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This paper presents an allocator design that considers the power consumption of rotors in the attitude and altitude control system of a hexarotor drone. Based on the power consumption model, the proposed method computes the thrust force that minimizes the total power consumption of the rotor while satisfying the control force constraints required by the controller. To obtain the rotor power consumption model, we conducted experiments on the rotor characteristics using the motors and electronic speed controllers used in the drones. Finally, numerical simulations were performed using the obtained power consumption models to compare the rotor power consumption of the proposed method with that of the conventional method, quantitatively evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Science & Engineering / Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Science & Literature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The simplicity and cost of the control systems used in power converters are an urgent aspect. In this research, a simple and low cost voltage regulation system for a Buck converter system operating in uncertain conditions is provided. Using an electronic PID controller technique, the feedback control scheme of the presented Buck converter is carried out. Matlab software used a simulation environment for the proposed analog PID-based Buck converter scheme. The PID controller is easily implementable since it is built with basic and conventional electronic components like a resistor, capacitor and op-amp. The system simulation has high reliability as it is implemented using the Simscape package. The Simscape components used to build the converter system are modeled effectively taking into consideration including the practical factors such as internal resistance, tolerance and parasitic elements. This procedure certainly enhances the reliability of the simulation findings as the working conditions of the simulated system become more closer to the real-world conditions. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is employed to properly optimize tune the PID gains. The regulation process of the PID control scheme is assessed under voltage and load disturbances in order to explore the robustness of the Buck converter performance. The findings from the system simulation, under the uncertainties, show largest rise time and settling time of 20 ms and 25 ms respectively, zero overshoot and minimum steady state error response, except at load disturbance case there is a fluctuation of 1 V. Consequently, It can be said that the proposed Buck converter based on analog PID controller can be used efficiently in the industrial and power applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dedicating more attention to renewable energies and power electronic improvements results in increased direct current microgrids (DC MGs) application. However, DC MGs have some challenges with voltage adjustment and power sharing. To do so, a two-layer hierarchical control structure, including a new fully distributed secondary control strategy and conventional primary droop control method, is proposed and employed in this paper to share power and swiftly adjust the voltage accurately. Indeed, a distributed-averaging proportional-integral (DAPI) secondary control strategy is introduced. Another problem in DC MGs is the existence of constant power loads (CPLs), which may result in instability. To overcome the problems caused by CPLs, a term based on the output voltage of CPL is added to the proposed DAPI to prevent instability. The required control inputs are obtained using localized data of the DC bus and their neighbor’s secondary control inputs inspired by cooperative control. Besides, this strategy needs no knowledge of the microgrid topology, which enhances flexibility. For validating the proposed DAPI strategy in DC MGs, an islanded DC MG is simulated in the MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Comparing the results with those obtained from another existing method proves the performance of the proposed DAPI controller under different scenarios of plug-and-play, communication failure, and load changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a dynamic quadrotor unmanned aircraft vehicle driven by bidirectional electronic speed controllers is proposed to enhance maneuverability and stability. Bidirectional electronic speed controllers are applied to achieve rapid deceleration of motors during flight. To match with bidirectional electronic speed controllers, fractional order Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers are considered to attain better rapidity compared to PID controllers, and an innovative control allocation matrix with direction symbols is developed. The model, controllers, and allocation methods have been proven an effective scheme in simulations of attitude and position tracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking a rear‐wheel drive pure electric vehicle as the research object, considering the safety during braking and improving energy recovery rate, a study was conducted on the distribution strategy of front and rear axle braking force. During the braking process, the feedback braking force of the motor and the hydraulic braking force with an electronic stability controller (ESC) were coordinated and controlled, to ensure that the total required braking force was met. A fuzzy logic controller has been designed, with three variables of battery state of charge, vehicle speed, and braking intensity as inputs, and a modified motor braking ratio as output variable to prevent wheel lockup. Using Cruise software, a co‐simulation model was established with Amesim and Simulink, and simulation validation was conducted on the braking process and cycling conditions. The simulation results showed that the brake recovery strategy based on fuzzy control can effectively improve the vehicle's control performance and energy recovery rate compared to the Economic Commission of Europe regulation. The NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) working condition improved by 10.41% and the CLTC‐P (China Light‐duty Vehicle Test Cycle‐passenger) working condition improved by 10.57%. Effectively improving power consumption per 100 km, NEDC decreased by 1.81% and CLTC‐P decreased by 2.62%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power quality problem refers to the issues caused by the sudden rise of nonstandard voltage, current, or frequency. The problems that emerge from poor power quality due to non-linear loads are voltage sag, swell, interruptions, harmonics, and transients in distribution systems. Various compensation devices are used nowadays to improve power quality. The advances in power electronic technologies improve the reliability and functionality of power electronic based controllers, resulting in increased applications of FACTS devices like DSTATCOM and Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) which are fast, flexible, and efficient solutions to the power quality problems. These devices are used to restore the source, load voltage, and current disturbances caused by different loads and faults. These devices were tested in a standard IEEE 14-bus system for Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) minimization while utilizing PI-based Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Linear Regression (LR). The results were analyzed and compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small‐scale multirotor drones often require careful consideration of many aspects including the selection of structural parameters and the propulsion system. Double‐layer staggered octocopters (DLSOs) are a type of arrangement with advantages in structural layout and aerodynamic performance compared with other configurations, which can conserve structural space and restrict the aerodynamic interaction between the rotors. For the purpose of increasing thrust, reducing weight, and maximizing power efficiency, DLSOs are designed with the optimal combination of structural