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Purpose: The present study aimed to examine the effect of received remittance inflows on the price level ratio of the purchasing power parity conversion factor to the market exchange rate in 36 developed and developing countries from 2004 to 2020. Design/methodology/approach: The panel data conducted a comparative analysis and used panel least squares, regression with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors of fixed effect, random effect, feasible generalised least squares and maximum likelihood robust least squares to overcome the heterogeneity issue. Furthermore, the two-step difference generalised method of moments to overcome the endogeneity issue. Diagnostic tests were used to increase robustness. Findings: In the studied countries, there was a statistically significant negative relationship between received remittance inflows and the price-level ratio of the purchasing power parity conversion factor to the market exchange rate. This relationship explains why remittance flows depreciate the real exchange rate. The study's results also indicated that attracting investments can improve the quality of institutions despite high tax rates, leading to low tax revenue. Originality/value: The current study findings enrich the understanding of policies of how governments should minimise tariff rates on capital imports and introduce export-oriented incentive programmes. The study also revealed that Dutch disease can occur due to differences in the demand structure and manufacturing development policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Migration Report 2020 shows that the number of international migrants increased from 84 million in 1970–272 million in 2019, accounting for 3.5% of the world’s population. This paper investigates the aggregated effect of emigration on the tax revenue of sending countries with a focus on developing nations. Using a gravity approach, we construct a time-varying exogenous instrument out of measures of changes in transportation technology from geographic time-invariant dyadic characteristics. Then, we follow an instrumental variable approach where we use our predicted emigration rate as an instrument of the observed migration rate. The results show that the predicted emigration rate is a good instrument of the current emigration rate for developing countries, and that there is a positive aggregated effect of emigration on tax revenue of sending countries. The results vary depending on the type of tax: emigration increases goods and services tax revenue, but it decreases income, profit, and capital gains tax revenue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research was to identify and assess the professional problems of women who hold managerial positions. In addition, factors influencing the female style of management were identified and the level of discrimination against women as well as the level of gender equality in Poland and in the European Union was assessed, using the gender equality index.

