biological functions, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammation, angiogenesis and regulating the body’s immune response, plays a key role in innate immunity. The expression of ANG4 in neonatal mice intestine is regulated by some factors including microbial signal and developmental stage. Being an analogue of surface molecules of bacterial cell wall, chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) was selected as a inducer to explore the effects on ANG4 expression and mophology in post weaning mice intestine. qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses showed that the mRNA and protein levels of ANG4 increased suggesting that COS can upregulate the expression of ANG4. The results of HE staining of mouse intestinal tract showed that the height of intestinal villi, the depth of crypt and the value of V/C increased significantly. It indicates that COS can improve the integrity of intestinal mucosae in some extent through either inducing the expression of some intestinal antimicrobial proteins, such as ANG4, or its antimicrobial and immunomodulation activities, and provide the theoretical basis for the applications of COS and ANG4 in controlling the intestinal diseases in piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the ovarian stimulation protocols used in assisted reproductive techniques (ART). Individual approach to ovarian stimulation involves routine measurements of ovarian reserve (OR) prior to in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle. It helps to identify patients at risk of poor and hyper-response to gonadotrophins. The latter is associated with potentially serious complication of ovarian stimulation, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Over the years, different methods have been implemented to reduce the risk of developing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in predicted hyper-responders. Modified protocols of controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) allow safe and timely completion of fertility preservation treatment in patient newly diagnosed with cancer prior to start of gonadotoxic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The highly sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER) at air cathodes lead to problems such as low power density and unsatisfactory cycling life with rechargeable Zn–air batteries (RZABs). To engineer the reaction kinetics at the air cathodes, a hydrophobic–aerophilic strategy is developed to fabricate a self‐supported air cathode based on CoS/Fe3S4 nanoparticles encapsulated in S, N co‐doped carbon plate arrays (CoS/Fe3S4@SNCP). It is experimentally shown that the in situ growth of bimetallic sulfides nanoparticles on the carbon plate arrays improves the intrinsic electrocatalytic activity and electron conduction of the air cathode. Meanwhile, the ab initio molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the hydrophobic–aerophilic surface can repel water molecules to create abundant solid–liquid–gas three‐phase reaction interfaces as well as to expose Fe‐sites, which consequently promote the diffusion of reactive molecules/ions across the interface and the oxygen adsorption. As a result, the CoS/Fe3S4@SNCP electrode exhibits excellent OER and ORR activities with a smaller potential gap of 0.65 V. For the engineered hydrophobicity of the catalyst, the RZAB demonstrates a high power density of 272 mW cm−2, a narrow discharge/charge gap of 0.75 V at 10 mA cm−2, and long‐term cycling stability over 1400 h, outperforming its hydrophilic CoS@SNCP counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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MnS has been explored as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity, but low electronic conductivity and severe volume change induce low reversible capacity and poor cycling performance. In this work, the nanocapsule consisting of MnS nanopolyhedrons confined in independent, closed and conductive hollow polyhedral nanospheres is prepared by embedding MnCO3 nanopolyhedrons into ZIF-67, followed by coating of RF resin and gaseous sulfurization/carbonization. Benefiting from the unique nanocapsule structure, especially inner CoS/C shell and outer pure C shell, the MnS@CoS/C@C composite as anode material presents excellent cycling performance (674 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 300 cycles; 481 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 after 300 cycles) and superior rate capability (1133.3 and 650.6 mAh g−1 at 0.1 and 4 A g−1), compared to the control materials (MnS and MnS@CoS/C) and other MnS composites. Kinetics measurements further reveal a high proportion of the capacitive effect and low reaction impedance of MnS@CoS/C@C. SEM and TEM observation on the cycled electrode confirms superior structural stability of MnS@CoS/C@C during long-term cycles. Excellent lithium storage performance and the convenient synthesis strategy demonstrates that the MnS@CoS/C@C nanocapsule is a promising high-performance anode material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The approaches used for assessment and instruction are powerful indicators of learning that is valued in the field of education. They are the fundamental activities in the educational process, specifically when related to designing and science. A few educational cycles, such as workforce progress, understudy scores, position, and deep insight, are impacted by ordinary content delivery and subpar evaluation. The Specific Outcomes of the Program (PSOs) and Course Outcomes are