parameters and propulsion systems using noncustomized products. The optimization process is divided into two steps. First, utilizing the simulation results from Latin hypercube design‐guided sample points, a surrogate model is established by the radial basis function (RBF)–based neural network to forecast the thrust of the staggered rotors. An optimal structural configuration of the DLSO is then obtained by applying the adaptive geometry estimation–based multiobjective evolutionary algorithm (AGE‐MOEA). Second, based on an improved propulsion system sizing method, the propulsion system, including motors, electronic speed controllers (ESCs), and batteries, is further optimized using standard methods and noncustomized propulsion system product data, to minimize weight and maximize power efficiency. The optimized DLSO has greatly enhanced its total thrust and power efficiency when compared to some well‐known market products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electronic throttle valve (ETV) system is one of the essential parts of the automobile because it controls the amount of airflow into the engine's combustion system. In fact, there are challenges in ETV control due to several nonsmooth nonlinearities, such as backlash, stick‐slip friction, and a discontinuous nonlinear spring. This paper proposes eight control schemes; the first two are the conventional proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) controller and the fractional‐order PID (FOPID) controller, while the second two schemes are modified versions of conventional PID and FOPID using the integral of the arc tan function of the error rather than the error in the integral action. However, all these control schemes above have been studied with and without considering the technique of manipulating the windup problem or antiwindup. A metaheuristic optimization technique, namely, the grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm, is introduced for optimizing the controllers' parameters while minimizing the integral of the cube time square error (IT^3SE) cost function. A comparison study between these control schemes and other controllers has been conducted based on numerical simulation. The computer simulation demonstrates that the performance of the arc tan FOPID (AT‐FOPID) controller is superior to that of the other optimal control schemes and other controllers, as follows: best value of performance criterion IT^3SE, best exponential transmission of transient response, least overshoot, least rise time, least settling time, low control effort, least oscillations of the control signal, and smooth phase trajectory from the initial state to the target state without circling about the target. Finally, the most important feature of this scheme is its superior robustness compared to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the escalating integration of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) in contemporary vehicles, the intricacy of vehicle networks is incessantly advancing. Diagnostic communication, as a pivotal facet within these networks, grapples with protracted development cycles and heightened intricacies. In a bid to augment software reusability and portability, this study meticulously scrutinized pertinent research and proffered an electric vehicle fault diagnosis system predicated on the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus, leveraging the diagnostic communication architecture advocated by the AUTOSAR standard. The integration of AUTOSAR seeks to pioneer an innovative software development paradigm for automotive fault diagnosis systems, thereby remedying extant limitations. The communication and diagnostic module of this study were instantiated using AUTOSAR, thereby obviating the necessity for developers to immerse themselves in hardware intricacies and communication implementations. This allows developers to focalize their efforts on crafting software features for fault diagnosis. Empirical results illustrate that the single-core CPU utilization rate of the proposed method in this article stands at 40.68%, with a fault detection time of 0.0217. The success rate of fault detection is 98.70%, indicating an increase of 12.97% and 8.98% when compared to the CAN bus and structural analysis methods, respectively. Testing indicators are significantly mitigated, yielding more precise fault detection outcomes. The exploration of this avant-garde software development methodology in automotive electronic products markedly amplifies the efficiency of automotive troubleshooting system software, underscoring its potential for academic contribution and application in real-world scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brushless DC machines have demonstrated significant advantages in electrical engineering by eliminating commutators and brushes. Every year, these machines increase their presence in transportation applications. In this sense, early fault identification in these systems, specifically in the electronic speed controllers, is relevant for correct device operation. In this context, the techniques reported in the literature for fault identification based on the Hilbert–Huang transform have shown efficiency in electrical systems. This manuscript proposes a novel technique for early fault identification in electronic speed controllers based on the Hilbert–Huang transform algorithm. Initially, currents from the device are captured with non-invasive sensors in a time window during motor operation. Subsequently, the signals are processed to obtain pertinent information about amplitudes and frequencies using the Hilbert–Huang transform, focusing on fundamental components. Then, estimated parameters are evaluated by computing the error between signals. The existing electrical norms of a balanced system are used to identify a healthy or damaged driver. Through amplitude and frequency error analysis between three-phase signals, early faults caused by system imbalances such as current increasing, torque reduction, and speed reduction are detected. The proposed technique is implemented through data acquisition devices at different voltage conditions and then physical signals are evaluated offline through several simulations in the Matlab environment. The method's robustness against signal variations is highlighted, as each intrinsic mode function serves as a component representation of the signal and instantaneous frequency computation provides resilience against these variations. Two study cases are conducted in different conditions to validate this technique. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in identifying early faults in brushless DC motor drivers. This study provides data from each power line within the electronic speed controller to detect early faults and extend different approaches, contributing to addressing early failures in speed controllers while expanding beyond the conventional focus on motor failure analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While fire has facilitated significant technological and industrial advances, it is also a major threat that demands attention. The impact of fires, including the loss of human life and property, is a significant concern. This study proposes a novel fire detection and alert model that employs Internet of Things (IoT) technology to detect fires in real time. The specific objectives of this study are to model Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled fire detection system, assess its effectiveness, and compare it to existing methods to identify any gaps therein. The system comprises four sensors, each designed to detect fire-related factors. Sensors were connected to a NodeMCU microcontroller. The microcontroller analyzes sensor inputs in real time, providing precise information and alarm signals to building occupants and fire-fighting equipment. This study stands out in its exploration of this crucial area, including the application of Dijkstra's Algorithm to locate the fire service department. An experimental result shows that the model effectively detects fires and that the reaction time varies with