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Human mining contributes to increasing the release of chromium (Cr) into the environment. For the phytoremediation of soil with high Cr content, sunflower is the right choice because the Cr in its seeds can be removed during the production of sunflower seed oil. However, the high content of Cr in the soil will inhibit the growth of sunflower, so the soil remediation agents commonly used with sunflower planting are ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and citric acid (CA). This study conducted a meta-analysis on the effects of EDTA and CA on the development of sunflower under Cr stress. It will provide a reference for sunflower to improve Cr-contaminated soil or a reference to produce crops in Cr-polluted cultivated areas. A total of 97 articles were found, and 7 studies were used in this meta-analysis from January 1990 to January 2022. The results showed that EDTA treatment had no effect on the leaf weight, shoot weight and root weight. CA treatment had a positive effect on the leaf weight, shoot weight and root weight. EDTA and CA increased the Cr concentration in the root, leaf and shoot. This study recommends the addition of any chelating agent or activator, but the content of toxic metals in the soil must first be measured carefully. Unfortunately, in this study, we did not obtain a reference dose, and future research should focus on this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Citriculture has developed a lot, bringing with it the development of orange processing industries, however, the generation of waste in this industrial activity is high. The objective was to evaluate the tolerance of Psidium guajava in soil contaminated with copper and the addition of orange bagasse. The experiment was conducted from 01/2021 to 09/2021, and the treatments consisted of 3 proportions of bagasse incorporated into the soil, and contaminated with different concentrations of copper, and transplanted seedlings. Dry mass, copper content in compost and tissues, copper accumulated in tissues and translocation index were determined. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme. Copper contamination promoted increases in the total copper contents of the compost, and the proportion of 50% of residue showed higher values. Copper interfered with the development of seedlings, reducing the dry mass, and increasing the levels of copper accumulated in the plants. The proportions of 25 and 50% of residue promoted reductions in the levels of accumulated copper in the roots and total, and in the shoot, the proportion of 25% of residue promoted an increase in the levels of accumulated copper in comparison to the others. The translocation index reduced with the increase of copper in the compost and presented lower values in the proportion of 0% of residue. The addition of 50% of residue and the concentrations of 200 and 400 mg Cu.Kg-1 promoted reductions in the quality of the seedlings, verified through decreases in dry mass, in addition, through the translocation index, Psidium guajava did not show any if a viable plant for phytoremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analysed the capacity of Salvinia minima plants collected from different seasons to accumulate Cr(VI) in presence or absence of mineral nutrients. Plants were collected in August and November and they were grown in both water and Hoagland solution with and without Cr(VI). August plants showed development of new fronds, a low content of soluble sugars, and an increase in biomass. In November plants, a lower number of new fronds, a higher content of soluble sugars, and a lower increase in biomass were observed. November plants accumulated more Cr than those from August and the growth media showed an increase in DO. These results would indicate that a greater accumulation of biomass (August plants) does not necessarily lead to a greater Cr accumulation. Salvinia plants did not show demand for mineral nutrients except for phosphate and magnesium. Changes in the ion composition of growing media during the assay show possible differences in mineral requirement between higher and lower plants. Our results showed that Cr(VI) accumulation in S. minima plants depends on the development stage and the mineral nutrients composition of the growth medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

O desregulador endócrino 17α-etinilestradiol (EE2), presente nos anticoncepcionais femininos, após consumido é eliminado pela urina e vai para o efluente. Os sistemas convencionais de tratamento não conseguem removê-lo de forma adequada e são então dispostos nos corpos receptores, onde são capazes de mimetizar, antagonizar ou alterar de forma negativa os níveis de esteroides de vários organismos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o potencial do uso do solo vegetado com bambu barriga de Buda (Bambusa tuldoides cv. ventricosa) para a remoção do EE2 do efluente. Para tanto, foram aplicados 760 mL de efluente sanitário contendo concentrações de 2 mg.L-1; 2,5 mg.L-1; 3 mg.L-1 e 3,5 mg.L-1 de EE2, em vasos plásticos de 10 litros de capacidade volumétrica, plantados com o bambu. O líquido drenado de cada vaso foi coletado, medido e submetido a análise de determinação da concentração de EE2. Calcularam-se as eficiências de remoção da quantidade absoluta de EE2 (concentração vezes volume) e compararam-se os tratamentos. A eficiência na remoção de EE2 foi de 80,22%; 87,44%; 89,65% e 95,33%, respectivamente, para o efluente aplicado nas concentrações de 2 mg/L; 2,5 mg.L-1; 3 mg.L-1 e 3,5 mg.L-1 de EE2. A eficiência de remoção do EE2 pelo solo vegetado com bambu cresceu com a concentração de hormônio aplicada, sendo parte deste hormônio absorvido pela planta, devido a capacidade do EE2 mimetizar outros hormônios, e outra parte adsorvida no solo que atuou como filtro.

