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For eradication of acute poverty, it is vital to factor in the human experience of it. Building social capital and networks that nurture, empower, and consistently reinforce a new shared economic identity can provide rich socioeconomic dividends. For states tackling extreme poverty at scale, building and strengthening social capital are essential public goods investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bus transfer system is designed to provide process continuity to the loads attached to a motor bus while transferring the bus from one source to another. A successful bus transfer under contingent conditions provides immense value and benefits to continuous process operations that cannot afford an interruption of power supply to plant auxiliaries. This paper describes some real-world bus transfer requirements, implementations, and experiences in thermal power plants and continuous process industry plants. The fast, in-phase, residual voltage, and momentary paralleling transfer methods are described, compared, and evaluated. The spin-down characteristics for different motor buses are analyzed, and the feasibility of the different transfer modes is deduced. Auto- initiation criterion for bus transfer is explored, using a combination of bus undervoltage, underfrequency, and (df/dt) characteristics. Different integrated system requirements, such as monitoring of readiness conditions, breaker failure detection and corrective action logic, and online testing measures, are discussed. The results of the resultant 'hot' load trials and their benefits to the system are explained and interpreted. The concept of islanded transfer for grid-free operations of captive generation-load systems is discussed and elaborated. Index Terms--Automatic bus transfer (ABT), bus transfer system (BTS), continuous process, fast, in-phase, islanding, residual voltage.

This paper concerns the addition of the few critical elements of a protection system to the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP), which is one of the most widely used programs for the simulation of transients in power systems. It contains models for almost every major power system component. A protection system consists of instrument transformers, relays, and circuit breakers. Models for current transformers (CTs) and capacitor voltage transformers (CVTs) are developed, validated, and incorporated in the EPRI/DCG EMTP Version 2.0. The user can define the values of the CT and CVT parameters. Total FORTRAN capability has been added to the EMTP; new subroutines and an inbuilt structure to allow the linking of user-defined FORTRAN subroutines with the main EMTP are explained. This capability is necessary to simulate computer relay algorithms. The outputs of the algorithms can be passed to the EMTP, which enables the study of the dynamic interaction between the power system and the protection system. The FORTRAN capability can also be used to develop models for relays. Models of specific relays, such as those for line protection (CEY51A and SLY12C) and transformer differential protection (D202 and BDD15B), are also available. The relay models can be used with different settings. These new features in the EMTP together constitute the critical elements of a protection system. Thus, it is now possible to simulate the dynamic interactions between a power system and a protection system.

A rare family of five and six-coordinated high-spin Fe(III) porphyrins incorporating weak axial ligands are prepared and characterized, which has shown stepwise metal displacements in a single distorted macrocyclic environment. The large anodic shifts have shown the effective removal of the metal-centered electron density by the macrocycle when the metal is constrained to reside in the porphyrin plane.

The present study is devoted towards the construction of metalloporphyrin assemblies directed and sustained by halogen bonds (XBs) on judiciously selected molecular scaffolds. We choose a series of Sn(axial-L)2–(5,10,15,20-tetraiodoporphyrin) [Sn(L)2–TIPP, where L = halogen/nitro-substituted benzoate moiety] complexes as our building units that resemble a ‘wheel and axle’ topology aiding the construction of different types of molecular assemblies like ladder, 1D and 2D networks. In all the complexes explored herein, the wheel is constructed with Sn(iv)–5,10,15,20-meso-tetrakis(4-iodophenyl)porphyrin [Sn(L)2–TIPP], which is rigid and the two pairs of iodine atoms present at the meso-phenyl position of the porphyrin ring can get involved in XB interactions, depending upon the complementary interacting atoms present at the axle. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the occurrence of halogen bonds in crystalline metalloporphyrin assemblies via I…I, I…O and I…π halogen bonds. Most interestingly, these XBs are not only restricted between wheel…axle alone, but can also occur between wheel…wheel and axle…axle. Different types of XB-directed molecular associations are observed, for example, ladder-type supramolecular associations occur in 1, 2D-networks in 2, 3 and 8, interlinked 1D networks in 4 and 5, and 1D-networks in 7. Theoretical studies with Hirshfeld surface analysis show the definite role of XB interactions in the overall stability of the complexes. Electrostatic potential surface studies with the aid of density functional theory (DFT) in 2 and 8 show the presence of a σ-hole on the cap of the iodine atom which further augments the role of XBs in the observed architectures. The structural and theoretical studies presented here showcase that it is necessary to consider an adequate topology such as that of a ‘wheel and axle’ along with complementary interacting functional groups placed adequately on hexa-coordinated Sn(iv)–porphyrins to realize molecular constructions such as ladder, 1D and 2D networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capacitor banks are applied in power systems to provide reactive power. The reactive power results in lower current in lines upstream of the bank improving system voltage and power factor and reducing line losses. Capacitor banks can be configured as filters for harmonic reduction. The protection systems for capacitor banks include fuses, surge arresters, and protective relays. This paper will focus on protective relaying philosophies of grounded and ungrounded Y-connected shunt capacitor banks, which are commonly applied on industrial and utility power systems. Index Terms--Capacitor bank overcurrent protection schemes, capacitor bank protective relaying, capacitor bank unbalance protection.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is a life-threatening systemic disease caused by the obligate intracellular protozoan, Leishmania, and transmitted to humans by the female phlebotomine sand fly (Phlebotomus argentipes). The disease is fatal, if left untreated. We report a case of a patient clinically suspected of disseminated tuberculosis, but fine needle aspiration cytology of cervical and axillary lymph nodes yielded a diagnosis of leishmaniasis. Diagnosis of VL was challenging as the disease closely mimicked tuberculosis in the setting of extensive lymphadenopathy including conglomerate of mesenteric lymph nodes, on and off fever, and granulomatous lymphadenitis on aspiration. Bone marrow examination was further performed. A detailed workup revealed patient to be severely immunocompromised and newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive. Worldwide, India has the largest number of VL cases, accounting for 40%-50% of world's disease burden and the second largest HIV-infected population, accounting for approximately 10% of the global disease burden. HIV increases the risk of developing VL by 100-2320 times in endemic areas and concurrently VL promotes the clinical progression of HIV disease. Co-infection with HIV alters the body's immune response to leishmaniasis thus leading to unusual presentations. This case highlights the diagnostic problem in the aforesaid setting. Moreover, co-infection with HIV in VL can be a potential source of drug resistance. An early diagnosis and intensified treatment is the key to patient management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new fused core-modified 32π heptaphyrin with Möbius aromatic character is reported. The 1H NMR data indicated a weak Möbius aromaticity at 298 K; however, at 213-183 K, the molecule predominates [4 n]π Möbius conformation with strong diatropic ring current, which was further confirmed by X-ray analysis. The protonation experiment led to preservation of the Möbius aromaticity at 298 K. Nevertheless, the experimental results were further supported by theoretical studies. Overall, this study represents the first example of Möbius aromatic fused core-modified expanded porphyrin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vitiligo is an acquired depigmentary condition caused by inactivation or destruction of melanocytes in epidermis and hair follicle. Worldwide incidence of 1% has been reported; similar to various dermatological clinics in India. Widespread prejudice, ignorance, taboos, lack of scientific appraisal, and confusion of vitiligo with leprosy makes it an immense psychological stress. Aim: To know the clinical profile of vitiligo patient with associated cofactors. Materials and Methods: Total 1,010 patients of vitiligo attended in outpatient department at Shree Krishna Hospital (SKH) and Matar camp, Gujarat over 1 year period from August 2011 to July 2012 were included in this study. Detail history and clinical examination of patients were done. Results: Out of 1,010 patients 57.3% were females and 42.7 % were males. Most cases developed vitiligo by 2nd decade of life. Progressive course was found in 60.9 % of patients. Vitiligo vulgaris (57.8%) was most common morphological type. Most common site of onset (41.5%) and involvement (75.7%) was lower limb. Family history was present in 20.4%. Conclusions: Vitiligo constitutes important dermatological disease especially in India. The data suggest that local epidemiological behavior of vitiligo need not be the same across different regions. Vitiligo differs substantially in various clinical aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's fast growing sheet metal industries are demanding overall improvement in cut quality rather than improving different quality characteristics individually. The laser cutting has proven to be the quality cutting process for almost any category of materials with few limitations. The multiple quality characteristics may be improved by controlling the process variables at optimum level. The paper presents a methodology for the simultaneous optimization of multiple quality characteristics in laser cutting process by developing the software 'CATFMO' (Computer Aided Taguchi-Fuzzy Multi-Optimization). The software results have been validated by comparing the published experimental data and found suitable. This methodology has been applied for simultaneous optimization of kerf width, cut edge surface roughness and heat affected zone in laser cutting of difficult-to-laser-cut Aluminium alloy sheet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous horns are usually found on chronic sun-damaged skin. A cutaneous horn is a rare tumour, often conical, circumscribed, and composed of dead keratin usually derived from base keratinocytes. It occurs mainly in association with underlying benign, premalignant, and malignant cutaneous diseases. The commonest malignancy is squamous cell carcinoma. Thus, to accurately ascertain the nature of the condition at the base of the lesion and to rule out malignancy, an excision biopsy is indicated. Here, we report a case of cutaneous horn over the palmar aspect of the left middle finger in a 45-year-old man whose histopathology showed actinic keratosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the synthesis, characterization and photophysical properties of the dyads Zn2DEP·TNF (1) and Zn2DEP·2Py-BDP (2) and triad Zn2DEP·2Py-BDP·TNF (3), which enable us to investigate the changes in the spectroscopic properties upon the axial coordination of pyridine substituted bodipy (Py-BDP) to Zn2DEP in the dyads and the further encapsulation of TNF in the triad. Zn2DEP·TNF (1) is structurally characterized while the other compounds, Py-BDP, 2 and 3, are geometrically optimized using DFT in the absence of X-ray crystallography. It has been found that the encapsulated TNF guest within the bisporphyrin cavity is involved in strong π–π interactions with the host resulting in robust host–guest assemblies that also retain the structural integrity in solution for a long time. The association constants, K, between the host and guests are calculated at 298 K by measuring the change in the fluorescence emission in solution and are found to be 1.0 × 107 M−2 for the 1 : 2 binding in 2 and 1.2 × 103 M−1 for the 1 : 1 binding in 3. The solution 1H NMR spectrum of the supramolecular dyad 2 shows an upfield shift of the Py-BDP protons due to the strong ring current of the porphyrin rings. Similarly, upon the encapsulation of TNF in triad 3, the guest protons undergo an upfield shift owing to the ring current effect. Electrochemical studies of dyad 2 indicate that the Py-BDP and Zn-bisporphyrin subunits in the dyads interact very weakly. The negative and positive shifts of the reduction and oxidation potentials indicate that it is difficult to reduce/oxidize the encapsulated complex 3. The steady state emission spectrum shows that the fluorescence intensity of the axially coordinated Py-BDP in 2 (excited at 500 nm) is remarkably quenched in comparison to free Py-BDP due to efficient photoinduced intramolecular singlet-to-singlet energy transfer from the excited state of Py-BDP to the zinc-bisporphyrin in 2. The remarkable quenching of the fluorescence intensity of Py-BDP upon excitation at 500 nm in 3 is due to photoinduced electron transfer from the excited states of Py-BDP to TNF, which is also thermodynamically favorable. The location of the electron densities on the HOMO and LUMO further support the formation of a charge-separated state in which the zinc-bisporphyrin acts as an electron donor whilst TNF acts as an electron acceptor in the supramolecular triad 3. The electrochemically evaluated HOMO–LUMO gap also maintains a good agreement with the computed HOMO–LUMO gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The encapsulation of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and fluorescent probe acridinium ions (AcH+) by diethylpyrrole-bridged bisporphyrin (H4DEP) was used to investigate the structural and spectroscopic changes within the bisporphyrin cavity upon substrate binding. X-ray diffraction studies of the bisporphyrin host (H4DEP) and the encapsulated host-guest complexes (H4DEP ⋅TCNQ and [H4DEP ⋅AcH]ClO4) are reported. Negative and positive shifts of the reduction and oxidation potentials, respectively, indicated