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Entender a memória como aquilo de que somos feitos ou como aquilo que efectivamente somos faz associar o conceito de memória aos de história, subjectividade e lugar. Tal como a subjectividade, memória "significa diferentes coisas e é entendida de diferentes maneiras em diferentes lugares" (Radstone / Hodgkin, 2003: 2). Na sua antologia Regimes of Memory, Radstone e Hodgkin notam que os estudos contemporâneos de memória centram-se mais na memória histórica, social, cultural e popular do que na memória individual. Esta situação contrasta com os anteriores estudos de memória, onde a memória é entendida como "o refúgio do indivíduo e onde a relação entre a memória individual e a pública apareciam sobrecarregadas" (ibidem). Radstone e Hodgkin acrescentam: "as dificuldades da memória estão, pois, associadas à questão de como a separação entre o “privado” interior e o “público” exterior da memória podem ser ultrapassados" (ibidem). Esta separação está relacionada com o modo como se conceptualiza o indivíduo social. Se for entendida como um relevante arquivo de história, a memória individual contará como algo mais do que um fenómeno pessoal. Esta perspectiva tem sido importante para o Teatro do Real pelo uso e pelo questionamento que faz do testemunho. Artistas de teatro e da arte da instalação têm continuado a tomar em conta que aquilo que a memória e a história produzem, nas palavras de Radstone e Hodgkin, é "também contingente aos (contestáveis) sistemas de conhecimento e poder que as produziram" (ibidem: 11). Os três trabalhos aqui discutidos – The Circuit, The Heidelberg Project, e Hamlet/ /Ur-Hamlet – estão entre os muitos trabalhos que abordam e criticam as epistemologias da memória ao misturarem livremente as suas fontes de formas maneiras provocadoras.

Abstract Background Battling malaria’s morbidity and mortality rates demands innovative methods related to malaria diagnosis. Thick blood smears (TBS) are the gold standard for diagnosing malaria, but their coloration quality is dependent on supplies and adherence to standard protocols. Machine learning has been proposed to automate diagnosis, but the impact of smear coloration on parasite detection has not yet been fully explored. Methods To develop Coloration Analysis in Malaria (CAM), an image database containing 600 images was created. The database was randomly divided into training (70%), validation (15%), and test (15%) sets. Nineteen feature vectors were studied based on variances, correlation coefficients, and histograms (specific variables from histograms, full histograms, and principal components from the histograms). The Machine Learning Matlab Toolbox was used to select the best candidate feature vectors and machine learning classifiers. The candidate classifiers were then tuned for validation and tested to ultimately select the best one. Results This work introduces CAM, a machine learning system designed for automatic TBS image quality analysis. The results demonstrated that the cubic SVM classifier outperformed others in classifying coloration quality in TBS, achieving a true negative rate of 95% and a true positive rate of 97%. Conclusions An image-based approach was developed to automatically evaluate the coloration quality of TBS. This finding highlights the potential of image-based analysis to assess TBS coloration quality. CAM is intended to function as a supportive tool for analyzing the coloration quality of thick blood smears.

Vision-based grasping of unknown objects in unstructured environments is a key challenge for autonomous robotic manipulation. A practical grasp synthesis system is required to generate a diverse set of 6-DoF grasps from which a task-relevant grasp can be executed. Although generative models are suitable for learning such complex data distributions, existing models have limitations in grasp quality, long training times, and a lack of flexibility for task-specific generation. In this work, we present GraspLDM, a modular generative framework for 6-DoF grasp synthesis that uses diffusion models as priors in the latent space of a VAE. GraspLDM learns a generative model of object-centric $SE(3)$ grasp poses conditioned on point clouds. GraspLDM’s architecture enables us to train task-specific models efficiently by only re-training a small denoising network in the low-dimensional latent space, as opposed to existing models that need expensive re-training. Our framework provides robust and scalable models on both full and partial point clouds. GraspLDM models trained with simulation data transfer well to the real world without any further fine-tuning. Our models provide an 80% success rate for 80 grasp attempts of diverse test objects across two real-world robotic setups.

