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Are human rights a single unit of an Indivisible or diminishing among those fundamental rights the right to adequate housing. And the right to adequate housing is one of the fundamental rights of shelter, or the void, which prevents the human from external factors and provides the needs necessary. The tender on the right to adequate housing changes, many are no longer limited to the ceiling and wall but also to the appropriate of the social and cultural location and the need for continuing basic services and personality and the nature of its inhabitants. The Caltech international charters for Human Rights paid great attention to the right to adequate housing after an essential part of human rights, it is no longer the human right to adequate housing is a topic or a personal right but it really became a collective of internationally hosted by the international legislation and international bodies involved in human rights and can have the right to adequate housing anyway. that means the minimum you can to ensure the survival, it is a prerequisite for Operations different case to a particular group and cross relationships. And promote the right to adequate housing and the importance of great owing to his enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights and other rights are interrelated with each other. And can be seen to the human right to adequate housing in isolation from the fundamental rights of man is linked to the right of man to freely choose his residence and shall not be subject Lai arbitrary interference in his privacy or his home and his correspondence. The right man in the right to adequate housing has to be state intervention and the international community, the most important recognition of states and governments on the rights to adequate housing and protect and strengthen the provision of basic services for the right of water, electricity and etc. And the human right to adequate housing is the right to enjoy what is more than a roof and four walls it is the right of every man, woman and child in getting to the safe house and a local community that belongs to it, or live in peace and dignity.

Load imbalance among small and macro cells is a major challenge that undermines the gains of emerging ultradense heterogeneous networks (HetNets). Existing load balancing (LB) schemes have one common caveat which is operating in reactive mode i.e., cell parameters are tweaked reactively in accordance with the dynamics of cell loads. The inherent reactiveness of these LB schemes hinder in achieving promising quality of experience (QoE) gains from 5G and beyond. To cope with this issue, in this paper we propose a novel proactive load balancing framework “OPERA” empowered by mobility prediction paradigm for future ultra dense networks (UDNs). The pro-activeness of OPERA stems from its novel capability that instead of passively waiting for congestion indicators to be observed and then reacting to them, OPERA predicts future cell loads and then proactively optimizes key antenna parameters and cell individual offsets (CIOs) to preempt congestion before it happens. OPERA also incorporates capacity and coverage constraints and load aware association strategy for ensuring conflict free operation of LB and coverage and capacity optimization (CCO) self-organizing network (SON) functions. Simulation results show that compared to real network deployments settings and published state-of-the-art reactive schemes, OPERA can yield significant gain in terms of fairness in load distribution and percentage of satisfied users. Superior performance of OPERA on several fronts compared to current schemes stems from its following features: 1) It preempts congestion instead of reacting to it; 2) it actuates more parameters than any current LB schemes thereby increasing system level capacity instead of just shifting it among cells; 3) while performing LB OPERA simultaneously maximizes residual capacity while incorporating throughput and coverage constraints; 4) it incorporates a load aware association strategy for ensuring conflict free operation of LB and CCO SON functions; 5) the ahead of time estimation of cell loads allows ample time for heuristics search algorithms to find LB solutions with high gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiband and multitier network densification is being considered the most promising solution to overcome the capacity-crunch problem of cellular networks. In this direction, small cells are being deployed within the macro cell (MC) coverage, to off-load some of the users associated with the MCs. This deployment scenario raises several problems. Among others, signalling overhead and mobility management will become critical considerations. Frequent handovers (HOs) in ultradense small cell (SC) deployments could lead to a dramatic increase in signalling overhead. This suggests a paradigm shift toward a signalling conscious cellular architecture with smart mobility management. To this end, the control/data separation architecture (CDSA) with dual connectivity is being considered for the future radio access. Considering the CDSA as the radio access network architecture, we quantify the reduction in HO signalling w.r.t. the conventional approach. We develop analytical models which compare the signalling generated during various HO scenarios in the CDSA and conventionally deployed networks. New parameters are introduced, which can with optimum value significantly reduce the HO signalling load. The derived model includes HO success and HO failure scenarios along with specific derivations for continuous and noncontinuous mobility users. Numerical results show promising CDSA gains in terms of saving in HO signalling overhead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultradense heterogeneous networks (HetNets) are emerging as an inevitable approach to tackle the capacity crunch in cellular networks. However, imbalanced load among small and macrocells and poor resource utilization as a consequence in HetNets remains