the distance from the fire's source. The comparative data analysis between the existing system and proposed model demonstrates that the proposed model is more efficient, reliable, and better equipped to handle dynamic events than the existing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper offers innovative cooking utensil designs for remote, isolated, and even peri-urban communities at a low price, with high reliability and simple construction. It can alleviate energy poverty and improve food security. This utensil uses only local solar energy directly and allows comfortable indoor cooking. This paper provides the design principles of a solar cooker/frying pan or generic heater, based on a PV panel or a plurality of them, which are directly connected to a plurality of Positive Thermal Coefficient (PTC) resistors to match the power. PTCs are nowadays produced in massive quantities and are widely available at low cost. The proposed device does not require an electronic controller or a battery for its operation. The aim is for family use, although the design can be easily scaled to a larger size or power, maintaining its simplicity. Electric heating inside or attached to the cooking pot, plus the temperature self-limiting effect of PTCs, allows for thermally insulating the cooking pot from its outside using ordinary materials. Insulation enhances energy efficiency during cooking and keeps cooked food warm for a long time. Clean development would receive a significant impulse with its application. A simple mathematical model describes its functioning and states guidelines for adequate design. Its results indicate a successful proof of concept and high efficiency both for water and oil as representatives of cooking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The All-Photonics Network (APN), which is the basis of the Innovative Optical and Wireless Network (IOWN), has the characteristics of high speed, large capacity, low latency, and low power consumption compared with conventional networks. We aim to provide services that take full advantage of these characteristics as early as possible and expand their use. To operate high-quality services with these capabilities, the role of controllers has become more important than in conventional networks. In this article, we explain the APN-control function and APN-information-collection/analysis function, which are the main pillars of the APN-controller technology, as well as the value-added functions to implement the IOWN service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minimizing electric losses is critical to the success of battery-powered small unmanned aerial systems (SUASs) that weigh less than 25 kgf (55 lb). Losses increase energy and battery weight requirements which hinder the vehicle's range and endurance. However, engineers do not have appropriate models to estimate the losses of a motor, motor controller, or battery. The aerospace literature often assumes an ideal electrical efficiency or describes modeling approaches that are more suitable for controls engineers. The electrical literature describes detailed design tools that target the motor designer. We developed SUAS powertrain models targeted for vehicle designers and systems engineers. The analytical models predict each component's losses using high-level specifications readily published in SUAS component datasheets. We validated the models against parametric experimental studies involving novel powertrain flight data from a specially instrumented quadcopter. Given propeller torque and speed, our integrated models predicted a quadcopter's battery voltage within 5% of experimental data for a 5+ min mission despite motor and controller efficiency errors up to 10%. The models can reduce development costs and timelines for different stakeholders. Users can evaluate notional or existing powertrain configurations over entire missions without testing any physical hardware. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces two novel emulator circuits that employ a single active block. The first circuit utilizes a Voltage Differencing Transconductance Amplifier (VDTA) to emulate the behavior of a floating/grounded incremental/decremental flux-controlled meminductor. The second circuit, based on a Voltage Differencing Current Conveyor (VDCC), emulates the characteristics of memcapacitance. Both emulation circuits are constructed using capacitors as the only type of grounded passive element. Notably, these circuits possess electronic tunability, enabling control over the realized inverse meminductance/memcapacitance. The theoretical analysis of the proposed emulators includes an investigation into potential non-idealities and parasitic effects. By carefully selecting the passive circuit elements, efforts were made to minimize the impact of these unwanted effects. In comparison to existing designs documented in the literature, the proposed circuits demonstrate remarkable simplicity. Additionally, they exhibit wide frequency operability (up to 50 MHz) and successfully pass the non-volatility test. Simulation results conducted using 0.18 µm CMOS technology and a ±0.9 V supply voltage align closely with the theoretical predictions. Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulations and corner analysis are employed to evaluate the circuit's robustness. To validate the feasibility of the proposed solution, experimental tests are performed using commercially available components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Programmable photonic circuits require an electronic control layer to configure and stabilize the optical functionality at run‐time. Such control action is normally implemented by supervising the status of the circuit with integrated light monitors and by providing feedback signals to integrated actuators. This paper demonstrates that the control action can be effectively performed with electrical signals that are time‐multiplexed directly on the photonic chip. To this aim, the necessary electronic functionalities are monolithically integrated in a conventional 220 nm silicon photonics platform with no changes to the standard fabrication process. By exploiting a non‐conventional structure to implement metal‐oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistors, an electronic controller is co‐designed into a programmable photonic circuit to enable a time‐multiplexed readout of integrated photodetectors and sequential activation of thermal phase shifters with on‐chip electronic memory. The accuracy of the time‐multiplexed control, achieved on a time scale of less than 10 ms, is demonstrated by penalty‐free routing of 10 Gbit s−1 modulated signals. This approach can be straightforwardly applied to large‐scale photonic chips to reduce the number of required electrical input/output connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platforms has been increasing day by day and it has become an important technology. In this study, how the engines should be selected in the design of a rotary wing UAV system is considered a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem. This MCDM problem has not yet been encountered in the literature. Therefore, a hybrid MCDM approach based on the fuzzy Best Worst Method (BWM) and Multi Attributive Ideal-Real Comparative Analysis (MAIRCA) is proposed to solve this problem. In the proposed approach, the decision makers determine 6 criteria (KV value, thrust, weight, efficiency, battery, electronic speed controller (ESC)) and 6 different engine (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6) alternatives. The fuzzy BWM was used to calculate the weights of criteria, while the MAIRCA was used for the selection of alternatives. According to the results obtained, the three most effective criteria were thrust, KV value, and weight, respectively. The three best engine options were found as A3, A1, and A6. Moreover, sensitivity analysis was performed to observe the change in the ranking of alternatives according to different weights of criteria. MABAC, MARCOS, and COPRAS methods were used to compare the alternative rankings found with the MAIRCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of an automation controller for a “Electro-Hydro-Mechanical Object Laying System” presented in this paper is multidisciplinary equipment. It consists of Electromechanical, Hydraulic actuators several sensors for process feedback. The conventional object-laying process is a time and labour-intensive manual process. Another way of laying the objects is through mechanical layers, in which most operations are mechanical, require constant human intervention, lack operator safety and don’t provide location marking data of laid objects. Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) method is adopted to develop the apparatus. There are complex mechanisms and processes involved in this apparatus, which are required to be operated/executed in a sequential and parallel manner in real-time. Based on the computational requirement for the Controller, the cPCI bus-based rugged architecture has been adopted with software built on RTOS. Operation synchronization of spatially distributed Electromechanical & Hydraulic actuators is required. Safe handling of the objects is one of the critical requirements. All the activities are automated with minimum human intervention to avoid risk to the crew. The resultant outcome of this process is the time reduction for object readiness by 54 % without compromising safety. We achieved average object marking accuracy up to 30cm in dynamic conditions on the vehicle platform using differential GNSS with multi-constellation and augmentation system support. This paper mainly focuses on electronic controller hardware design for military environments and process optimization to achieve a faster object laying rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the advantages stemming from the application of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) in servo drives used within the control systems of industrial numerical machine tools. The method of improving the control system that allows for increasing the precision of machining, as well as incorporating new functionalities and streamlining diagnostic processes, is described. As demonstrated, the utilization of digital controllers with robust computational power and high-performance real-time communication interfaces is essential for achieving these objectives. This study underscores the limitations of commonly employed digital controllers in servo drives, which are constructed based on microcontrollers or signal processors collaborating with application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). In contrast, the proposed FPGA-based solution offers substantial computational power and significantly reduced latencies in the real-time communication interface compared to other examined alternatives. This enables the realization of the planned objectives, specifically the enhancement of technical parameters and diagnostic capabilities of machine tools. Furthermore, the research indicates that FPGA-based digital controllers exhibit relatively low power consumption and a simplified design of the electronic printed circuit board in comparison to other analyzed digital platforms. These features can contribute to heightened reliability and diminished production costs of such controllers. Additional conclusions drawn from the study indicate that FPGA-based controllers provide greater developmental possibilities and their production is marked by potential resilience to challenges associated with the availability of electronic components in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a renewed interest in germanium (Ge) as a material for beyond the silicon (Si) era for electronic and photonic applications, the GeO2/Ge interface remains to be controlled for making the best of Ge's advantages. Not only electrical challenges but also structural challenges must be considered. The crystallization of GeO2 on Ge without the desorption of GeO is clearly demonstrated. This demonstration means that the desorption of GeO observed in a GeO2/Ge stack is not the sole indicator of deterioration of the GeO2/Ge gate stack. Moreover, a study using atomic force microscopy demonstrates that a nonuniform reaction at the GeO2/Ge interface [with root mean square (rms) roughness of 2.3 nm] is observed on the initially flat Ge surface (rms: 0.3 nm). Furthermore, a reaction at the GeO2/Si interface is experimentally investigated in comparison with the GeO2/Ge case, and crystalline Ge islands are demonstrated to form on Si. These findings are of fundamental interest as well as of technical importance from the viewpoint of Ge-based electronics and photonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In current existences, many techniques have been developed to cast votes. The existing scenario is tremendously aiming towards the development of an efficient voting system, which ensures individual authentication and reduces malpractices. It is a challenging perspective to recognize each and every individual person casting the vote. The proposed work considers this scenario and developed a controller based electronic voting machine using R305 Fingerprint sensor for biometric authentication of every individual. The controlled electronic voting machine gives ample scope to cast the votes in simpler manner without minimizing the efficient results. The proposed digital Biometric-based EVM is presented in this work. The processed flow for creating this biometric based EVM is implemented on FPGA board using Verilog software on Xilinx ISE. The experimental results produce efficient verification of unique authentication on selections of political parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electronic mechanical brake (EMB) is considered an ideal actuator for brake-by-wire systems. We applied the negative radius roller cam mechanism as the clamping mechanism of the EMB, solving the problem of large size, poor load-bearing capacity, and the inefficiency of the existing EMBs. When designing a cam as a clamping transmission mechanism, it is necessary to take the pressure angle, contact stress, motion law, etc., as goals and constraints. Existing design methods cannot easily solve this problem. Therefore, we propose a new analysis method from the cam profile and combine it with an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to design the cam profiles. This method can handle various complex goals and constraints of the EMB and obtain the required negative radius roller cam profile. Finally, the logical consistency of the profile-based analysis method was verified, and the EMB design objectives and accuracy were compared using ADAMS. Under the same conditions, the result showed that the optimized cam mechanism requires only 40.52% motor power and only 65.65% clearance elimination time compared to the EMB with the lead screw mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regular maintenance inspections are necessary for industrial electrical panels. The project incorporated an IoT system that leverages embedded systems to streamline and expedite this process. This implementation rendered the electrical panel in real-time, enabling more efficient maintenance procedures. The project utilized an Odroid embedded system board as the central system controller and designed an electronic circuit for data communication. Software design was completed using the C++ programming language, and Dataplicity Cloud Commander was used as an interface for accessing the electrical panel online via phones or computers. This design allows technicians to continuously monitor the panel's protective relays, temperatures, and power supply voltages. The system underwent testing for various operating conditions and potential errors, resulting in a low-cost intelligent system that significantly reduces troubleshooting time for electrical panels by providing essential information quickly and easily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the construction of a real-time simulation testing environment for the electric propulsion systems of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) using a real-time