This paper studies the labor market impacts of the Venezuelan immigration in Colombia. Exploiting spatial variation in exposure, I find a negative effect on native wages driven by the informal sector (where immigrants are concentrated) and a reduction in native employment in the formal sector (where the minimum wage binds for many workers). To explain this, I build a model in which a firm substitutes formal for informal labor in response to lower informal wages. Consistent with the model’s predictions, I document that the decrease in formal employment is driven by small firms that use both labor types in production and by workers earning the minimum wage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of individuals’ emotions in determining their concerns about international migration. For the empirical analysis, we exploit little-explored information in the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) data on individuals’ negative emotions, e.g., anger, fear, and sadness. We find that the frequency of experiencing negative emotions is positively associated with immigration concerns. Moreover, we show that the relationship varies across employment status, birth cohort, and social media usage. Our analysis also underscores the real-life consequence of emotions by demonstrating their positive association with support for far-right political parties among males, but not among females. Finally, we exploit the exogenous variation in negative emotions induced by the death of a parent to infer causality. Fixed effects regressions with instrumental variables exhibit a positive impact of negative emotions on immigration concerns among females, but no significant effects are found among males. Further investigation into channels driving these gender differences in results underscores gender differences in roles played by other concerns that often carry over to determine individuals’ immigration concerns, e.g., concerns about international terrorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtaining representative information on hosts and displaced populations in a single survey is not straightforward. This article demonstrates the value of combining traditional and nontraditional sampling frames, geospatial information, and listing exercises to design a representative survey of hosts and Rohingya displaced populations in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. The article applies innovative segmentation techniques using geospatial data to delimit enumeration areas in the absence of updated cartography. The article also highlights the importance of listing exercises to inform stratification decisions and update population counts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrorism globally yields severe consequences for individuals and societies, potentially driving migration within and across borders. Yet, empirical evidence on its causal impact remains limited. The contribution of our paper is twofold. First, we construct various indicators of terrorist activity at a fine level of spatial and temporal granularity, which allow to accurately identify individuals’ exposure to terrorist threat. Second, we use these geo-localised indicators to empirically analyse the role of terrorist attacks in shaping internal and international migration intentions for 133 countries between 2007 and 2015. Our results indicate that terrorist attacks spur both internal and international migration intentions, though the effect is stronger for the latter. The effect on international migration intentions is linked to the intensity of attacks, rather than their frequency. Furthermore, the impact varies based on individual and country characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When will members of a diaspora lend to the government in their country of origin? Diasporans make important contributions to developing countries by sending remittances and investment home. However, little is known about when and why diaspora communities are willing to invest in the governments of their country of origin. Diasporans may invest at home because of their affinity with their country of origin, whether in the form of national pride, stake in economic development, or political support. This paper investigates whether these different affinity-based motivations explain the interest of diaspora members in purchasing home country government bonds. We use a survey experiment fielded to members of the Pakistani diaspora living in the United States to investigate diaspora members' willingness to invest in home government bonds. We randomly manipulate the framing of the bond to measure heterogeneity in willingness to buy the home country government bond. We find that national pride and a stake in economic development are the strongest drivers for an individual's choice to invest in a home country bond. We corroborate these findings with follow-up interviews that reveal the resonance of appeals to national identity and developmental support. The findings have implications for the design and marketing of diaspora bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether or not immigration negatively affects the labor market outcomes of natives is an ongoing debate. One challenge for empirical evidence is the simultaneity of supply- and demand-side effects. To isolate the demand side, we focus on refugees in Germany who are exogenously allocated to districts and excluded from the labor market. We leverage quasi-random variation in the local refugee share as an instrument to show that an influx of 1000 asylum-seekers creates almost 300 jobs in a district, on average. This effect is mainly driven by a demand for additional (female) labor in service, public administration and social work. The results are robust to various sensitivity checks and an alternative difference-in-differences identification strategy. Moreover, we show that employment effects largely offset the financial burden on the public. Quantifying the demand side of immigration adds to our understanding of local labor market dynamics in an increasingly mobile world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study unveils the causal effect of authoritative violence on individuals’ likelihood to migrate. Specifically, we examine the migration patterns of Venezuelans during the 2017–2018 political and economic crisis. We draw insights from regional-level data on civilian casualties caused by security forces, along with information extracted from the ENCOVI-2018 survey data that captures migration flows. The estimates rely on travel time from the capital city as an instrumental variable and are robust to the inclusion of several household- and socio-economic regional-level characteristics. The findings strongly suggest that authoritative violence is a significant non-economic push factor for international migration. Moreover, additional evidence indicates that this type of violence influences the skill composition of migrants, especially in the context of South-to-South migration flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a matching model to analyze the smuggling market for forced migrants, building on the empirical evidence related to the smuggling of migrants from the Horn of Africa and the Middle East to Europe in the last decade. Comparative statics for the equilibrium solution reveal that coercion-based measures targeting the smugglers reduce the number of irregular migrants and smugglers at the expense of migrants’ overall welfare. Slightly increasing legal migration opportunities has the interesting feature of reducing irregular flows, without deteriorating migrants’ welfare or increasing the total number of migrants. An extremely restrictive asylum policy has similar effects in terms of the flows of irregular migrants as a quite loose one, with the largest flows of irregular migrants occurring under a “middle-range” policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For over a decade, developing nations have used foreign direct investment and trade to access advanced economies’ technology and knowledge. However, the role of emigrants in promoting the productive capacity of their home countries through the diffusion of knowledge and novel technologies has been relatively overlooked. The present study investigated the relationship between emigration stock and productive knowledge embedded in their origin economy, as measured by the Economic Complexity Index (ECI). The study applied a GMM Panel Vector Autoregressive (PVAR) technique to 86 non-high-income countries between 1995 and 2020. In principle, the PVAR model findings indicated that international emigrants promoted the level of technology and knowledge in their home countries. Further causality analyses revealed that within all countries, there was unidirectional causality from emigration to the ECI. However, a bidirectional relationship existed between the two variables in countries with low education levels. Developing countries should consider the opportunities emigrants offer when planning their development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study whether a better knowledge of the functioning of pay-as-you-go (PAYG) pension systems and recent demographic trends affects natives' attitudes toward immigration. In two online experiments conducted in Italy and Spain, we randomly treated participants with a video explaining how, in PAYG systems, the payment of current pensions depends on the contributions paid by current workers. The video also informs participants about population aging trends in their countries. The treatment increases knowledge of PAYG systems and future demographic trends for all participants. However, it improves attitudes toward migrants only for treated participants who do not support populist and anti-immigrant parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capital investment financing has been cited as a critical element in economic growth the world over although there is no consensus regarding the significance, direction, and magnitude of the relationship.

This article examines the impact of mainland Chinese buyers in the Hong Kong housing market, using complete transaction records between 2001 and 2017. We find that mainland buyers pay an average price premium of 1.4% compared with locals. The premiums are estimated to be 3.5% for large-sized luxury units and 1.6% for homes in central locations. The mechanisms that underlie the price premiums include a hedging effect, residential sorting, and information barriers, of which the hedging motive has the strongest impact. Mainland buyers' price premiums rise significantly when the Chinese currency depreciates or China Economic Policy Uncertainty increases. Our study sheds light on the impact and mechanism of the ""China shock" on the global housing markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic produced a significant decline in international immigration to the USA between 2020 and 2021. This paper documents the timing, characteristics, and heterogeneity of the change in immigration across states and economic sectors. Additionally, we describe the trends in internal native mobility in the USA prior to and after the pandemic, investigating whether natives responded to the decrease in immigration by relocating either geographically or across sectors. Despite the substantial drop in international migration, we do not observe any significant changes in native internal mobility. Employing a panel regression and a shift-share IV, we study the effect of foreign immigration, the emergence of remote-work, and changes in labor demand on cross-state native mobility. Our results indicate that the decline in immigration following COVID-19 and the differential availability of remote-work opportunities across sectors and states did not drive changes in natives' cross- state or cross-sector mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data technologies on unemployment in the G7 countries using a dynamic panel estimation approach. The analysis covers the period from 2005 to 2020 and incorporates various control variables related to unemployment rates, along with AI, big data, data science, and machine learning Google Trend Index (GTI). The Arellano–Bover/Blundell–Bond (1998) system estimator is employed to ensure robust results, particularly in cases involving multiple lags of the dependent variable. The most noteworthy results highlight a negative association between AI, big data technologies, and unemployment. These technologies enhance productivity, leading to increased capital accumulation and the creation of new jobs. This validates the ''displacement effect'' for AI and big data technologies, implying that while certain jobs may be automated, the net effect is job creation. Consequently, implementing AI and big data technologies in economic processes can effectively reduce unemployment rates and boost wages by creating new job opportunities.