This paper proposes an adaptive control scheme for capturing uncooperative space debris having uncertain inertial parameters. Debris parameters may be unknown or uncertain due to limited data or changes in orbit due to collisions. To address this challenge, the proposed scheme integrates an inertial parameter identification law with the impedance control strategy of FlexeS (Flexible Capture System). During the pre-capture phase, motion data is utilized to identify the debris’ center of mass (CM), leading to the optimal capture point that minimizes impact moments. During contact, the impedance-controlled actuator(s) is(are) activated while the scheme concurrently provides accurate estimates of the debris mass and inertia, enabling the updating of controller gains and thus ensuring sufficient contact time for successful capture. Hence, the proposed adaptive scheme allows FlexeS to handle the debris parameter uncertainties. The simulation study demonstrates the scheme’s effectiveness and necessity. The performance of the proposed adaptive scheme is compared with a non-adaptive scheme. The results affirm the superiority of the adaptive scheme in achieving successful soft capture of uncooperative debris in the presence of mass and inertia uncertainties and highlight its potential for future space debris mitigation missions.

Orbital space operations must be executed safely and reliably to prevent unwanted failures. One way to validate these operations on Earth is by using testbed facilities that emulate zero-gravity conditions. This article presents the design and evaluation of a novel lightweight floating platform. The objectives are three-fold; the usage of carbon-fiber material for the mechanical structure of the floating platform; the construction of the software packages, which are based on Robot Operating System (ROS); and the floating platform’s position controller synthesis, created using disturbance rejection-based convex optimization method to suppress ground-induced mechanical disturbances and ensure stability. Two types of experiments are conducted in the multi-purpose Zero-G Lab facility of the SnT-University of Luxembourg to validate the performance of the floating platform, 1- Position control (single platform); 2-Emulation of an on-orbit cooperative docking scenario (two platforms). Results validate the use of the floating platform for emulating on-orbit scenarios. Optimized in the frequency domain, the proposed controller gives satisfying results for both disturbance rejection and set-point tracking purposes. The link to the Open-source ROS packages is available in the Appendix-B section.

Abstract Background The World Health Organization (WHO) provides protocols for the diagnosis of malaria. One of them is related to the staining process of blood samples to guarantee the correct parasite visualization. Ensuring the quality of the staining procedure on thick blood smears (TBS) is a difficult task, especially in rural centres, where there are factors that can affect the smear quality (e.g. types of reagents employed, place of sample preparation, among others). This work presents an analysis of an image-based approach to evaluate the coloration quality of the staining process of TBS used for malaria diagnosis. Methods According to the WHO, there are different coloration quality descriptors of smears. Among those, the background colour is one of the best indicators of how well the staining process was conducted. An image database with 420 images (corresponding to 42 TBS samples) was created for analysing and testing image-based algorithms to detect the quality of the coloration of TBS. Background segmentation techniques were explored (based on RGB and HSV colour spaces) to separate the background and foreground (leukocytes, platelets, parasites) information. Then, different features (PCA, correlation, Histograms, variance) were explored as image criteria of coloration quality on the extracted background information; and evaluated according to their capability to classify images as with Good or Bad coloration quality from TBS. Results For background segmentation, a thresholding-based approach in the SV components of the HSV colour space was selected. It provided robustness separating the background information independently of its coloration quality. On the other hand, as image criteria of coloration quality, among the 19 feature vectors explored, the best one corresponds to the 15-bins histogram of the Hue component with classification rates of > 97%. Conclusions An analysis of an image-based approach to describe the coloration quality of TBS was presented. It was demonstrated that if a robust background segmentation is conducted, the histogram of the H component from the HSV colour space is the best feature vector to discriminate the coloration quality of the smears. These results are the baseline for automating the estimation of the coloration quality, which has not been studied before, but that can be crucial for automating TBS’s analysis for assisting malaria diagnosis process.

Neste artigo, a partir de excertos selecionados da carta 10 das Heroides de Ovídio, procuramos perceber efeitos do modo como o poeta se vale da mescla de gêneros poéticos. A nosso ver, nesta obra ovidiana explora-se não apenas a relação entre epístola e elegia, mas também recursos do drama, como a ironia dramática. Postulamos, assim, que Ariadne, heroína autora da missiva, com sua escrita e voz feminina, estabelece coordenadas para delimitar seu espaço cênico e nele se coloca para performar sua desavença amorosa por meio de uma peça literária que concilia gênero dramático e elegia epistolar.