simulator and KDECAN communication equipment. The proposed real-time simulation environment enables the testing of flight controllers and control algorithms using real-time control communication commands that are identical to those used during actual flight. The KDECAN protocol is analyzed and utilized in the proposed real-time simulation environment for control communication. A reduced-size lift–cruise UAV with eight lift motors (for takeoff) and one cruise motor (for cruising) is used as the target hardware for real-time simulation. This is used to verify the construction of the real-time simulation environment. The final goal of this work is to construct a real-time simulation environment for the stable application of propeller-driven devices, and the findings confirm the independent operation of the lift and cruise motors in the constructed testing environment. Additionally, the real-time monitoring of the state of the electronic speed controllers is verified, suggesting that the testing environment can be utilized as a verification tool for the control algorithms and system design data of electric propulsion systems in actual devices in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coaxial cylinder capacitive moisture sensor for determination of moisture content of table salts has been fabricated. The CMS method for determination of moisture content of table salts overcomes the effect of evaporation of iodine in table salt which results from heating in the oven drying method. The CMS overcomes the polarization effect result from the resistive methods of moisture content determination and it is non expensive to construct and it has high accuracy since measurements involves programming system in interpretation of the results. In this research, moisture content sensor based on capacitive principal created using two coaxial cylinders with height 5.207 cm, and different diameters of 4.303 cm and 1.198 cm embedded inside one another. The input signal of the CMS system was provided by the AC signal from the sensor capacitor, the capacitance of the sensor capacitor is directly proportional to the moisture content of the salt sample placed between the two coaxial cylinders of the sensor capacitor. The moisture content was obtained from the model m=6.6145×10-4 c+4.54044 for calibration of the CMS by using the OVD as a reference method for determination of moisture content in the table salts. The model was then validated by constructing the comparison plot of OVD and CMS moisture contents. The comparison graph of OVD and CMS MC against test had conceding error bars between OVD and CMS MC. The coefficient of determination of 0.94 was obtained and the correlation plot was a linear relation expressed as y=0.971x+0.773. The model was then validated by solving for moisture content from measured values of capacitance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Engineering Research & Development (IJERAD) is the property of International Journal of Engineering Research & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Solar drying of agricultural products is one of the key components in food handling and processing. Over the years critical evaluation of different dryer designs has been explored. However, this review paper presents the status of smart solar dryers (SSD). The article is largely focusing on key transition stages in the solar drying technology. Advancement and functionalism of dryer automation systems have been given a particular attention in this paper. Electronic controllers and sensors adopted in previous (2016 to 2022) dryer designs have been highlighted. The paper presents a brief overview of the commonly applied dryer kinetics and models. Economic attributes of smart solar dryers have been discussed in this review. There has been tremendous improvement in the level of intelligence being applied in SSD. PID controllers are the most used electronic control systems in SSD. The application of Internet of Things (IoT) through Arduino is now gaining wide recognition in emerging drying technologies. Aspects of thin layer modelling are extensively applied in the designing and operation of smart solar dryers. Life cycle cost and life benefit cost are figures of merit widely considered in measuring economic viability of any drying technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Plastics Science & Technology / Suliao Ke-Ji is the property of Plastics Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Microfluidic organ-on-a-chip (OoC) technology has enabled studies on dynamic physiological conditions as well as being deployed in drug testing applications. A microfluidic pump is an essential component to perform perfusion cell culture in OoC devices. However, it is challenging to have a single pump that can fulfil both the customization function needed to mimic a myriad of physiological flow rates and profiles found in vivo and multiplexing requirements (i.e., low cost, small footprint) for drug testing operations. The advent of 3D printing technology and open-source programmable electronic controllers presents an opportunity to democratize the fabrication of mini-peristaltic pumps suitable for microfluidic applications at a fraction of the cost of commercial microfluidic pumps. However, existing 3D-printed peristaltic pumps have mainly focused on demonstrating the feasibility of using 3D printing to fabricate the structural components of the pump and neglected user experience and customization capability. Here, we present a user-centric programmable 3D-printed mini-peristaltic pump with a compact design and low manufacturing cost (~USD 175) suitable for perfusion OoC culture applications. The pump consists of a user-friendly, wired electronic module that controls the operation of a peristaltic pump module. The peristaltic pump module comprises an air-sealed stepper motor connected to a 3D-printed peristaltic assembly, which can withstand the high-humidity environment of a cell culture incubator. We demonstrated that this pump allows users to either program the electronic module or use different-sized tubing to deliver a wide range of flow rates and flow profiles. The pump also has multiplexing capability as it can accommodate multiple tubing. The performance and user-friendliness of this low-cost, compact pump can be easily deployed for various OoC applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the structure and magnetotransport properties of buckypaper films comprising multiwall carbon nanotubes with a Bernal-like concentric shell structure and mixed Russian doll and jellyroll structure filled along the capillary core with micrometer-long ferromagnetic Fe-based nanowires. Our results show a not previously reported dependence of the magnetoconductance (MC) on the concentration of carbon nanotube (CNT) defects, which can be tuned experimentally by modifying the quantity of dichlorobenzene precursor and interpreted by a weak localization mechanism. Surprisingly, no MC contribution arising from the encapsulated ferromagnetic nanocrystals could be probed, despite the high filling ratio (above 39%) of the CNTs. Such an unusual result suggests that the presence of highly resistive Fe/C interfacial regions prevents the interaction between transport electrons and encapsulated ferromagnetic crystals. Our results may have important implications in electronics and data storage systems where separate engineering of conductance by defects and ferromagnetism by filled crystals could result in multifunctional applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Experimental Technology & Management is the property of Experimental Technology & Management Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Currently, design solutions have almost exhausted the possibilities of further increasing the power and efficiency of Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motors. The main limitation of the power increase with the existing dimensions is the permissible operating temperature of the enamel insulation of the winding wire and the heating of neodymium magnets. The article analyzes the temperature