primarily managed by these two difficulties (COs). Examining the effects of movement-based learning and assessment methodologies to complete the assigned PSOs and COs through group or individual learning is the focus of the current work. The impact size of Hattie, which affects the success of the programme and course, has been examined. Two courses that were offered to a small group of college students studying electrical engineering showed the cycle. The measurements have been made based on the impact that each impact, element, and issue have on the size of the impact. The conversation also discusses the possibility of integrating action-based learning into Indian design education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress (OS) has been considered as the main mediator of male infertility by causing abnormal sperm production and function, and, therefore, exploration of natural antioxidant has attracted a great deal of attention in human reproduction. Chitosan and its derivatives exhibit great antioxidant potential in various diseases, whereas the protective functions are not defined in spermatogenesis. Here, we show that chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), a degradation product of chitosan with a degree of polymerization of less than 10, is a strong antioxidant in spermatogonia cells. COS treatment reduces t-BHP-induced reactive oxygen species overproduction and programmed necrosis in GC-1 spg cells, and improves mitochondrial functions and cell viability by inhibiting excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress. Our findings provide novel insight into the protective role of COS in germ cell damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines, from a feminist perspective, the construction of subjectivity of the female main characters in three novels by Chilean women writers of the Generation of 1950 and the role that silence plays therein. It will explore, in particular, La brecha (1961) by Mercedes Valdivieso, Chilena, casada, sin profesión (1963) by Elisa Serrana, and La derrota (1965) by Maria Elena Gertner. The analysis begins by addressing two main questions: How are the female subjects of the novels constituted and what are the tensions and conflicts that define them? Indeed, it will ultimately try to identify what undedies said tensions and conflicts, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Lanthanum loading promoted the formation of basic sites, improved lattice oxygen reaction activity, and enhanced –OH adsorption & COS activation. • La/Al 2 O 3 was able to completely convert 150 ppm of COS at 160 °C while the total H 2 S yield exceeded 99 %. • The presence of O 2 inhibited the adsorption of COS, attenuated the dissociation of H 2 O, and further oxidized the reaction intermediate HSO 3 − to SO 4 2−, resulting in catalyst deactivation. • An electron-metal-support interaction (EMSI) exists between the La and Al 2 O 3. The introduction of surface basic sites to COS hydrolysis catalysts can improve H 2 O activation and COS adsorption, leading to enhanced catalytic performance. However, maximizing the concentration of basic sites remains a challenge due to the limited exposed surface area of these catalysts. Herein, a La/Al 2 O 3 catalyst with abundant alkaline sites to catalyze the hydrolysis of COS was prepared by a simple ammonia-assisted hydrothermal method. This synthesized La/Al 2 O 3 catalyst exhibits a thin rod-like structure formed by the random accumulation of nanoparticles. Lanthanum, one of the most abundant rare earth metals, is an ideal doping aid to further promote the COS-catalyzed hydrolysis performance of Al 2 O 3. Characterization studies show that the proper lanthanum loading effectively enhances the formation of basic sites, leading to improved lattice oxygen reactivity and –OH adsorption capacity. As a result, the prepared La-loaded Al 2 O 3 nanorod sample with abundant basic sites exhibits nearly 100 % COS conversion and total H 2 S yield at 160 °C. In addition, the reaction pathways and deactivation mechanisms for selective catalytic hydrolysis of COS on the La-doped Al 2 O 3 catalyst were revealed by using in situ DRIFTS to evaluate COS adsorption and hydrolysis. Density functional theory calculations showed that La loading enhances the electron transfer between the La and Al atoms, improves the formation of basic sites, and enhances the adsorption of –OH. This study provides new insights into the design of efficient alumina-based catalysts for the catalytic hydrolysis of COS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Developed a solvent-thermal method for quasi-FeCo-MOF/CoS amorphous composites. • Enhanced electrocatalytic activity by adjusting the d-band center. • FeCo-MOF/CoS-2/FF showed low overpotentials in OER, HER, and MOR. Quasi-metal organic frameworks (quasi-MOFs) are intermediate materials between pristine MOFs and metal compounds, possessing unusual structures and properties, which makes them promising porous materials. However, their synthesis remains challenging due to the absence of reliable design strategies. Here, we propose a novel solvent-thermal synthesis strategy for preparing quasi-FeCo-MOF/CoS amorphous nanosheet composites. The strategy involves the use of high-coordination metal ions and simple organic ligands, followed by a simple solvent-thermal treatment to induce quasi-MOF formation. The formation of CoS not only transforms the original crystal structure of FeCo-MOF into amorphous nanosheets but also imparts structural stability to the composite material. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the catalytic mechanism, demonstrating that the introduction of CoS can adjust the d-band center of the composite material, optimizing adsorption free energy and reducing its overpotential. This method significantly enhances the electrocatalytic activity of the composite material in alkaline and neutral solutions. Notably, the optimized composite material (FeCo-MOF/CoS-2/FF) exhibits low overpotentials of 142 mV and 55 mV (at 10 mA cm−2) for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), respectively, and achieved a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with a low overpotential of 1.391 V for HER and monosaccharide oxidation (MOR) using FeCo-MOF/CoS-2/FF. This method provides new insights and perspectives for developing highly active and stable catalysts and is expected to advance the development of electrocatalytic water splitting technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boosting the photo-induced charge separation on the interface of semiconductor photocatalyst still is an enduring challenge in photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production. Herein, 0D/2D CoS/g-C 3 N 4 heterostucture was designed and constructed via a facile and green solvothermal synthesis, wherein the CoS nanoparticles were dispersedly anchored on the surface of g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets. The morphology, microstructure, component of g-C 3 N 4 and CoS/g-C 3 N 4 samples were detailedly characterized by a sequence of physical and chemical characterizations. The thus-designed CoS/g-C 3 N 4 photocatalysts manifest the enhanced photocatalytic performance for hydrogen production relative to the pristine g-C 3 N 4. The optimized CoS/g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst gives the H 2 production rate of 532 μmol g−1 h−1, which is about 44 times higher than that of the pristine g-C 3 N 4. The photoelectrochemical measurements prove that its promotion is mainly attributed to the reinforced interface charge separation and transfer and the lower overpotential. Furthermore, the photoluminescence decay data of g-C 3 N 4 and CoS/g-C 3 N 4 photocatalysts clearly demonstrates the crucial role of CoS cocatalyst, which can prolong the charge lifetime of photocatalyst benefiting to the photocatalytic reaction process. This work provides a promising counterpart to realize the interface charge separation and transport in heterogeneous photocatalysis. • CoS/g-C 3 N 4 composite photocatalyst was designed and constructed by a facile and green solvothermal synthesis. • The H 2 production rate of optimized CoS/g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst is about 44 times higher than that of the pristine g-C 3 N 4. • The crucial role of CoS cocatalyst can be investigated in the CoS/g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Insertion reactions of CO 2 and carbonyl sulfide (COS) into metal alkoxide or phenoxide complexes. • Synthesis of polycarbonates from CO 2 and COS with sterically hindered epoxides. • Selectivity differences between coupling reactions of bulky epoxides with CO 2 or COS are highlighted. This minireview is written to explain (speculate) upon the reasons for the dramatic differences in product distribution observed upon coupling of carbon dioxide (CO 2) or carbonyl sulfide (COS) with specific epoxides under the same catalytic reaction conditions. That is, based on known results of CO 2 or COS reactivities with well-defined metal-alkoxide and -phenoxide complexes, the formation of cyclic carbonates vs polycarbonates from CO 2 as compared to COS is rationalized for epoxides possessing bulky substituents. This comparison concludes that although copolymers produced from CO 2 and COS with epoxides are structurally similar, COS is not a good model for CO 2 reactivity in these processes. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clostridioides difficile infection is expected to become the most common healthcare-associated infection worldwide. C. difficile-induced pathogenicity is significantly attributed to its enterotoxin, TcdA, which primarily targets Rho-GTPases involved in regulating cytoskeletal and tight junction (TJ) dynamics, thus leading to cytoskeleton breakdown and ultimately increased intestinal permeability. This study investigated whether two non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs), alginate (AOS) and chitosan (COS) oligosaccharides, possess antipathogenic and barrier-protective properties against C. difficile bacteria and TcdA toxin, respectively. Both NDOs significantly reduced C. difficile growth, while cell cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that neither COS nor AOS significantly attenuated the TcdA-induced cell death 24 h post-exposure. The challenge of Caco-2 monolayers with increasing TcdA concentrations increased paracellular permeability, as measured by TEER and LY flux assays. In this experimental setup, COS completely abolished, and AOS mitigated, the deleterious effects of TcdA on the monolayer’s integrity. These events were not accompanied by alterations in ZO-1 and occludin protein levels; however, immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that both AOS and COS prevented the TcdA-induced occludin mislocalization. Finally, both NDOs accelerated TJ reassembly upon a calcium-switch assay. Overall, this study established the antipathogenic and barrier-protective capacity of AOS and COS against C. difficile and its toxin, TcdA, while revealing their ability to promote TJ reassembly in Caco-2 cells.