El artículo expone la percepción de las madres con relación a la sobrecarga de trabajo remunerado y no remunerado que han experimentado en la pandemia causada por el covid-19. La metodología utilizada es la investigación cualitativa con ocho madres de La Araucanía, Chile. El enfoque de la investigación es descriptivo y detalla de manera densa las experiencias personales y laborales vividas por las madres, con sus propias voces, interpretaciones y significados atribuidos. Se sustenta en el paradigma interpretativo, que prioriza la conciencia subjetiva, las creencias, los valores y las reflexiones de las mujeres participantes. El instrumento de recolección de información es la entrevista semidirigida, que consultó sobre los siguientes tópicos: 1) carga laboral que experimentan las mujeres en un día cotidiano, 2) cambios en su organización y tiempo libre durante la pandemia, 3) afectación emocional durante el confinamiento. La técnica de análisis de datos utilizada fue el análisis temático, con la finalidad de desarrollar una teoría inductiva con base en los testimonios de las mujeres que participaron en el estudio. Así, se identificaron los conceptos, ideas y sentidos resultado del análisis detallado de los datos, para precisar y conceptualizar los significados y temas que el texto contiene sobre la sobrecarga laboral que enfrentaron las mujeres en pandemia. Los principales resultados dan cuenta de una sobrecarga laboral en las madres que trajo consecuencias negativas para su salud mental. Asimismo, se constató el arraigo patriarcal en la concepción de los roles de género y el aumento del estigma impuesto a la mujer como encargada de la crianza y cuidado de los hijos y de las labores del hogar. Las principales conclusiones indican que es urgente sensibilizar respecto de las desigualdades de género, para generar procesos de transformación en las nuevas y las antiguas generaciones y para que los tiempos de crisis no sean sinónimo de estrés y sobrecarga de trabajo para las mujeres.

The use of deep learning (DL) algorithms has improved the performance of vision-based space applications in recent years. However, generating large amounts of annotated data for training these DL algorithms has proven challenging. While synthetically generated images can be used, the DL models trained on synthetic data are often susceptible to performance degradation when tested in real-world environments. In this context, the Interdisciplinary Center of Security, Reliability and Trust (SnT) at the University of Luxembourg has developed the “SnT Zero-G Lab,” for training and validating vision-based space algorithms in conditions emulating real-world space environments. An important aspect of the SnT Zero-G Lab development was the equipment selection. From the lessons learned during the lab development, this article presents a systematic approach combining market survey and experimental analyses for equipment selection. In particular, the article focuses on the image acquisition equipment in a space lab: background materials, cameras, and illumination lamps. The results from the experiment analyses show that the market survey complimented by experimental analyses is required for effective equipment selection in a space lab development project.

Active debris removal (ADR) is positioned by space agencies as an in-orbit task of great importance for stabilizing the exponential growth of space debris. Most of the already developed capturing systems are designed for large specific cooperative satellites, which leads to expensive one-to-one solutions. This paper proposed a versatile hybrid-compliant mechanism to target a vast range of small uncooperative space debris in low Earth orbit (LEO), enabling a profitable one-to-many solution. The system is custom-built to fit into a CubeSat. It incorporates active (with linear actuators and impedance controller) and passive (with revolute joints) compliance to dissipate the impact energy, ensure sufficient contact time, and successfully help capture a broader range of space debris. A simulation study was conducted to evaluate and validate the necessity of integrating hybrid compliance into the ADR system. This study found the relationships among the debris mass, the system’s stiffness, and the contact time and provided the required data for tuning the impedance controller (IC) gains. This study also demonstrated the importance of hybrid compliance to guarantee the safe and reliable capture of a broader range of space debris.