dependences of BLDC motor components depending on the materials used. In addition, ways of modernization of BLDC motors with the help of new materials and structural solutions are being considered. All the theoretical approaches considered have been implemented in practice; their effectiveness has been proven by experiments. A new design of the BLDC motor rotor allowing improving the heat sink of the neodymium magnets used, which has an overall impact on their magnetic strength and lifecycle, is discussed. The article explores the use of new materials for various components of a BLDC motor to improve its thermal, mechanical, and magnetic characteristics. The main goal of the ongoing modernization is to increase the power and service life of the BLDC without changing their dimensions, which is very important when using them in UAVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A photovoltaic (PV) system is composed of a PV panel, controller and boost converter. This review article presents a critical review, contributing to a better understanding of the interrelationship of all these internal devices in the PV system, their respective layouts, fundamental working principles, and architectural effects. The PV panel is a power-generating device. A controller is an electronic device that controls the circulating circuits in a PV system to collect as much PV output as possible from the solar panel. The boost converter is an intermediate device that regulates the PV output based on the duty cycle provided by the controller. This review article also updates readers on the latest information regarding the technological evolution of these interconnected devices, along with their predicted future scope and challenges. Regarding the research on PV panels, this paper explains in depth the mathematical modeling of PV cells, the evolution of solar cell technology over generations, and their future prospects predicted based on the collected evidence. Then, connection patterns of PV modules are studied to better understand the effect of PV array configuration on photovoltaic performance. For the controller, state-of-the-art maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are reviewed under the classification to reveal near-term trends in MPPT applications. On the other hand, various converter topologies proposed from 2020 to 2022 are reviewed in terms of tested frequency, voltage gain, and peak efficiency to comprehend recent evolution trends and future challenges. All presented information is intended to facilitate and motivate researchers to deepen relevant applications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Accounting & Financial Studies Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using simulation from analog electronic circuits and from a microcontroller, this paper considers the control or synchronization of pulse-like self-sustained oscillators described by the equations derived from the chemical system known as Brusselator. The attention is focused on the effect of proportional control when the Brusselator is subjected to disturbances such as pulse-like oscillations and square signals. The analog electronic circuits simulation is based on Multisim, while the microcontroller simulation uses mikroC software and PIC 18F4550. In order to determine the intervals for which the synchronization is effective, the equations of the Brusselator are solved numerically using the fourthorder Runge-Kutta method. As software used for conducting numerical simulations, FORTRAN 95 version PLATO is used for numerical simulation and MATLAB for plotting curves using the data generated from FORTRAN simulations. It has been shown that the control is effective for some values of the proportional control parameter. A good qualitative and quantitative agreement is found from the results of the numerical simulation and those obtained from the analog electronic circuits as well as those delivered by the microcontroller. Since the oscillations delivered by the heart are pulsed oscillations, this study gives an idea of how to control the heart frequency of an individual whose heart is subject to certain disturbances related to stress or illness, to name just a few examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proper sizing of the electronic target to implement complex controllers is barely tackled at engineering schools. An incorrect selection leads, at best, to inefficient use of resources and unnecessarily high costs. In this work, the criteria to implement the electronic Lyapunovbased controller for non-linear trajectory tracking of a P3-DX robot is focused on. After comparing pros and cons of the four alternatives, test results are shown with two of them: NUC8i5INH microcomputer and STM32F767 single chip board. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article puts forward an idea for dc electromagnetically (EM) actuated switching devices operation improvement by means of an electronic controller application. The idea is aimed at applying compensation for the movable armature inertia and the time required for coil (de)energization. Based on the results of the measurements of the tested contactors switching parameters, the most efficient (de)energizing conditions for “near–to–zero” synchronized switching (NZSS) method application were determined. The NZSS process realization approach operates on the principle of controlling the driving coil supply voltage delivery moment. By means of the same controller circuit, voltage-zero synchronized contacts making and current-zero synchronized contacts breaking operations were realized. The method was experimentally verified for various supply conditions and load parameters. Long-term tests confirm the suitability of the method for low-voltage (LV) EM actuated switching devices. The circuit was able to control various EM drives with no modification required for the structure in which it was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electric Power Automation Equipment / Dianli Zidonghua Shebei is the property of Electric Power Automation Equipment Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyses the automatic control effect of an electronic controller, combined with artificial intelligence technology in order to improve the automatic control of an electronic controller. In order to improve the automatic control effect of the electronic controller, a novel centralized intelligent reflective surface-assisted millimeter-wave computational imaging scheme based on pixel block division and block sparse signal recovery is proposed in this paper. Meanwhile, this paper proposes a fast block-sparse Bayesian learning algorithm. It combines the GAMP algorithm with machine learning, so it can achieve similar performance with much lower computational complexity than the traditional block sparse Bayesian learning algorithm. The simulation clustering study shows that the electronic controller automation system based on artificial intelligence technology proposed in this paper can effectively improve the control effect of the electronic controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stand-alone hydropower plant is a major energy source in grid isolated zone because they do not require dams to be built. In a stand-alone hydropower plant Voltage and frequency, instability is caused by the load variation. This can cause the alternator to spin very quickly or very slowly, causing the induced voltage and output frequency to rise or fall. Furthermore, if the rate of alternator growth is too high or too low, the load appliances connected to the generator can undergo huge damage. For optimal overall performance of a small hydropower plant, generated voltage and frequency must be within the required range. To overcome these issues, a system is discussed in this paper. The proposed system not only stabilizes stand-alone hydropower plant output through an electronic load control system but is also easy and price-effective. Electronic load controller managed small hydro energy generation that takes into vital parameters, i.e, stabilization of both voltage and frequency despite