Abstract Background Tissue-agnostic drug development provides a paradigm shift in precision medicine and requires innovative trial designs. However, outcome selection for such trials can prove challenging. The objectives of this review were to: (i) Identify and map core outcome sets (COS), across 11 immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) in order to facilitate the selection of relevant outcomes across the conditions for innovative trials of tissue-agnostic drug therapies. (ii) Compare outcomes or endpoints recommended by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) to identify and highlight similarities and differences. Methods The Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET), International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM), FDA and EMA databases were searched from inception to 28th December 2019. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts of retrieved entries and conducted the subsequent full text screening. Hand searching of the reference lists and citation searching of the selected publications was conducted. The methodological quality of the included peer-reviewed articles was independently assessed by the reviewers based on the items of the COS–Standards for Development recommendations (COS–STAD) checklist. Core outcomes from the included publications were extracted and mapped across studies and conditions. Regulatory guidance from FDA and EMA, where available for clinical trials for the IMIDs, were obtained from their databases and recommendations on outcomes to measure directly compared. Results Forty-four COS publications were included in the final analysis. Outcomes such as disease activity, pain, fatigue, quality of life, physical function, work limitation/productivity, steroid use and biomarkers were recommended across majority of the conditions. There were significant similarities and differences in FDA and EMA recommendations. The only instance where either regulatory body directly referenced a COS was for jSLE—both referenced the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization (PRINTO) COS. Conclusions The findings from this systematic review provide valuable information to inform outcome selection in tissue-agnostic trials for IMIDs. There is a need for increased collaboration between regulators and COS developers and inclusion of regulators as key stakeholders in COS development to enhance the quality of COS. Trial registration Not registered.

Chitooligosaccharides (COS) have attracted attention from industry and academia in various fields due to their diverse bioactivities. However, their conventional chemical production is environmentally unfriendly and in addition, defined and pure molecules are both scarce and expensive. A promising alternative is the in vivo synthesis of desired COS in microbial platforms with specific chitin synthases enabling a more sustainable production. Hence, we examined the whole cell factory approach with two well-established microorganisms—Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum—to produce defined COS with the chitin synthase NodC from Rhizobium sp. GRH2. Moreover, based on an in silico model of the synthase, two amino acids potentially relevant for COS length were identified and mutated to direct the production. Experimental validation showed the influence of the expression system, the mutations, and their combination on COS length, steering the production from originally pentamers towards tetramers or hexamers, the latter virtually pure. Possible explanations are given by molecular dynamics simulations. These findings pave the way for a better understanding of chitin synthases, thus allowing a more targeted production of defined COS. This will, in turn, at first allow better research of COS’ bioactivities, and subsequently enable sustainable large-scale production of oligomers.

In this article we apply the conceptual framework of affect theory to an analysis of the poems in L'animal que parla by Josep-Anton Fernàndez. Therefore, we will focus on the description of the representation of the affects and on the consequences of these representations. We explore the profile of the poetic self by investigating the literary construction of its body through its passions and feelings. As we will see, the body of L'animal que parla is located outside the law that governs permeability, passions overflow its surface, and language dominates it: «it moves it like an automaton». Through his poetic voice, Fernàndez explores the anchorings and the attachments and how the body relates to them through viscosity, a quality that, for Sarah Ahmed, also implies a transfer of affection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensitive and accurate detection of tumor markers is significant for early diagnosis and cancer treatment, but it remains challenging. A promising solution is to integrate different detection strategies into the same sensing platform. Herein, a BiOBr0.8I0.2/CoSx nanocomposite with high photoelectrochemical (PEC) and electrochemical (EC) activity is prepared by a hydrothermal method and afterward in situ visible light irradiation. The light irradiation makes BiOBr0.8I0.2/CoS turn into BiOBr0.8I0.2/CoSx (x = 1–2), and the photocurrent thus increases by 5 times. Compared with the BiOBr0.8I0.2, the photocurrent of the composite increased by 74 times due to the formation of a heterojunction and the enhanced sensitization of CoSx. Furthermore, the nanocomposite can exhibit a high cathodic signal. Therefore, it is used to construct a PEC and EC dual-mode sensing platform for the detection of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), by combining with the aptamer of HER2. Due to the steric hindrance of HER2, the PEC and EC signals change with HER2 concentration. Under the optimized conditions, the sensing platform shows quite low detection limits (0.31 and 1.06 pg/mL) and large linear ranges (0.001–10 and 0.005–15 ng/mL, for PEC and EC mode, respectively). It also demonstrates high selectivity, excellent stability, and good applicability. The sensing platform can also be applied to detect other markers by replacing the recognition element. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