Deploying Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in safety- and business-critical operations requires demonstrating compliance with applicable regulations and a comprehensive understanding of the residual risk associated with the UAS operation. To support these activities and enable the safe deployment of UAS into civil airspace, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has established a UAS regulatory framework that mandates the execution of safety risk assessment for UAS operations in order to gain authorization to carry out certain types of operations. Driven by this framework, the Joint Authorities for Rulemaking on Unmanned Systems (JARUS) released the Specific Operation Risk Assessment (SORA) methodology that guides the systematic risk assessment for UAS operations. However, existing work on SORA and its applications focuses mainly on single UAS operations, offering limited support for assuring operations conducted with multiple UAS and with autonomous features. Therefore, the work presented in this paper analyzes the application of SORA for a Multi-UAS airframe inspection (AFI) operation, that involves deploying multiple UAS with autonomous features inside an airport. We present the decision-making process of each SORA step and its application to a multiple UAS scenario. The results shows that the procedures and safety features included in the Multi-AFI operation such as workspace segmentation, the independent multi-UAS AFI crew proposed, and the mitigation actions provide confidence that the operation can be conducted safely and can receive a positive evaluation from the competent authorities. We also present our key findings from the application of SORA and discuss how it can be extended to better support multi-UAS operations.

Editorial

The foundation of cities and expansion of existing ones are well-known activities of kings and emperors. Although the expansion of cities along major roadways has always been common, the placement of an arch outside the walls of the Roman city of Gerasa does more than commemorate the stay of the emperor Hadrian in the winter of A.D. 128. This arch provides important clues to the order and structure of this classical city. It leads to an understanding of how the imperial city restructured the earlier Hellenistic settlement. It provides a cornerstone to a particular geometric strategy of "growing" a new urban quarter in commemoration of the emperor's visit. Further, it leads to the discovery of the cosmological significance of this particular urban design. The method of the city planners of Gerasa links the city's most important Temple of Artemis and the Arch of Hadrian visually, geometrically, and cosmologically. The geometry of the urban plan spells out the civic meaning of Artemis and Hadrian, their roles in the founding and expansion of the town, and their testimony to the place of Gerasa within the Roman world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Como costuma ocorrer na apreciação da maioria dos personagens das comédias de Tito Mácio Plauto (séc. III-II a.C.), as meretrizes (meretrices) tendem a ser reduzidas a tipos caricaturais. No entanto essa redução contrasta de certa forma com a visão da principal característica ressaltada nesse exuberante personagem na comédia paliata (fabula palliata): sua blanditia, atributo que envolve sua sutil capacidade de sedução por meio da fala. Observando passagens selecionadas das peças Báquides, Cásina e Menecmos, destacamos dois aspectos que consideramos importantes para a representação da blanditia das meretrizes. O primeiro é o uso de imagens de animais para qualificar a própria cortesã e também seu discurso. O segundo é um jogo entre ocultar e revelar, que, a nosso ver, é associado ao discurso da meretriz e ao ambiente que a rodeia. Procuramos apontar como, na comédia palliata, esses recursos influenciam na representação da capacidade que esse tipo de personagem feminino tem de persuadir e, até mesmo, de inverter posições, num jogo que envolve os papéis típicos desse gênero dramático.

Nonrigid forms of motion are commonplace in everyday life. Given previously documented age-related deteriorations in various tasks involving motion (discriminating speed, identifying motion direction, etc.), an experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential effect of age upon the visual ability to detect rigid and nonrigid object motion. Thirty younger and older observers participated in the experiment (mean ages were 19.9 and 75.8 years, respectively). As has been done multiple times in the past, the individual motions of object vertices were manipulated to simulate either rigid motion (rotation in depth, with or without precession) or two different types of nonrigid motion (also rotation in depth with or without precession, but with added object deformation). In confirmation of previous research, there were large effects of nonrigid motion type and precession upon the ability to differentiate between rigid and nonrigid object motion. There was also a large effect of age, such that the discrimination performance of the younger observers was 49.6% higher than that exhibited by the older observers. In this first ever study of aging and nonrigid object motion perception, we thus find that aging is associated with a substantial impairment in the ability to visually perceive object nonrigidity., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Many previous studies have investigated visual distance perception, especially for small to moderate distances. Few experiments, however, have evaluated the perception of large distances (e.g., 100 m or more). The studies that have been conducted have found conflicting results (diametrically opposite conclusions). In the current experiment, the functions relating actual and perceived distance were obtained for sixteen adult observers using the method of equal appearing intervals. These functions relating perceived and actual distance were obtained for outdoor viewing in a typical University environment-the experiment was conducted along a sidewalk adjacent to a typical street where campus buildings, trees, street signs, etc., were visible. The overall results indicated perceptual compression of distances in depth so that the stimulus distance intervals appeared significantly shorter than the actual (physical) distance intervals. It is important to note, however, that there were sizeable individual differences-the judgments of half of the observers were relatively accurate, whereas the judgments of the remaining half were inaccurate to varying degrees. The results of the experiment demonstrate that there is no single function that describes how human observers visually perceive large distance intervals in outdoor environments., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The epimysium, also known as silver skin, is a fascia of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle. During fabrication, epimysium is removed from intact cuts, and it can be used as a source of collagen in processed meats to reduce production costs. However, little is known about the emulsifying properties of this collagen source. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of three levels of beef epimysium (silver skin, 0, 5, and 10%) on meat emulsion stability and on its cooked characteristics. Beef silver skin partially replaced ground beef, pork, and fat trimming, while all the other ingredients remained constant across formulations. The inclusion of silver skin did not affect ( p > 0.05) chemical composition, total cooking loss, water loss, and raw emulsion color. Cooking fat loss linearly increased ( p = 0.02) while cooked emulsion L* linearly decreased ( p = 0.04) as silver skin level increased. Hardness, gumminess, and chewiness decreased linearly as silver skin levels increased ( p < 0.01). Overall, incorporating silver skin into meat emulsions reduced stability, increased fat loss, and led to a weaker cooked emulsion matrix.

