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IntroductionComplete revascularization (CR) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and multivessel disease (MVD), is associated with a reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). However, there is uncertainty about whether nonculprit-lesion revascularization should be performed, during index hospitalization or delayed, especially regarding health care resources utilization. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of in-hospital nonculprit-lesion revascularization vs. delayed (after discharge) revascularization on the length of index hospitalization.MethodsIn this single-center study, we randomly assigned patients with STEMI and MVD who underwent successful culprit-lesion PCI to a strategy of either CR during in-hospital admission or a delayed CR after discharge. The first primary endpoint was the length of hospital stay. The second endpoint was the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction or ischemia-driven revascularization at 12 months (MACE).ResultsFrom January 2018 to December 2022, we enrolled 258 patients (131 allocated to CR during in-hospital admission and 127 to an after-discharge CR). We found a significant reduction in the length of hospital stay in those assigned to after-discharge CR strategy [4 days (3-5) versus 7 days (5-9); p = 0.001]. At 12-month of follow-up, no differences were found in the occurrence of MACE, 7 (5.34%) patients in in-hospital CR and 4 (3.15%) in after-discharge CR strategy; (hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.17 to 2.02; p = 0.397).ConclusionsIn STEMI patients with MVD, an after-discharge CR strategy reduces the length of index hospitalization without an increased risk of MACE after 12 months of follow-up.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT04743154.

Abstract Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is a marker of pulmonary vascular remodeling. A non-invasive model assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has been proposed to estimate PVR. However, its accuracy has not yet been evaluated in patients with heart failure. We prospectively included 108 patients admitted with acute heart failure (AHF), in whom a right heart catheterization (RHC) and CMR were performed at the same day. PVR was estimated by CMR applying the model: PVR = 19.38 − [4.62 × Ln pulmonary artery average velocity (in cm/s)] − [0.08 × right ventricle ejection fraction (in %)], and by RHC using standard formulae. The median age of the cohort was 67 years (interquartile range 58–73), and 34% were females. The median of PVR assessed by RHC and CMR were 2.2 WU (1.5–4) and 5 WU (3.4–7), respectively. We found a weak correlation between invasive PVR and PVR assessed by CMR (Spearman r = 0.21, p = 0.02). The area under the ROC curve for PVR assessed by CMR to detect PVR ≥ 3 WU was 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.47–0.68. In patients with AHF, the non-invasive estimation of PVR using CMR shows poor accuracy, as well as a limited capacity to discriminate increased PVR values.

BackgroundWe aimed to compare the performance of the recent CASTLE score to J-CTO, CL and PROGRESS CTO scores in a comprehensive database of percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic total occlusion procedures.MethodsScores were calculated using raw data from 1,342 chronic total occlusion procedures included in REBECO Registry that includes learning and expert operators. Calibration, discrimination and reclassification were evaluated and compared.ResultsMean score values were: CASTLE 1.60±1.10, J-CTO 2.15±1.24, PROGRESS 1.68±0.94 and CL 2.52±1.52 points. The overall percutaneous coronary intervention success rate was 77.8%. Calibration was good for CASTLE and CL, but not for J-CTO or PROGRESS scores. Discrimination: the area under the curve (AUC) of CASTLE (0.633) was significantly higher than PROGRESS (0.557) and similar to J-CTO (0.628) and CL (0.652). Reclassification: CASTLE, as assessed by integrated discrimination improvement, was superior to PROGRESS (integrated discrimination improvement +0.036, pConclusionProcedural percutaneous coronary intervention difficulty is not consistently depicted by available chronic total occlusion scores and is influenced by the characteristics of each chronic total occlusion cohort. In our study population, including expert and learning operators, the CASTLE score had slightly better overall performance along with CL score. However, we found only intermediate performance in the c-statistic predicting chronic total occlusion success among all scores.

El tratamiento anticoagulante y antiagregante del síndrome coronario agudo puede derivar en complicaciones hemorrágicas graves. Una complicación que puede pasar desapercibida es la hemorragia alveolar difusa que causa insuficiencia respiratoria aguda y que es potencialmente mortal. Se presentan dos casos del síndrome coronario agudo complicados con la hemorragia alveolar. Se discuten los factores predisponentes, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de esta entidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction and objectives: The optimal treatment of nonculprit angiographic intermediate lesions (diameter stenosis 40%-69%) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is still unknown. Lesions with fractional flow reserve (FFR) ≤ 0.80 are indicative of ischemia and benefit from revascularization. However, lesions with FFR > 0.80 and optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings of vulnerability have been hypothesized to cause adverse events during follow-up. The study aims to compare the efficacy of a preventive treatment with stent implantation plus optimal medical therapy vs optimal medical therapy alone for nonculprit intermediate lesions with FFR > 0.80 and OCT findings of plaque vulnerability in STEMI patients at 4 years of follow-up. Methods: This parallel-group, multicenter, controlled, single-blind, and 1:1 randomized trial will enroll a total of 600 STEMI patients with ≥ 1 intermediate nonculprit lesions with FFR > 0.80 and OCT findings of plaque vulnerability. The primary endpoint is target vessel failure, defined as the composite of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, or target vessel revascularization. The study will include a parallel registry of patients with FFR > 0.80 but without OCT findings of vulnerability. Vulnerable plaques are defined as lipid-rich fibroathermas with plaque burden ≥ 70% and a thin fibrous cap (≤ 80 μm). Results: The VULNERABLE trial will reveal the role of preventive treatment with stent implantation for nonculprit and functionally nonsignificant vulnerable plaques in STEMI patients. Conclusions: This is the first randomized trial of OCT-guided treatment of vulnerables plaques. Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05599061).

Introducción y objetivos: El tratamiento óptimo de las lesiones angiográficas intermedias (diámetro de estenosis 40-69%) no culpables en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST) está por determinar. La reserva fraccional de flujo (RFF) permite diagnosticar lesiones causantes de isquemia (RFF ≤ 0,80) que se benefician de una revascularización. No obstante, las lesiones con RFF > 0,80 y criterios de vulnerabilidad por tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) también se ha hipotetizado que pueden causar eventos adversos en el seguimiento. El objetivo es comparar la eficacia del tratamiento preventivo con implantación de stent más tratamiento médico óptimo de lesiones intermedias no culpables con RFF > 0,80 y características de placa vulnerable frente a solo tratamiento médico óptimo en pacientes con IAMCEST a 4 años de seguimiento. Métodos: Estudio de grupos paralelos, multicéntrico, controlado, aleatorizado 1:1 y simple ciego. Se incluirán 600 pacientes con IAMCEST y al menos una lesión intermedia no culpable que presenten RFF > 0,80 y características de placa vulnerable por OCT. El objetivo primario se define como fallo del vaso diana, compuesto de muerte cardiaca, infarto del vaso diana y necesidad de revascularización del vaso diana. El estudio incluye un registro paralelo para pacientes con RFF > 0,80 sin características de placa vulnerable. Se define placa vulnerable como fibroateromas lipídicos con carga de placa ≥ 70% y capa fibrosa fina (≤ 80 µm). Resultados: El estudio VULNERABLE permitirá conocer el papel del tratamiento preventivo con stent de placas vulnerables no culpables funcionalmente no significativas en pacientes con IAMCEST. Conclusiones: Se trata del primer estudio aleatorizado para el tratamiento de placas vulnerables guiado por OCT. Registrado en ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05599061).