P-CoS 1-x with S vancancy was obtained by one-step hydrothermal sulfurization and further phosphating and reduction treatment. The electrode shows a high electronic conductivity and excellent electrochemical performance and OER performance. [Display omitted] Cobalt sulfide (CoS) is a promising battery-type material for electrochemical energy storage. However, the poor conductivity and slow charge transfer kinetics as well as the deficiency of electrochemically active sites seriously limit their applications. Herein, a class of the P-doping induced hexagonal CoS nanosheets with S defects (P-CoS 1-x) derived from Co-based metal organic frameworks (MOFs) supported on carbon nanotube film (CNT) is designed and prepared. The density functional theory (DFT) simulations show the higher conductivity of the P-CoS 1-x electrode than CoS. Taking advantage of the synergistic effects of the high conductive P-CoS nanosheets with rich S defects and the flexible CNT, the P-CoS 1-x /CNT electrode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 4.3F cm−2, remarkable rate capability, and outstanding long-term cyclability. Impressively, the flexible asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) based on P-CoS 1-x //CoS@PPy achieves a satisfying energy density of 0.18 mWh cm−2 and high bending stability. The electrocatalytic result suggests that the P-CoS 1-x possesses the lowest overpotential and the smallest Tafel slope. This vacancy engineering strategy also provides a new insight into active materials and should be beneficial for the design of the next generation of energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is some evidence in the literature to suggest that pre‐operative counselling improves pain scores postoperatively. However, it is unclear whether pre‐operative counselling of the donor improves immediate and short‐term outcomes after living liver donation. Objectives: This systematic review aimed to investigate the available quality of evidence (QOE) of pre‐operative counselling for living donors on short term outcomes, provide expert opinion, grade recommendations and identify relevant components for Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) protocols. Data Sources: Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central. Methods: Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines and recommendations using the GRADE approach derived from an international expert panel. Endpoints were defined by the WHOQOL‐BREF scale: physical health, psychological, social relationships, and environment. PROSPERO ID: CRD42021260677. Results: Screening of 452 records and full texts led to 12 articles matching inclusion criteria, of which one was a randomized controlled trial (RCT), and 11 were observational retrospective cohort studies. A total of 933 individuals undergoing donor hepatectomy were included, of whom only 90 received dedicated perioperative ERAS protocols. Donors that received pre‐operative counselling had fewer physical symptoms post donation, lower rates of fatigue, lower rates of pain, shorter recovery times and fewer unexpected medical problems, and less anxiety post donation. Female donors had higher affective and adverse effects scores, and 50% of donors reported adverse effects to analgesia that interfered with functional activity. Receiving information about analgesic options increased perception of care among donors. Conclusions: Providing comprehensive pre‐operative counselling to living liver donors is associated with improved short‐term outcomes after donation (QOE; moderate to low I Grade of Recommendation; Strong). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In in vitro fertilization (IVF), it is meaningful to find novel biomarkers predicting ovarian response in advance. The aim of the study was to identify serum metabolomics predicting ovarian response after controlled ovarian stimulation (COS). Blood samples collected at the start of pituitary downregulation and on the fifth day after COS using Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods were analyzed to quantify metabolites. Demographic data were calculated with SPSS version 22.0 software. Multivariate statistics were used to analyze metabolomics dataset. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic model. Analyses revealed 50 different metabolomics between the pre- and post-COS groups. Compared with baseline, amino acids increased significantly following COS. At baseline, acetylglycine was more abundant in FOI<1 group, while glycine and lipids increased in FOI≥1 group. After COS, glycine, N-acetyl-L-alanine, D-alanine, and 2-aminomuconic acid were higher in those with FOI≥1, but L-glutamine was abundant in FOI<1. ROC curves indicated that combination of glycine, acetylglycine, and lipids predicts different responses to COS (AUC=0.866). Serum metabolism might reflect the response to ovarian stimulation. Higher glycine and PC may be a good predictor for response to COS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]