It has been known for more than 160 years that highly occluded objects that would normally be visually unrecognizable can be successfully identified when they move. This anorthoscopic perception relies on the visual system's ability to integrate information over time to complete the perception of an entire object's shape. In this experiment, 16 younger and older adults (mean ages were 20.5 and 74.6 years, respectively) were familiarized with the (unoccluded) shapes of five naturally-shaped objects (bell peppers, Capsicum annuum) until they could be easily identified (i.e., with accuracies of at least 90 percent correct). All observers then viewed the stimulus objects anorthoscopically as they moved behind narrow slits; only small object fragments could be seen at any given time, because the objects were almost totally occluded from view. Even though the object identification performance for all observers was equivalent when whole object shapes were visible, a large age-related deficit in object identification emerged during anorthoscopic viewing such that the younger adults' identification performance was 45.4 percent higher than that of the older adults. This first ever study of aging and anorthoscopic perception demonstrates that there is an age-related deficit in performing the temporal integration needed for successful object recognition., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)

Grouping by common fate plays an important role in how human observers perceive environmental objects. In this study, the effect of aging upon the ability to utilize common fate was evaluated. Twenty-two younger and older adults (mean ages were 23.4 and 74.7 years, respectively) participated in two experiments. On any given trial, the participants sequentially viewed two apparent motion sequences and were required to indicate which temporal interval contained a coherently moving dotted line embedded in noisy random background motion. In Experiment 1, the number of dots defining the target was varied, while in Experiment 2, the target interpoint spacing was varied. The younger adults outperformed the older adults by 19.4 percent in Experiment 1 and 50.5 percent in Experiment 2. The older and younger adults were similarly affected by variations in the number of target dots and the target interpoint spacing. The individual older participants' object detection accuracies were highly correlated with their individual chronological ages, such that the performance of the younger old participants was much higher than that exhibited by the older old. Increases in age systematically affect the ability of older adults to detect and visually perceive objects defined by common fate., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

An experiment evaluated the ability of 30 younger and older adults to visually judge object size under three conditions: (1) full cue, (2) in the dark, with linear perspective, and (3) in complete darkness. Each observer made repeated judgments for the same square stimuli (the task was to adjust a separation until it matched the perceived size of the squares), enabling an evaluation of precision as well as accuracy. The judgments were just as accurate in the dark with linear perspective condition as in the full cue condition, indicating that linear perspective serves as an important source of optical information to support the perception of object size). In contrast, in complete darkness (where linear perspective information was unavailable), the accuracy of the observers' judgments was poor. Finally, there was no difference in either the accuracy or the precision of the observers' judgments between the two age groups, despite the fact that the older adults were more than 50 years older than the younger adults (mean age of the younger and older adults was 22.3 and 74.1 years, respectively). The ability to visually perceive object size is well maintained with increasing age, unlike a number of other important visual abilities., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