variable consumer load. The presented technique consists of PID and fuzzy logic control system and also a couple of DC motors interconnected with an Hbridge to control the water valve known as a gate. The proposed control system also consists of several dummy loads to dump the extra generated power to keep the output power constant and to overcome frequency variations. For increased efficiency and life span of the generator, dummy loads used are switched only at zero crossings of a sinusoidal signal. The proposed system is implemented on both Simulink/MATLAB and Proteus. The simulation results prove that the presented technique overcomes the challenges of stand-alone hydropower plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This painting offers a more grounded FACTS regulator for overseeing strength float in IPFC transmission structures. Vulnerability among controllers, significant expenses, and tremendous postpones in transmission line creation are a couple of the difficulties which have brought about the immense voltage variance bandwidth that exists in loads of regions today. Tackling those inconveniences will require the use of an innovative vision concerning all elements concerned. Low-influence innovations like bendy AC transmission structures (FACTS) and dc associations have been affirmed to be a solid and worth strong method for further developing transmission capacity and steadfastness throughout the long term. Interline power skim regulator (IPFC) is another FACTS regulator idea for assortment repayment that has the specific capacity of taking care of power accepting the way things are all through many follows in a substation. In this review, a five-level flowed H-Bridge inverter IPFC with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) regulator is proposed for the better essential gadget in general execution, consonant markdown, quicker reaction, and settling to regular working circumstances. The brain network is developed and talented inside the MATLAB/Neural Network Fitting Tool (NNFT) system. This perception looks at a five-stage flowed H-Bridge inverter IPFC with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) regulator to a flowed IPFC with the fluffy rationale regulator. With the IPFC ANN regulator, general symphonious bending (THD) is decreased and the voltage profile is kept up. List TERM: Interline power accepts the way things are regulators (IPFC), staggered inverters, oversee calculations, voltage supply converters, and ANN regulators, FACTS devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evident change in the design of the autopilot system produced massive help for the aviation industry and it required frequent upgrades. Reinforcement learning delivers appropriate outcomes when considering a continuous environment where the controlling Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) required maximum accuracy. In this paper, we designed a hybrid framework, which is based on Reinforcement Learning and Deep Learning where the traditional electronic flight controller is replaced by using 3D hand gestures. The algorithm is designed to take the input from 3D hand gestures and integrate with the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) to receive the best reward and take actions according to 3D hand gestures input. The UAV consist of a Jetson Nano embedded test bed, Global Positioning System (GPS) sensor module, and Intel depth camera. The collision avoidance system based on the polar mask segmentation technique detects the obstacles and decides the best path according to the designed reward function. The analysis of the results has been observed providing best accuracy and computational time using novel design framework when compared with traditional Proportional Integral Derivatives (PID) flight controller. There are six reward functions estimated for 2500, 5000, 7500, and 10000 episodes of training, which have been normalized between 0 to -4000. The best observation has been captured on 2500 episodes where the rewards are calculated for maximum value. The achieved training accuracy of polar mask segmentation for collision avoidance is 86.36%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional multicopter design method usually requires a long iterative process to find the optimal design based on given performance requirements. The method is uneconomical and inefficient. In this article, a practical method is proposed to automatically calculate the optimal multicopter design according to the given design requirements including flight time, altitude, payload capacity, and maneuverability. The proposed method contains two algorithms, including an off-line algorithm and an online algorithm. The off-line algorithm finds the optimal components (propeller and electronic speed controller) for each motor to establish its component combination, and subsequently, these component combinations and their key performance parameters are stored in a combination database. The online algorithm obtains the multicopter design results that satisfy the given requirements by searching through the component combinations in the database and calculating the optimal parameters for the battery and airframe. Subsequently, these requirement-satisfied multicopter design results are obtained and sorted according to an objective function that contains evaluation indexes, including size, weight, performance, and practicability. The proposed method has the advantages of high precision and quick calculating speed because parameter calibrations and time-consuming calculations are completed offline. Experiments are performed to validate the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method. Comparisons with the brutal search method and other design methods demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method. Note to Practitioners—The proposed method is fast and practical to obtain an optimal solution by only using a low-performance web server, and the algorithm has been published online at http://www.flyeval.com/recalc.html to provide an online optimization design service for users. To make it convenient to apply the proposed method to multicopter designs, the propulsion system combination database obtained by our off-line algorithm is released along with the article. This database includes more than 1500 experimentally calibrated propulsion combinations, which are adequate for readers to use the proposed optimization algorithms to design multicopters with weights (sizes) ranging from 0.2 to 50 kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the use of hybrid renewable sources for example solar and wind turbines, an autonomous electric power generation system based on self-sufficient electric power generation is built in order to promote a smart and ecologically friendly environment. The three-phase inverter that links this scattered generating unit to the grid is in charge of ensuring that it is properly connected to the grid. While the energy produced by the hybrid unit is being utilized, it is also being stored in the batteries so that it may be used to transport power when other sources of power are not available, such as when the grid is down. This stand-alone power conversion and storage system is being built with the aid of power electronic converters and controllers, among other components, in order to ensure balanced power flow operation. To produce PWM pulses for the generator side converter, a PI controller is utilized. On the PV side, an improved PI controller is used to drive the SEPIC converter, which increases the transient responsiveness of the converter while it is being controlled by the controller. In order to communicate with the grid, the generated electricity is routed via a three-phase inverter that is controlled according to the DQ theory. The challenges connected with poor power quality are substantially resolved by the converters that have been presented. For simplicity of use, an automated control function has been introduced; in addition, an interactive MATLAB model of the system is being developed for minor and medium-scale microgrid