that it was difficult to reduce/oxidize the encapsulated complexes. The emission intensities of bisporphyrin, upon excitation at 560 nm, were quenched by about 65 % and 95 % in H4DEP ⋅TCNQ and [H4DEP ⋅AcH]ClO4, respectively, owing to photoinduced electron transfer from the excited state of the bisporphyrin to TCNQ/AcH+; this result was also supported by DFT calculations. Moreover, the fluorescence intensity of encapsulated AcH+ (excited at 340 nm) was also remarkably quenched compared to the free ions, owing to photoinduced singlet-to-singlet energy transfer from AcH+ to bisporphyrin. Thus, AcH+ acted as both an acceptor and a donor, depending on which part of the chromophore was excited in the host-guest complex. The electrochemically evaluated HOMO-LUMO gap was 0.71 and 1.42 eV in H4DEP ⋅TCNQ and [H4DEP ⋅AcH]ClO4, respectively, whilst the gap was 2.12 eV in H4DEP. The extremely low HOMO-LUMO gap in H4DEP ⋅TCNQ led to facile electron transfer from the host to the guest, which was manifested in the lowering of the CN stretching frequency (in the solid state) in the IR spectra, a strong radical signal in the EPR spectra at 77 K, and also the presence of low-energy bands in the UV/Vis spectra (in the solution phase). Such an efficient transfer was only possible when the donor and acceptor moieties were in close proximity to one another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the subject of reducing outage durations and autorestoration applications within the distribution substation. Employment of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) can aid in the reduction of the fault duration time, and also it enhances the protection, control, and monitoring at the distribution level. Further, communication among these IEDs can provide faster autorestoration, remote data analysis, event recording, etc. Many recent issues related to distribution substation protection are discussed and techniques to address these issues using current technologies are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweat gland adenocarcinoma is a rare tumor particularly over scalp. They have potential to be benign as well as distant metastasis. Usually presents with papules or nodules. Ulcerative morphology is uncommon. Wide surigical excision with regional lymph not dissection is the treatment of choice. A 42-year-old female with sweat gland adenocarcinoma of scalp is reported with cervical lymph node involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pretibial myxedema (PM) is an infiltrative dermopathy which is seen in grave's disease. It is also associated with hypothyroidism, but is infrequently seen in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Lesions are seen commonly over pretibial region as non-pitting oedema or with a plaque morphology. Heat shock protein (HSP) has been reported to be expressed by fibroblasts present at affected site, which cause lesions of PM. Histopathology differentiates it from other dermatoses. Lesions usually resolve spontaneously, but therapies like potent topical steroids, intralesional steroids, gamma globulin, pentoxifylline, surgery and radiotherapy are indicated. Here, a case of PM with euthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis has been reported, which was proven by histopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A diethylpyrrole-bridged dizinc(II) bisporphyrin (Zn(2)DEP) is reported that encapsulates fluorescent probe pyrene molecules through strong π-π interactions, which can relay information about the chemical environment in the interior of the host-guest supramolecular assembly. X-ray structures of both Zn(2)DEP and the encapsulated pyrene complex are reported, which provides a rare opportunity to investigate the structural changes upon guest binding. A comparative structural analysis demonstrated the exceptional ability of this bisporphyrin platform to open its binding pocket for pyrene encapsulation by a vertical displacement of more than 2.45 Å, although both Zn(2)DEP and the pyrene complex have nearly parallel porphyrin ring orientations. The (1)H NMR spectrum of the encapsulated pyrene complex in solution shows the upfield shifts of the pyrene protons due to a strong ring current effect, which demonstrates the retention of the solid-state structure in solution. To further assess the extent to which pyrene guests remain encapsulated in solution, a known fluorescence quencher, dimethylaniline, was added to the host-guest assembly, which shows no exciplex formation for days in nonpolar solvents. Thus, the assembly also retained the structural integrity in solution for a long time. The association constant (K(asso)) for such a complexation process in solution was observed to be 1.78×10(5) M(-2) for 1:2 binding. Steady-state fluorescence and lifetime studies indicate significant photoinduced singlet-singlet energy transformation from the excited state of pyrene to zinc bisporphyrin., (Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)