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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that may bring about harmful pollution of water and soil. Phytoremediation involving elements beneficial for plant development is a strategy to alleviate this problem. Silicon (Si) has shown potential in neutralizing biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, especially those caused by heavy metals. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether Si could mitigate the effects of Cd toxicity on growth, photosynthetic activity, and oxidative stress in seedlings of Enterolobium contortisiliquum. The experiment consisted of a completely randomized design with four replications. In addition to a control treatment, the following amounts of Cd, Si, and combinations were added to the complete nutrient solution: 1.5 mM Si; 3.0 mM Si; 1.5 mM Si + 100 µM Cd; 3.0 mM Si + 100 µM Cd; 100 µM Cd. Each sampling unit consisted of a tray containing 16 plants. Silicon concentrations of 1.5 and 3.0 Si mM were adequate to mitigate the effects of cadmium toxicity on Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings. The results showed that Si promoted photosynthetic activity, increased total chlorophyll, and decreased shoot lipid peroxidation in the presence of Cd. Furthermore, the lack of significant differences in shoot and root dry weight among treatments and low peroxidation content in roots suggest that E. contortisiliquum is tolerant to cadmium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O lixiviado de aterro sanitário possui uma elevada concentração de compostos orgânicos recalcitrantes, de nitrogênio amoniacal, de salinidade e uma baixa concentração de fósforo, um fator limitante para o crescimento de microalgas. A fim de aumentar a eficiência de remoção de nutrientes, a pesquisa realizou uma combinação do lixiviado com o esgoto doméstico por meio de 3 operações em bateladas, num período de 20 dias cada. Foram definidas três misturas de esgoto e lixiviado, de 50% / 50% (M1), 70% / 30% (M2) e 90% / 10% (M3), respectivamente. E, como inóculo, um cultivo de microalgas de um efluente de bovinocultura. Foram realizadas análises de nitrogênio amoniacal, fósforo solúvel, SSV, clorofila a e pH. Foi avaliado que M3 apresentou uma remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal e fósforo solúvel em um intervalo menor do que as demais, e ainda um maior crescimento de clorofila a, isso devido a sua menor limitação de fósforo, decorrente da alta concentração de esgoto e à ausência de inibidores.