In this study 28 younger and older observers discriminated the global shapes of objects that were defined by differences in texture. The judged stimulus patterns were 3-point micropattern textures. On any given trial, a texture-defined shape (either a vertically- or horizontally-oriented rectangle) was presented; the observers' task was to discriminate between the two rectangles. The task difficulty was manipulated by varying the deviation from colinearity of each of the individual 3-point texture elements between figure and background (the larger the difference in deviation between figure and ground, the higher the discrimination performance). The results revealed a substantial effect of age. In order for the older observers to reliably discriminate the shape of the target rectangle (with a d' value of 1.5), they needed differences from colinearity that were 54.4 percent larger than those required for the younger observers. While older adults can utilize differences in texture to perceive global shape, their ability is nevertheless significantly impaired., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Fifty-one adults evaluated visually-perceived emotions from 32 masks. These masks (held in the collection of the Kentucky Museum, located on the campus of Western Kentucky University) were created by artists from a wide variety of cultures spanning multiple continents. Each participant evaluated every mask along six dimensions: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust. No previous scientific study has ever studied the general effectiveness of masks (other than Japanese Noh masks) in producing perceptions of human emotion. The results showed that the masks were effective in producing substantial variations in perceived happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust. The ability of the masks to produce effective perceptions of emotion was due to the artists' inclusion of facial features that reliably signal emotions in everyday life., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the largest food assistance program in the United States. Although participation in it has been shown to reduce food insecurity, there is comparatively less clear causal evidence of positive health effects of participation, particularly among adults. We examined the relationship between SNAP participation and premature mortality using data for 1997-2009 from the National Health Interview Survey, linked to data for 1999-2011 from the National Death Index. Results from bivariate probit models found that participation in SNAP led to a populationwide reduction of 1-2 percentage points in mortality from all causes and a reduction in specific causes of death among people ages 40-64.

A single experiment evaluated the haptic-visual cross-modal matching of solid object shape. One set of randomly shaped artificial objects was used (sinusoidally modulated spheres, SMS) as well as two sets of naturally shaped objects (bell peppers, Capsicum annuum and sweet potatoes, Ipomoea batatas ). A total of 66 adults participated in the study. The participants' task was to haptically explore a single object on any particular trial and subsequently indicate which of 12 simultaneously visible objects possessed the same shape. The participants' performance for the natural objects was 60.9 and 78.7 percent correct for the bell peppers and sweet potatoes, respectively. The analogous performance for the SMS objects, while better than chance, was far worse (18.6 percent correct). All of these types of stimulus objects possess a rich geometrical structure (e.g., they all possess multiple elliptic , hyperbolic , and parabolic surface regions). Nevertheless, these three types of stimulus objects are perceived differently: Individual members of sweet potatoes and bell peppers are largely identifiable to human participants, while the individual SMS objects are not. Analyses of differential geometry indicate that these natural objects (e.g., bell peppers and sweet potatoes) possess heterogeneous spatial configurations of distinctly curved surface regions, and this heterogeneity is lacking in SMS objects. The current results therefore suggest that increases in surface structure heterogeneity facilitate human object recognition.

In the current study of haptic distance perception, 20 younger (median age: 22 years) and 20 older adults (median age: 72 years) used active touch to estimate distance ratios(one length relative to another). Nine tactile stimuli were created from wooden dowels; each consisted of two perpendicular dowels. The stimulus distance ratios ranged from 1.0 to 5.0. Each participant used both hands (without vision) to actively explore (30 s) a single stimulus object on every trial. The task was to numerically estimate the distance ratio. Overall, the participants’ judgments were precise; the overall magnitude of the Pearson r correlation coefficient was 0.943 and did not differ for younger and older adults. While the participants’ judgments were precise, they were not completely accurate: The average slope (of the relationship between actual and judged distance ratios) for all participants was significantly greater than 1.0 (1.15). Surprisingly, differences in manual dexterity had no apparent effect on distance ratio estimates. Older adults apparently retain an excellent ability to perceive distances using their sense of touch. Our results also demonstrate that the geometry of haptic space (at the scale of the hand) is approximately Euclidean in nature (and certainly not merely topological, projective, or affine).