This study examines the effect of artificial intelligence on unemployment in high-tech developed countries. While artificial intelligence is more discussed in futuristic aspects, comprehensive empirical studies are limited in the literature. Therefore, this study uses the dataset, which includes 24 high-tech developed countries from 2005 to 2021 and examines the relationship between a country's Google Trend Index related to AI and the unemployment rate. In the empirical approach, we control the dynamic effect of unemployment by using dynamic panel data and GMM-system estimation to determine the effect of AI on unemployment. The main results show that artificial intelligence decreases the level of unemployment, and the ‘displacement effect’ of AI is validated.

While recent literature has pointed to a positive effect of remittance inflow on the financial development of receiving countries, findings on its effect on the saving patterns of recipients have received little attention. This study examines the effect of remittance inflows on savings and the moderating role of financial inclusion in Nigeria. In analyzing the data, a binary logit model was employed. Using World Bank survey data on 3000 Nigerians, we found that individuals with a bank account either on their mobile or with a financial institution (FI) are more likely to save compared to individuals without any account. This likelihood of saving doubles if individuals have both mobile and FI accounts. In addition, individuals who have received remittances are more likely to save than those who have not received any remittances. Lastly, we find that having a bank account and receiving remittances combine to make individuals more likely to save. Government policies should focus on leveraging remittance inflows by improving financial inclusion to facilitate savings and investment in Nigeria.

This paper investigates whether international migration increases the religious schooling of children in the home country. I find that migration by a household member from Bangladesh to a Muslim-majority country increases the likelihood that a male child in the household is sent to an Islamic school (madrasa). There is no significant impact on the likelihood of a male child's madrasa enrollment if the household sends a member to a non-Muslim-majority country. Sending a household member abroad does not affect the likelihood of the household sending children to school at all; it only leads to reallocation toward Islamic schooling. The results are inconsistent with financial remittances underlying the effect of migration on religious schooling. Learning about the potential benefits of madrasa education may explain the results, but there are several weaknesses in the arguments in favor of this mechanism. A third potential mechanism is an increase in religiosity through migrants transferring religious preferences, but I cannot establish a causal relationship between international migration and migrant-sending households' religiosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When crises hit, social theory predicts increased hostility toward immigrants. We exploit the Covid-19 pandemic as a unique exogenous crisis and examine whether discrimination increased in its wake. Repeating a field experiment in the Swiss housing market in 2018 and 2020, we find no evidence of increased discrimination against the most important immigrant groups in Switzerland. Contrarily, when uncertainty dominates the market, proprietors appear to change their selection behavior by substituting signals of ethnicity for other markers of solvency and reliability and, consequently, invitation rates for immigrants increase relative to native house-hunters. We conclude that crises do not necessarily increase discriminatory behavior in market situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patent data provides rich information about technical inventions, but does not disclose the ethnic origin of inventors. In this article, I use supervised learning techniques to infer this information. To do so, I construct a dataset of 96 ′ 777 labeled names and train an artificial recurrent neural network with long short-term memory (LSTM) to predict ethnic origins based on names. The trained network achieves an overall performance of 91.4% across 18 ethnic origins. I use this model to predict and investigate the ethnic origins of 2.68 million inventors and provide novel descriptive evidence regarding their ethnic origin composition over time and across countries and technological fields. The global ethnic origin composition has become more diverse over the last decades, which was mostly due to a relative increase of Asian origin inventors. Furthermore, the prevalence of foreign-origin inventors is especially high in the USA, but has also increased in other high-income economies. This increase was mainly driven by an inflow of non-Western inventors into emerging high-technology fields for the USA, but not for other high-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we investigate how some MNEs which spread their home culture over time and space to the rest of the world are affecting, in turn, trade flows from home. By selling products embodying cultural information related to their country of origin, those MNEs embrace the role of ambassadors of their home country. We argue that IKEA offers an ideal case to identify a multinational's culture-promotion effect on trade. We build a dataset on IKEA's presence in foreign markets between 1995 and 2015 and merge it with disaggregated product level trade between pairs of countries. We find solid evidence of an externality linked to IKEA: a setting of an IKEA new store in a destination increases trade flows by around 2% from Sweden for products that resemble to what the multinational offers (despite being completely unrelated to that multinational). This result is driven primarily by the products identified to encompass a high-cultural content. Other robustness checks and tests seem to be very much consistent with the hypothesis of IKEA promoting the Swedish culture to the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]