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Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal considered one of the major soil pollutants. Phytoremediation is a sustainable and economically viable biological method for reducing Pb content in the environment. Inga uruguensis is a tree legume species that has characteristics favorable to phytoremediation, such as rapid growth and high biomass production. The objective of this work was an initial evaluation of tolerance and phytoremediation potential of I. uruguensis to Pb. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse. In addition to the control, soil contamination was carried out with the following Pb doses: 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg.dm?, with 5 repetitions in each treatment, totaling 30 vases. We assessed growth, number and mass of nodules, chlorophyll content, ureids, amino acid, protein and soluble carbohydrates in leaves, roots and nodules, tolerance index, dry matter, and tissues Pb content of I. uruguensis. The data were analyzed by the Tukey test using R and SISVAR software. There was no negative effect of Pb in soil on I. uruguensis growth, the symbiotic relationship with rhizobia was kept, even at high Pb content and the tolerance index was not lower than 0.69. Inga uruguensis has initial tolerance and potential to be used as phytoremediation in soils contaminated by Pb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Um dos principais metais explorados no mundo é o cobre (Cu), um elemento nativo, que dificilmente é encontrado puro na natureza. A lavra e beneficiamento do cobre geram debates ambientais devido à formação de agentes poluidores nas áreas de concentração, fundição e refino, além dos impactos negativos na vegetação e topografia da área minerada. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o desempenho morfométrico inicial do ipê-branco (Tabebuia roseo-alba (Ridl.) Sandwith) em substrato composto por rejeito de mineração de cobre e percentuais crescentes de matéria orgânica, bem como, avaliar seu potencial fitorremediador e o Índice de Qualidade de Dickson (IQD). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, onde se coletou dados morfométricos dos tratamentos referentes à altura, diâmetro do caule e número de folhas da espécie vegetal que posteriormente foram submetidos à análise estatística e ao IQD, além dos cálculos relacionados ao índice e fator de translocação do cobre na planta e sua capacidade fitoextratora. A fitomassa compartimentalizada em raízes e parte aérea foi coletada, colocada em estufa, moída e enviada ao laboratório para as devidas avaliações do metal cobre nos compartimentos da espécie vegetal, além da avaliação química do substrato. Concluiu-se que o ipê-branco possui potencial fitoestabilizador do elemento cobre proveniente de rejeito de mineração, bem como atingiu um IQD satisfatório no tratamento composto por 90% de rejeito de mineração e 10% de matéria orgânica.

Copyright of Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável is the property of Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentavel and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the common contaminants, usually found in areas of landfill or old trash dumps, is slurry: a liquid residue with dark color and strong odor, originated from the degradation of organic matter. In some cases, heavy metals are found in its composition, besides other types of substances that cause direct contamination of the soil and close or underground water bodies. The purpose of this work was to verify the efficiency of Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash.) in the process of phytoremediation in tropical soils contaminated with slurry from solid waste degradation. Laboratory tests were conducted to detect the efficiency of Vetiver in treating this contaminated soil and how much it is able to absorb the contaminating substances. Zinc parameters were analyzed in samples of roots, foliage, the soil used for the planting of Vetiver seedlings and the liquid resulting from the leaching process. Contaminated and decontaminated samples were used to obtain a comparison between the results, which were also analyzed by statistical methods. After 45 days, the Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash.) was proven effective in the treatment of contaminated soil, especially in the removal of the heavy metal Zinc. However, considering that this effluent is a complex material, with a highly diversified composition, new evaluations using Vetiver grass must be established in order to better elucidate the use of this element in the treatment of leachate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish farm ponds generate organic matter (OM) composed mainly of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) which are usually released by the effluent without prior treatment to the receiving water body. To obtain the environmental license, the effluents generated by the aquaculture activity must comply with the recommendations contained in the legislation. In the State of São Paulo, the State Decree 62.243 of November 1, 2016 the rules and procedures for environmental licensing of São Paulo aquaculture are available, promoting actions to strengthen and encourage São Paulo aquaculture. In view of the need to regularize aquaculture enterprises, economically and environmentally viable technologies may become options for producers to regularize their activity. Artificial Floating Islands (AFIs) are alternative technology for the treatment of fish farming effluents and their efficiency in nutrient retention has been demonstrated. The present study discusses the role of this AFIs in relation to the adequacy of tilapia farming effluent of environmental legislation. For this purpose, six nurseries for fattening Nile tilapia with and without AFIs were used in this research. The results showed that among the variables analyzed, the phosphorous levels did not reach concentrations to adapt the current environmental legislation, that is, lower than 50 Îg L-1. The application of good management practices with better feed conversion and flow control can reduce the overload of this element on the system and thus allow better efficiency of nutrient retention by the AFIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study uses the experimental research by phytoremediation technique, with the use of Canavalia ensiformis as a soil phytoremediation contaminated by slag, the analysis was done in five treatments under different doses of the contaminant (0, 32, 64, 128 and 256 grams). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and the means compared by 5% Tukey test. It can be concluded that the plant growth pattern was affected by the contaminant and the treatment 02 showed further development of the branch and biomass production compared to the others, and the Treatment 04 had lower branch growth rate followed by lower production biomass compared to other witnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geochimica Brasiliensis is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Geoquimica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ambiente e Água is the property of Revista Ambiente e Agua and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Uma das técnicas alternativas que minimizam o efeito de herbicidas de longo período residual consiste no cultivo de espécies vegetais que se associam a microbiota do solo, acelerando a degradação do agrotóxico no ambiente. Assim, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o impacto do herbicida sulfentrazone sobre a atividade e a biomassa microbiana em solo com e sem cultivo de Canavalia ensiformis, como espécie remediadora. Amostras de solo foram coletadas em um experimento de campo onde os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 2x2 (aplicação ou não do sulfentrazone associados ou não ao cultivo de C. ensiformis), em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As datas de coleta das amostras de solo foram 15 e 70 dias após o plantio da espécie remediadora. Em laboratório, avaliou-se o carbono do CO2 (C-CO2) liberado, o carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM) e foi calculado o quociente metabólico (qCO2). Com o cultivo de C. ensiformis, nas amostras de solo tratadas ou não com herbicida ocorreram oscilações nos valores do C-CO2 liberado e do CBM. Todavia, o qCO2 foi menor nos tratamentos com aplicação do sulfentrazone e com o cultivo da planta remediadora, indicando que cultivar C. ensiformis em áreas contaminadas com sulfentrazone reduz o efeito prejudicial sobre a atividade biológica do solo, proporcionando aumentos dos valores do CBM e proporcionando um equilíbrio do sistema.

This study aimed to evaluate the tolerance to salt stress through the characterization of the influence of salinity on plant growth, nutrient concentration and distribution in seedlings of Amburana acreana ((Ducke) A. C. Smith). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with five treatments and sixteen repetitions. The seedlings were grown on the substrate Plantmax® and, when reached 15 cm in height, were transplanted to PVC pipes filled with sand. After, they were submitted to a complete nutritive solution for adaptation during 15 days, with renewal of the solution every five days. Then, they were submitted to the treatments: complete, complete + 5 mL of NaCl, complete + 15 mL of NaCl, complete + 20 mL of NaCl, complete + 35 mL of NaCl. After 90 days, height, diameter and symptoms of toxicity were verified. The seedlings were dried, weighed and milled for analysis of macro and micronutrients. The conclusion was that the growth of A. acreana seedlings was limited with salinity increase, which also affected negatively the concentration of, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn, making it difficult to distribute P and K on the aerial part of A. acreana seedlings.

Phytoremediation is an alternative technique used to treat copper-contaminated soils. The objective of this research was to explore the behavior of nine summer cover crops regarding the growth, absorption and translocation of copper in soils with contamination levels exceeding the Value of Prevention, with a view to selecting plants for phytoremediation programs. In the experiments the Cambisol was contaminated with copper, added in doses of 0, 100, 200, 400, 500 and 600mg kg-1, in which the following nine plants were cultivated under greenhouse conditions: Canavalia ensiformis, Cajanus cajan, Dolichos lablad, Mucuna cinereum, Mucuna aterrima, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis, Pennisetum glaucum and Paspalum notatum. At 90 days after sowing the plants were evaluated for dry mass of shoot and root, Cu, N, P, K, Ca, Zn, and Fe levels in the shoot and Cu in the roots. High soil Cu levels induced a decline in the phosphorus absorption by the plants. Canavalia ensiformis displayed high potential for phytoextraction as these plants could translocate high copper concentrations to the aerial plant parts, while the Mucuna cinereum and M. aterrima are indicated for the copper phytostabilization programs, due to the high copper accumulation in their root systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a ação de três espécies de plantas aquáticas denominadas de Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes e Salvinia auriculata na remoção das frações de N e P disponíveis do efluente de um sistema de tratamento de esgoto sanitário doméstico, do distrito de Montalvão, em Presidente Prudente/SP. Os tratamentos foram caracterizados da seguinte forma: (T1) = efluente sem a presença de plantas; (T2) = efluente com Eichhornia crassipes; (T3) = efluente com Pistia stratiotes; (T4) = efluente com Salvinia auriculata, seguindo o delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos, em parcelas subdivididas, com cinco repetições. Analisaram-se a concentração de NH4+, NO3- e P disponíveis do efluente e seus teores no tecido vegetal. Houve remoção de NH4+ e de P pelas plantas aquáticas em relação ao tratamento testemunha; as taxas de remoção do NH4+ do efluente foram diferenciadas entre as espécies e entre os ciclos de avaliação mensal; a Eichhornia crassipes apresentou maior eficiência na remoção do P do efluente no decorrer de todos os ciclos de avaliação mensal; a Salvinia auriculata apresentou maior teor de NH4+ e P no tecido.