a long-standing problem. This paper addresses this problem by presenting a solution for maximization of coverage and capacity while minimizing load imbalance among macro and small cells. Most recent studies on the topic focus on either optimization of coverage, capacity or load, or a combination of two of these three intertwined objectives. We formulate the optimization problem as a function of two hard parameters namely antenna tilt and transmit power, and a soft parameter, cell individual offset, that affect the coverage, capacity, and load directly. The resulting solution is a combination of the otherwise conflicting coverage and capacity optimization (CCO) and load balancing (LB) self-organizing network (SON) functions. In the presented joint CCO-LB solution, a conflict free operation of CCO and LB is ensured by designing a novel load aware user association methodology and resolving the effects of shadowing on coverage probability using stochastic approximation. The problem is proven to be nonconvex and is solved using genetic algorithm, sequential quadratic programming, and pattern search algorithms. The proposed CCO-LB solution is compared against two recently proposed CCO and CCO-LB solutions in the literature. Results show that the proposed solution can yield significant gain in terms of throughput, spectral efficiency, and load distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobility prediction, one of the key enablers of proactive self-organizing networks, aims at efficient management of future cellular networks, which are envisaged to be extremely dense and complex due to conglomeration of diverse technologies. This paves the way for resource reservation prior to actual handover for seamless handover experience and for forecasting user traffic distribution. In this letter, we have utilized semi-Markov model for spatiotemporal mobility prediction coupled with steady state and gain analysis in cellular networks. Maximum prediction accuracy of 90% is achieved in the experimental evaluation leveraging on the real network traces generated by smartphone application. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Cellular system optimisation, a cornerstone of cellular systems paradigm, requires new focus shift because of the emergence of plethora of new features shaping the cellular landscape. These features include self-organising networks with added flavours of heterogeneity of cell sizes and base station types, adaptive antenna radiation patterns, energy efficiency, spatial homogeneity of service levels and focus shift from coverage to capacity. Moreover, to effectively tackle spatiotemporal dynamics of network conditions, a generic low-complexity framework to quantify the key facets of performance, that is, capacity, quality of service and energy efficiency of the various network topology configurations (NTC), is needed for enabling self-organising networks empowered cellular system optimisation on the fly. In this paper, we address this problem and present a performance characterisation framework that quantifies the multiple performance aspects of a given heterogeneous NTC through a unified set of metrics that are derived as function of key optimisation parameters and also present a cross comparison of a wide range of potential NTCs. Moreover, we propose a low-complexity heuristic approach for holistic optimisation of future heterogeneous cellular systems for joint optimality in the multiple desired performance indicators. The performance characterisation framework also provides quantitative insights into the new tradeoffs involved in optimisation of emerging heterogeneous networks and can pave the way for much needed further research in this area. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity industry is in the midst of revolutionary transition from outdated ageing power infrastructure to an intelligent sophisticated smart grid network utilizing modern communication technologies to enhance power generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption. Smart metering infrastructure is an integral part of the smart power grid revolution. Smart meters, in addition to their primary billing functions, serve as distributed Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) nodes for enhancing grid reliability. Existing ad hoc routing protocols are based on single routing criterion such as hop count. This single routing metric approach can overload and deplete resource constrained smart meters along preferred paths. A protocol is needed which is aware of energy level and traffic congestion of smart metering nodes. In addition, protocol should select route based on link quality for optimal routing. In this paper, a novel WSN ad hoc routing protocol ETL-AODV is proposed for reliable and energy efficient communication of smart metering nodes. Three simulation based case studies are conducted to analyze the performance of the proposed protocol, and relative comparison is provided based on four metrics: (i) packet delivery ratio (PDR), (ii) normalized routing load (NRL) (iii) average energy consumption and (iv) average end-to-end delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different individuals use different coping styles to cope with their problems. In patients with anxiety and/or depression, these have important implications. The primary objective of our study was to estimate the frequency of different coping mechanisms used by patients with symptoms of anxiety and depression. A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted and patients with symptoms of anxiety and depression were identified using the Aga Khan University's Anxiety and Depression Scale (AKUADS). Coping styles were determined by using the 28-item Brief COPE inventory. We were able to recruit 162 people. The prevalence of anxiety and depression was found to be 34%. Females were more than 2 times likely to have anxiety and depression (P value = 0.024, OR = 2.62). In patients screening positive for AKUADS, "religion" was the most common coping mechanism identified. "Acceptance", "Use