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the ability of younger and older adults to recognize 3-D object shape from patterns of optical motion. In Experiment 1, participants were required to identify dotted surfaces that rotated in depth (i.e., surface structure portrayed using the kinetic depth effect). The task difficulty was manipulated by limiting the surface point lifetimes within the stimulus apparent motion sequences. In Experiment 2, the participants identified solid, naturally shaped objects (replicas of bell peppers, Capsicum annuum) that were defined by occlusion boundary contours, patterns of specular highlights, or combined optical patterns containing both boundary contours and specular highlights. Significant and adverse effects of increased age were found in both experiments. Despite the fact that previous research has found that increases in age do not reduce solid shape discrimination, our current results indicated that the same conclusion does not hold for shape identification. We demonstrated that aging results in a reduction in the ability to visually recognize 3-D shape independent of how the 3-D structure is defined (motions of isolated points, deformations of smooth optical fields containing specular highlights, etc.).

A total of 36 younger (mean age = 21.3 years) and older adults (mean age = 73.8 years) haptically explored plastic copies of naturally shaped objects (bell peppers, Capsicum annuum) one at a time for 7 s each. The participants' task was to then choose which of 12 concurrently visible objects had the same solid shape as the one they felt. The younger and older participants explored the object shapes using either one, three, or five fingers (there were six participants for each combination of number of fingers and age group). The outcome was different from that of previous research conducted with manmade objects. Unlike Jansson and Monaci (2006) , we found that for most objects, our participants' performance was unaffected by variations in the number of fingers used for haptic exploration. While there was no significant overall effect of the number of fingers, there was a significant main effect of age. The younger adults' shape matching performance was 48.6% higher than that of the older adults. When perceiving naturally shaped objects such as bell peppers, it appears that the usage of a single finger can be as effective as haptic exploration with a whole complement of five fingers.

We conducted an experiment to evaluate the ability of 32 younger and older adults to visually perceive distances in an outdoor setting. On any given trial, the observers viewed 2 environmental distances and were required to estimate the distance ratio-the length of the (usually) larger distance relative to that of the shorter. The stimulus distance ratios ranged from 1.0 (the stimulus distances were identical) to 8.0 (1 distance interval was 8.0 times longer than the other). The stimulus distances were presented within a 26 m × 60 m portion of a grassy field. The observers were able to reliably estimate the stimulus distance ratios: The overall Pearson r correlation coefficient relating the judged and actual distance ratios was 0.762. Fifty-eight percent of the variance in the observers' perceived distance ratios could thus be accounted for by variations in the actual stimulus ratios. About half of the observers significantly underestimated the distance ratios, while the judgments of the remainder were essentially accurate. Significant modulatory effects of sex and age occurred, such that the male observers' judgments were the most precise, while those of the older males were the most accurate.

The ability of 26 younger (mean age was 22.5 years) and older adults (mean age was 72.6 years) to haptically perceive material properties was evaluated. The participants manually explored (for 5 seconds) 42 surfaces twice and placed each of these 84 experimental stimuli into one of seven categories: paper, plastic, metal, wood, stone, fabric, and fur/leather. In general, the participants were best able to identify fur/leather and wood materials; in contrast, recognition performance was worst for stone and paper. Despite similar overall patterns of performance for younger and older participants, the younger adults' recognition accuracies were 26.5% higher. The participants' tactile acuities (assessed by tactile grating orientation discrimination) affected their ability to identify surface material. In particular, the Pearson r correlation coefficient relating the participants' grating orientation thresholds and their material identification performance was -0.8: The higher the participants' thresholds, the lower the material recognition ability. While older adults are able to effectively perceive the solid shape of environmental objects using the sense of touch, their ability to perceive surface materials is significantly compromised.