applications; also, a prototype is being created to verify the simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the automatic test effect of the electronic controller, this paper combines the intelligent control algorithm to construct the automatic test system of the electronic controller. Moreover, the paper makes a detailed theoretical analysis of several basic problems relating to signal integrity and gives a general method to solve the main SI problems. In addition, this paper analyzes the principle of the microstrip transmission line parameter model and its relationship with the signal integrity and constructs an automated test system for an intelligent electronic controller. The simulation test results show that the electronic controller automated test system based on the intelligent control algorithm proposed in this paper can play an important role in the electronic controller automated test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wire harness assembly process is a complicated manufacturing activity, which is becoming more complex because of the evolving nature of mechatronic and electronic products that require more connectors, sensors, controllers, communication networking, etc. Furthermore, the demand for wire harnesses continues to grow in all industries worldwide as the majority of equipment, appliances, machinery, vehicles, etc., are becoming "smart" (i.e., more mechatronic or electronic). Moreover, most of the wire harness assembly process tasks are done manually, and most of these are considered non-ergonomic for human assembly workers. Hence, the wire harness manufacturing industry is faced with the challenge of increasing productivity while improving the occupational health of its human assembly workers. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a literature review exploring the state of the use of collaborative robots in the wire harness assembly process due to their potential to reduce current occupational health problems for human assembly workers and increase the throughput of wire harness assembly lines, and to provide main findings, discussion, and further research directions for collaborative robotics in this application domain. Eleven papers were found in the scientific literature. All papers demonstrated the potential of collaborative robots to improve the productivity of wire harness assembly lines, and two of these in particular on the ergonomics of the wire harness assembly process. None of the papers reviewed presented a cost–benefit or a cycle time analysis to qualitatively and/or quantitatively measure the impact of the incorporation of collaborative robots in the wire harness assembly process. This represents an important area of opportunity for research with relevance to industry. Three papers remark on the importance of the integration of computer vision systems into a collaborative wire harness assembly process to make this more versatile as many types of wire harnesses exist. The literature review findings call for further research and technological developments in support of the wire harness manufacturing industry and its workers in four main categories: (i) Collaborative Robotics and Grippers, (ii) Ergonomics, (iii) Computer Vision Systems, and (iv) Implementation Methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Firmware Over-The-Air (FOTA) technology aims at updating the firmware of mobile computing devices via wireless. In the automotive industry, FOTA can keep the firmware of the various electronic controllers up-to-date without any manual intervention, so that to improve the operational performance and quickly fix the security vulnerabilities of vehicles. Of course, FOTA must avoid that a malicious party installs vulnerable or backdoored firmware on electronic controllers, which may lead to safety risks for the driver. It follows that a FOTA management system must guarantee the integrity and authenticity of all the firmware updates. While these security requirements are generally guaranteed by means of digital signatures, the advent of quantum computing is making traditional signature schemes increasingly vulnerable. Large-scale quantum computers able to break RSA and ECDSA could appear during the long lifetime of vehicles that are now in production, which can often reach two decades. In this paper, we experimentally evaluate the performance from an automotive FOTA perspective of Crystals-Dilithium and Falcon, two quantum-resistant lattice-based digital signature schemes that have been selected in 2022 by the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography standardization process, and that represent the most probable choices for the future security technology. In particular, we evaluate the running time of various cryptographic operations performed by Uptane, which is a standard for automotive FOTA systems by the IEEE Industry Standards and Technology Organization, on three reference hardware architectures representing different classes of electronic control units. By means of experiments we also highlight that the hashing function is the primary limiting factor for the performance of automotive FOTA and, consequently, is the most convenient component to accelerate in hardware to improve FOTA execution time. Finally, we propose a hardware accelerator for SHAKE, the hash function used by both Crystals-Dilithium and Falcon, and experimentally evaluate the performance improvement that it brings about in automotive FOTA operations. • We evaluate the performance of post-quantum signatures in automotive FOTA. • We show that hashing is the most convenient component to accelerate to improve FOTA. • We propose a hardware accelerator for SHAKE and experimentally evaluate it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel application of the chaos game optimization (CGO) algorithm to optimally design PI controllers for power electronic interface circuits of offshore wind farms (OWF) consisting of a permanent magnet synchronous generator powered by a variable-speed wind turbine. The OWF is linked to the network via a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system. The CGO metaheuristic method is employed to fine-tune voltage source converter (VSC)-based HVDC transmission systems' proportional-integral controller gains. The study explores multiple strategies to extract the highest power from the system while ensuring stability under symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault conditions. The CGO algorithm consistently yields superior results to other algorithms, improving system regaining and stability post disturbances. Consequently, the technique enhances the dynamic and transient stability of the OWF. The detailed study is implemented using MATLAB/Simulink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present an industrial cold walled Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) system, which can be controlled by either a traditional programmable logic controller (PLC) system or a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) prototyping board. This work presents an FPGA controlled system that takes ladder diagram (LD) control for a PLC and converts this control to Verilog HDL and programs an FPGA such that the FPGA prototyping board is used to control a real industrial application. We explore this approach since FPGA implementation of LD control could significantly reduce the cost of implementing these controllers with other potential advantages such as the improved granularity of timing control from milliseconds to nanoseconds, additional available pins for inputs and outputs far exceeding that of microprocessors, and lower power consumption for control. In this work, we provide details and descriptions of our industrial system (ALD), the LD control of this system and its implementation, our software flow to convert LDs to Verilog HDL, and our FPGA prototype board design to replace the existing electronic controller. We show how our LD-Verilog HDL converter in conjunction with FPGAs matches a PLC and demonstrate some of the benefits of using an FPGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]