of instrumental support", and "Active coping" were other commonly used coping styles. Our findings suggest that religious coping is a common behavior in patients presenting with symptoms anxiety and depression in Pakistan. Knowledge of these coping styles is important in the care of such patients, as these coping methods can be identified and to some extent modified by the treating clinician/psychiatrist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caching close to users in a radio access network (RAN) has been identified as a promising method to reduce a backhaul traffic load and minimize latency in 5G and beyond. In this paper, we investigate a novel community detection inspired by a proactive caching scheme for device-to-device (D2D) enabled networks. The proposed scheme builds on the idea that content generated/accessed by influential users is more probable to become popular and thus can be exploited for pro-caching. We use a Clustering Coefficient based Genetic Algorithm (CC-GA) for community detection to discover a group of cellular users present in close vicinity. We then use an Eigenvector Centrality measure to identify the influential users with respect to the community structure, and the content associated to it is then used for pro-active caching using D2D communications. The numerical results show that, compared to reactive caching, where historically popular content is cached, depending on cache size, load and number of requests, up to 30% more users can be satisfied using a proposed scheme while achieving significant reduction in backhaul traffic load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Refractory hypothyroidism, despite weight-based thyroxine dosing, is a common endocrinology consultation in outpatients. Chronic Helicobacter (H.) pylori infection has been reported to be responsible for the poor absorption of thyroxine from the small gut leading to suboptimal response with contradictory evidence. This study was carried out to determine the association of chronic Helicobacter pylori infection with refractory hypothyroidism in outpatients presenting to a tertiary care hospital. Methods One hundred thirty patients with the diagnosis of hypothyroidism, visiting Jinnah Allama Iqbal Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology (JAIDE) Jinnah Hospital Lahore, Pakistan, from January 2020 to February 2021, were included in the study after informed consent following the non-probability consecutive sampling technique. All of these patients were 15-70 years of age, non-pregnant, and receiving thyroxine treatment for at least six weeks. Patients with a history of gastric surgery, malabsorption syndrome, or poor compliance were excluded from the study. Patients' age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were recorded in a structured proforma. Patients were categorized into two groups, i.e. controls (biochemically euthyroid on thyroxine treatment with TSH < 4.5mU/L) and cases (refractory hypothyroidism despite 1.6 mcg/kg thyroxine treatment with TSH > 4.5 mU/L). The presence of chronic H. pylori infection was checked with serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) testing by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) from the hospital laboratory and data analysis was done by SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results One hundred thirty patients were included in this study, with an age range from 15 to 70 years. Of these, 65/130 (50%) were euthyroid on treatment and 65/130 (50%) had treatment-refractory hypothyroidism. The mean age of patients in our study was 45.81 ± 11 years, with 118 (90.8%) female patients. The prevalence of positive H. pylori IgG antibody was 47/130 (36.2%) overall, with 23 patients (35.4%) in the control (euthyroid) group and 24 patients (36.9%) in the cases (refractory hypothyroidism) group. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant with an odds ratio of 1.069 (CI 0.523 - 2.187) and a p-value of 0.855. Moreover, age, gender, and BMI had no effect on chronic H. pylori association with refractory hypothyroidism. Conclusion This study does not suggest any significant association between chronic H. pylori infection and treatment-refractory hypothyroidism. Other factors like poor compliance, drug-drug interactions, and malabsorption disorders should be preferably sought in case of refractory hypothyroidism., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Jamil et al.)

Background: The growing debate regarding long working hours of postgraduate trainees has been receiving considerable attention recently. This greater workload contributes to increasing stress. Our objective was to specifically study the association between long working hours, stress and the greater use of 'maladaptive' coping strategies., Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on all interns and residents at the Aga Khan University Hospital during February to May, 2005. Level of stress was measured by use of General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the use of maladaptive coping mechanisms through Brief Cope-28., Results: 55.1% scored over the threshold for mild stress i.e. GHQ > 3, while more than 46% of the trainees scored over the threshold of more than 4 for morbid stress. Trainees under stress reported more working hours on average as compared to those not under stress, 83.8 and 74.7 hours respectively. At the same time, those working for longer hours were more likely to have used these negative coping mechanisms, which would further contribute to more stress rather than relieving it., Conclusions: Significant levels of stress have been identified. Along with this, those working for longer hours were more likely to have used these negative coping mechanisms. Reduction of working hours is important. Simultaneously, interventions need to be planned at imparting knowledge, awareness and skills to cope with various kinds of stressors encountered by a trainee during his/her training. Additionally, limits need to be devised for the working hours of the trainees.