Abstract Typha domingensis (cattail) is a native macrophyte known by its capacity to tolerate several heavy metals effects and the potential use for phytoremediation. However, in despite that cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic pollutants; its effects in T. domingensis biology remain uninvestigated. Thus, the objective of this study was to study the tolerance of T. domingensis to cadmium contamination by evaluating its growth, Cd uptake, leaf anatomy and gas exchange. The experiment was designed using three cadmium concentrations (0, 10 and 50 µM) and ten replicates for 90 days. The cadmium uptake, growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll content and leaf anatomy were evaluated. Data was submitted to ANOVA and Scott-Knott test for P

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A introdução de produtos nocivos no ambiente tem ocasionado situações de risco a saúde humana e ambiental. O presente artigo define as principais técnicas de fitorremediação e sua relação com a remediação de contaminantes orgânicos e inorgânicos. Os mecanismos utilizados nestes processos utilizam as bases teóricas das técnicas biológicas in-site, que estão sendo amplamente estudadas devido à sua eficiência e baixo custo quando comparadas com as técnicas de remediação tradicionais. Pesquisas na área de fitorremediação têm sido direcionadas para remediação de contaminantes específicos e situações especiais onde as técnicas podem ser implantadas. Este estudo descreve as técnicas de fitorremediação e os contaminantes específicos para os quais são apropriadas. A fitodegradação, fitoestabilização, fitoextração, rizofiltração e a rizodegradação apresentam-se como novas alternativas estratégicas para a revitalização de áreas contaminadas, otimizando os custos de implantação e monitoramento e direcionando as técnicas de forma a amenizar alterações nas condições ambientais locais.

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the action of three species of aquatic plants called Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia auriculata in the removal of available N and P fractions from the effluent of a domestic sewage treatment system in the district of Montalvão, in Presidente Prudente/SP. The treatments were characterized in: (T1) = effluent without the presence of plants; (T2) = effluent with Eichhornia crassipes; (T3) = effluent with Pistia stratiotes; (T4) = effluent with Salvinia auriculata, following the completely randomized design, with four treatments, in subdivided plots, with five replications. The available NH4+, NO3- and P concentrations of the effluent and their contents in the plant tissue (roots, bulbs and leaves) were analyzed. There was removal of NH4+ and P by aquatic plants in relation to the control treatment; the NH4+ removal rates of the effluent were differentiated between the species and between the monthly evaluation cycles; the Eichhornia crassipes presented greater efficiency in the removal of P from the effluent during all the monthly evaluation cycles; Salvinia auriculata presented higher levels of NH4+ and P in the tissue (roots, bulbs and leaves). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater treatment systems for domestic effluents have high efficiency for reducing solids concentrations, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and other organic compounds, however, are deficient for removal some nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Aquatic plants can be used in wastewater treatment, especially with regard to the post-treatment of effluents, in order to removal nutrients and other parameters not previously remedied. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of post-treatment wastewater by aquatic macrophyte Spirodela polyrhiza. To this purpose, 250 liters of post-treated wastewater were placed in a polyethylene reactor operating in batch for 42 days. Effluent samples were performed due to the hydraulic retention time (HRT), every 7 days. In effluent were evaluated the following parameters: dissolved oxygen (DO); temperature; pH; turbidity; total solids, fixed solids and volatile solids; COD; total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations. The results were satisfactory, observing maximum efficiency for removal of turbidity, N, P and COD of 99%, 100%, 100% and 88% respectively. It was observed that the plant senescence process might have been responsible for changes in turbidity and DO parameters. The macrophyte proved to be a great option for posttreatment of domestic sewage, as it requires for its development high levels of nutrients, thus assimilating these nutrients from the environment to which they belong. More studies are needed, as in Brazil Spirodela polyrhiza is still poorly studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acacia mangium and Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia are fast-growing woody fabaceous species that might be suitable for phytoremediation of arsenic (As)-contaminated sites. To date, few studies on their tolerance to As toxicity have been published. Therefore, this study assessed As toxicity symptoms in A. mangium and M. caesalpiniaefolia seedlings under As stress in a greenhouse. Seedlings of Acacia mangium and M. caesalpiniaefolia were grown for 120 d in an Oxisol-sand mixture with 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg kg-1 As, in four replications in four randomized blocks. The plants were assessed for visible toxicity symptoms, dry matter production, shoot/root ratio, root anatomy and As uptake. Analyses of variance and regression showed that the growth of A. mangium and M. caesalpiniaefolia was severely hindered by As, with a reduction in dry matter production of more than 80 % at the highest As rate. The root/shoot ratio increased with increasing As rates. At a rate of 400 mg kg-1 As, whitish chlorosis appeared on Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia seedlings. The root anatomy of both species was altered, resulting in cell collapse, death of root buds and accumulation of phenolic compounds. Arsenic concentration was several times greater in roots than in shoots, with more than 150 and 350 mg kg-1 in M. caesalpiniaefolia and A. mangium roots, respectively. These species could be suitable for phytostabilization of As-contaminated sites, but growth-stimulating measures should be used.

A fitoestimulação é uma das técnicas de fitorremediação que pode ser utilizada para a redução da concentração dos herbicidas no solo. Para tanto é necessário a seleção de plantas que estimulem a atividade dos microrganismos degradadores da rizosfera. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a biodegradação de cinco doses do herbicida composto pela mistura formulada de imazetapir+imazapique (75 + 25 g e.a. L-1) em solo rizosférico proveniente de seis espécies vegetais com potencial para a fitoestimulação. A biodegradação do herbicida nas doses de 0, 250, 500, 1.000 e 4.000mL ha-1 no solo rizosférico de Canavalia ensiformis, Glycine max, Lolium multiflorum, Lotus corniculatus, Stizolobium aterrimum, Vicia sativa e no solo sem cultivo foi avaliada através da quantificação da produção de C-CO2 do solo e da degradação do herbicida no solo por cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massa. A produção de C-CO2 do solo após a contaminação com a mistura de imazetapir+imazapique foi maior nos solos rizosféricos das seis espécies vegetais se comparado ao solo não cultivado. O solo rizosférico de Stizolobium aterrimum apresentou a maior degradação do herbicida imazetapir nas maiores doses avaliadas, sendo uma espécie promissora para a fitoestimulação.