Past studies have consistently demonstrated that human observers cannot accurately perceive environmental distances. Even so, we obviously detect sufficient spatial information to meet the demands of everyday life. In the current experiment, ten younger adults (mean age was 21.8years) and ten older adults (mean age was 72.3years) estimated distance ratios in physical space. On any given trial, observers judged how long one distance interval was relative to another. The 18 stimulus ratios ranged from 1.0 to 9.5; the observers judged each stimulus ratio three times. The average correlation coefficient relating actual distance ratios to perceived ratios was identical (r=0.87) for both younger and older age groups. Despite this strong relationship between perception and reality, the judgments of many individual observers were inaccurate. For example, ten percent of the observers overestimated the stimulus ratios, while fifty percent underestimated the stimulus ratios. Although both under- and overestimation occurred in the current experiment, the results nevertheless demonstrate that human adults can reliably compare environmental distances in different directions., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The ability of 20 younger (mean age was 21.8years) and older adults (mean age was 71.5years) to visually perceive exocentric distances outdoors was evaluated. The observers adjusted the extent of in-depth spatial intervals until they appeared identical to fronto-parallel intervals of 4 and 8m. The frontal and in-depth intervals were viewed from a distance of 8m. Almost all of the observers' judgments were inaccurate and most reflected perceptual compressions in depth: e.g., an in-depth interval of 10m would appear to have the same extent as a physically smaller 8m frontal interval. Some observers' judgments, however, were consistent with perceptual expansions of in-depth intervals. No significant effects of age were obtained in the current study: both younger and older adults exhibited perceptual compressions and expansions of in-depth intervals. This outcome differs from that of a recent experiment conducted by our laboratory (Vision Research 109 (2015) 52-58) that found the judgments of younger adults to be less accurate than those of older adults. A comparison of the former and current results revealed that while older adults perform similarly outdoors and indoors, the accuracy of younger adults' exocentric judgements improves substantially in outdoor settings (so that the accuracy becomes similar to that exhibited by older adults)., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Almost fifty million people are food insecure in the United States, which makes food insecurity one of the nation's leading health and nutrition issues. We examine recent research evidence of the health consequences of food insecurity for children, nonsenior adults, and seniors in the United States. For context, we first provide an overview of how food insecurity is measured in the country, followed by a presentation of recent trends in the prevalence of food insecurity. Then we present a survey of selected recent research that examined the association between food insecurity and health outcomes. We show that the literature has consistently found food insecurity to be negatively associated with health. For example, after confounding risk factors were controlled for, studies found that food-insecure children are at least twice as likely to report being in fair or poor health and at least 1.4 times more likely to have asthma, compared to food-secure children; and food-insecure seniors have limitations in activities of daily living comparable to those of food-secure seniors fourteen years older. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) substantially reduces the prevalence of food insecurity and thus is critical to reducing negative health outcomes., (Project HOPE—The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc.)

The analysis of phenotypic change is important for several evolutionary biology disciplines, including phenotypic plasticity, evolutionary developmental biology, morphological evolution, physiological evolution, evolutionary ecology and behavioral evolution. It is common for researchers in these disciplines to work with multivariate phenotypic data. When phenotypic variables exceed the number of research subjects--data called 'high-dimensional data'--researchers are confronted with analytical challenges. Parametric tests that require high observation to variable ratios present a paradox for researchers, as eliminating variables potentially reduces effect sizes for comparative analyses, yet test statistics require more observations than variables. This problem is exacerbated with data that describe 'multidimensional' phenotypes, whereby a description of phenotype requires high-dimensional data. For example, landmark-based geometric morphometric data use the Cartesian coordinates of (potentially) many anatomical landmarks to describe organismal shape. Collectively such shape variables describe organism shape, although the analysis of each variable, independently, offers little benefit for addressing biological questions. Here we present a nonparametric method of evaluating effect size that is not constrained by the number of phenotypic variables, and motivate its use with example analyses of phenotypic change using geometric morphometric data. Our examples contrast different characterizations of body shape for a desert fish species, associated with measuring and comparing sexual dimorphism between two populations. We demonstrate that using more phenotypic variables can increase effect sizes, and allow for stronger inferences.

Patients are becoming increasingly involved in making healthcare choices as their burden of healthcare costs continues to escalate. At the same time, healthcare has entered a tightened market economy. For these reasons, the marketing of healthcare services has become essential for the financial survival of physicians and healthcare organizations. Physicians can successfully use the fundamental service marketing principles proven by other service industries to win patient satisfaction and loyalty and remain competitive in today's market economy. Understanding concepts such as service quality zone of tolerance, levels of consumer satisfaction, the branding of services, patient participation, and service recovery can be useful in achieving these goals.