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Climate impact of anthropogenic activities is more and more of public concern. But while CO2 emissions are accounted in emissions trading and mitigation plans, emissions of non-CO2 components contributing to climate change receive much less attention. One of the anthropogenic emission sectors, where non-CO2 effects play an important part, is aviation. Hence, for a quantitative estimate of total aviation climate impact, assessments need to comprise both CO2 and non-CO2 effects (e.g., water vapor, nitrogen dioxide, and contrails), instead of calculating and providing only CO2 impacts. However, while a calculation of CO2 effects relies directly on fuel consumption, for non-CO2 effects detailed information on aircraft trajectory, engine emissions, and ambient atmospheric conditions are required. As often such comprehensive information is not available for all aircraft movements, a simplified calculation method is required to calculate non-CO2 impacts. In our study, we introduce a simple calculation method which allows quantifying climate assessment relying on mission parameters, involving distance and geographic flight region. We present a systematic analysis of simulated climate impact from more than 1000 city pairs with an Airbus A330-200 aircraft depending on the flight distance and flight region to derive simplified but still realistic representation of the non-CO2 climate effects. These new formulas much better represent the climate impact of non-CO2 effects compared to a constant CO2 multiplier. The mean square error decrease from 1.18 for a constant factor down to 0.24 for distance dependent factors and can be reduced even further to 0.19 for a distance and latitude dependent factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Source attribution of ozone radiative forcing (RF) is a prerequisite for developing adequate emission mitigation strategies with regards to climate impact. Decadal means of ozone fields from transient climate-chemistry simulations (1960–2019) are analysed and the temporal development of ozone RF resulting from individual NOx sources, e.g. road traffic, industry and air traffic, is investigated. We calculated an ozone production efficiency which is mainly dependent on the altitude of NOx emission and on the amount of background NOx with values varying over one order of magnitude. Air traffic and lightning are identified as NOx sources with a two and five times higher ozone production efficiency, respectively, than ground based sources. Second, radiative efficiency of source attributed ozone (i.e. total induced radiative flux change per column ozone) shows clear dependence on latitudinal structure of the ozone anomaly and, to a lesser extent, to its altitude. Lightning induced ozone shows the highest radiative efficiency because lightning primarily enhances ozone in low latitudes in the mid-troposphere (higher altitudes). Superimposed on these effects, a saturation effect causes a decreasing radiative efficiency with increasing background ozone concentrations. Changes in RF attributed to NOx induced ozone from 1960 to 2019 are controlled by three factors: changes in emissions, changes in ozone production efficiency and changes in the radiative efficiency. Leading effect is emission increase, but changes in ozone production efficiency increase ozone RF by a factor of three for air traffic, or reduce ozone RF by around 30% for ships. Additionally, changes in the radiative efficiency due to saturation effects change ozone RF by 2–5%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Decadal means of ozone fields from transient E39/C climate-chemistry simulations (1960-2019) are analysed and temporally developing ozone radiative forcings (RF) are investigated which result from individual ozone precursor sources like road traffic, industry, air traffic, etc. We study how effective NOx emissions from different sources produce ozone. This ozone production efficiency is mainly dependent on the altitude of NOx emission and on the amount of background NOx. For example, our study shows that the ozone production efficiency of lightning and air traffic have a five and two time higher ozone production efficiency than ground based sources. The radiative efficiency of ozone (i.e. the radiative forcing per molecule) is mainly dependent on the surface temperature, but also, to a lesser degree, on the altitude of added ozone. Lightning, for example, causes the highest specific RF due to the fact that lightning primarily enhances ozone in low latitudes in the mid-troposphere. Superimposed on these effects, is a saturation effect which causes a decreasing RF efficiency with increasing background ozone. A consequence of this saturation effect is an underestimation of total RF by about 10% if the component RFs of individual ozone sources are calculated separately and added up afterwards. The results show that the time development of emissions (1960-2019) control the RF changes for most sources. RF changes are slightly reduced due to a changing atmospheric composition (10-25%) for all but the aircraft sources, and due to RF saturation (2-5%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality by Design principles are well described and widely used in biopharmaceutical industry. The characterization of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) production process is crucial for novel process development and control. Yet, the application throughout the entire upstream process was rarely demonstrated. Following previously published research, this study marks the second step toward a complete process characterization and is focused on the effect of critical process parameters on the antibody production efficiency and quality of the process. In order to conduct the complex Design of Experiments approach with optimal control and comparability, the ambr®15 micro bioreactor platform was used. Investigated parameters included the pH and dissolved oxygen set points, the initial viable cell density (iVCD) as well as the N-1 duration. Various quality attributes (e.g., growth rate, viability, mAb titer, and peak proportion) were monitored and analyzed using multivariate data analysis to evaluate the parameter effects. The pH set point and the initial VCD were identified as key process parameters with strong influence on the cell growth as well as the mAb production and its proportion to the total protein concentration. For optimization and improvement in robustness of these quality attributes the pH must be increased to 7.2, while the iVCD must be lowered to 0.2 × 10 6  cells/mL. Based on the defined design space, additional experiments verified the results and confirmed the intact bioactivity of the antibody. Thereby, process control strategies could be tuned toward high cell maintenance and mAb production, which enable optimal downstream processing., Competing Interests: We confirm that all corresponding authors agree with the submission and publication of this paper and that there is no conflict of interest concerning financial and personal relationships. The manuscript does not contain neither experiments using animals nor human studies. Furthermore, we confirm that the article has not been published previously by any of the authors and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere at the time of submission., (© 2022 The Authors. Engineering in Life Sciences published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Aviation is an important contributor to the global economy, satisfying society's mobility needs. It contributes to climate change through CO 2 and non-CO 2 effects, including contrail-cirrus and ozone formation. There is currently significant interest in policies, regulations and research aiming to reduce aviation's climate impact. Here we model the effect of these measures on global warming and perform a bottom-up analysis of potential technical improvements, challenging the assumptions of the targets for the sector with a number of scenarios up to 2100. We show that although the emissions targets for aviation are in line with the overall goals of the Paris Agreement, there is a high likelihood that the climate impact of aviation will not meet these goals. Our assessment includes feasible technological advancements and the availability of sustainable aviation fuels. This conclusion is robust for several COVID-19 recovery scenarios, including changes in travel behaviour.

In a biotechnological process, standard monitored process variables are pH, partial oxygen pressure (pO 2 ), and temperature. These process variables are important, but they do not give any information about the metabolic activity of the cell. The ISICOM is an in situ combi-sensor that is measuring the cell-specific oxygen uptake rate (qOUR) online. This variable allows a qualitative judgement of metabolic cell activity. The measuring principle of the ISICOM is based on a volume element enclosed into a small measuring chamber. Inside the measuring chamber, the pO 2 and the scattered light is measured. Within a defined measuring interval, the chamber closes, and the oxygen supply for the cells is interrupted. The decreasing oxygen concentration is recorded by the pO 2 optode. This measuring principle, known as the dynamic method, determines the oxygen uptake rate (OUR). Together with the scattered light signal, the cell concentration is estimated and the qOUR is available online. The design of the ISICOM is focused on functionality, sterility, long-term stability, and response time behavior so the sensor can be used in bioprocesses. With the ISICOM, measurement of online and in situ measurement of the OUR is possible. The OUR and qOUR online measurement of an animal cell batch cultivation is demonstrated, with maximum values of OUR = 2.5 mmol L -1 h -1 and a qOUR = 9.5 pmol cell -1 day -1 . Information about limitation of the primary and secondary substrate is derived by the monitoring of the metabolic cell activity of bacteria and yeast cultivation processes. This sensor contributes to a higher process understanding by offering an online view on to the cell behavior. In the sense of process analytical technology (PAT), this important information is needed for bioprocesses to realize a knowledge base process control.

Selective intubation of the left mainstem bronchus was accomplished successfully to treat a large pseudocyst of interstitial air in the right lung of an 890-g premature infant. The tube was left in place for 30 hours. Without the use of cutaneous oxygen monitoring to constantly evaluate the oxygenation of the baby and consequently, the correct position of the tube, this probably could not have been accomplished in such a small infant.