A capacidade das plantas em tolerar e absorver quantidades elevadas de metais pesados é usada como uma tecnologia promissora para limpeza de resíduos perigosos em ambientes altamente contaminados. O desempenho da macrófita L. aequinoctialis em absorver metais pesados foi estudado durante sua floração em dois períodos de amostragem diferentes. As amostras de L. aequinoctialis e água foram coletadas por 800 horas em intervalos de 48 horas. A quantidade de Ni, Cu, Co, Cr, Mn, Zn e Fe presente na L. aequinoctialis e água foram determinados por espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama (FAAS). Os resultados foram avaliados pelas técnicas de estatística de componentes principais (PCA), análise de agrupamento hierárquico (HCA) e boxplot. Os resultados mostram que a rizofiltração da L. aequinoctialis remove altas quantidades de metais pesados na seguinte ordem Cr > Ni > Cu > Fe > Zn > Mn. No entanto, observou-se que mudanças significativas na composição química, pH e condutividade elétrica da água alteram a capacidade de absorção da L. aequinoctialis.Plant ability for tolerating and accumulating high amount of heavy metal is used as a promissory technology for removing contaminants from highly polluted environments. The ability of the macrophyte L. aequinoctialis to remove heavy metal was studied in two different sampling times during its flowering. Samples of plant tissue L. aequinoctialis and water were collected for 800 hours at 48 hour intervals. Concentrations of Ni, Cu, Co, Cr, Mn, Zn, and Fe present in L. aequinoctialis and water were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Data were subjected to the techniques of principal components analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and boxplot. We found that rhizofiltration of L. aequinoctialis removes high amount of heavy metal in this order: Cr >Ni>Cu> Fe > Zn >Mn. Only significant changes in chemical composition of the water, pH and electrical conductivity alter the absorption capacity of L. aequinoctialis.

The potential of three aquatic macrophytes, Azoll caroliniana, Salvinia minima and Lemna gibba, was evaluated in this work aimed at selection of plants to be used in remediation of environments contaminated by arsenic (As). The experiments were carried out in a greenhouse during six days in pots containing Hoagland solution (¼ ionic strength) at As concentrations of 0.5; 2.5 and 5.0 mg L-1. The three species showed greater As accumulation as the concentration of the metalloid in solution increased. However, a reduction was detected in fresh and dry mass gain when the plants were exposed to high As concentrations. The macrophytes showed differences in efficiency of removal of As in solution. A. caroliniana, S. minima and L. gibba accumulated, on average, 0.130; 0.200; and 1.397 mg mDM-1, respectively, when exposed to 5.0 mg L-1 of As. The macrophytes absorbed a greater quantity of As in solution with low phosphate content. The greater As concentration in L. gibba tissues lowered the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents as shown by the high chlorosis incidence. Lemna gibba also exhibited a decrease in leaf size, with the total chlorophyll and carotenoid synthesis not being affected by As in A. caroliniana. This species exhibited purplish leaves with high concentration of anthocyanin, whose presence suggested association to phosphate deficiency. Marginal necrosis occurred on S. minima floating leaves, with the released daughter-plants not showing any visual symptoms during the treatment. The percentage of As removed from the solution decreased when the plants were exposed to high concentrations of the pollutant. Among the three species studied, only L. gibba could be considered an As hyper-accumulator. The use of this plant species for remediation of aquatic environments was shown to be limited and requires further investigation.O potencial de três macrófitas aquáticas - Azolla caroliniana, Salvinia mínima e Lemna gibba - foi avaliado neste estudo, com vistas à seleção de plantas para remediação de ambientes contaminados com arsênio (As). Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação durante seis dias, em vasos contendo solução Hoagland (¼ força iônica) e As nas concentrações de 0,5; 2,5 e 5,0mgL-1. As três espécies mostraram acúmulo crescente de As tanto quanto a concentração do metalóide na solução foi aumentada. No entanto, foi detectada redução no ganho de massa fresca e seca quando as plantas foram expostas a altas concentrações de As. As três espécies de macrófitas mostraram diferenças na eficiência de remoção de As na solução. A. caroliniana, S. minima e L. gibba acumularam, em média, 0,130, 1,200 e 1,397mgmDM-1 de As, respectivamente, quando expostas a 5,0mgL-1. As macrófitas absorveram maior quantidade de As na solução com baixo índice de fosfato. Quanto maior a concentração de As nos tecidos da L. gibba, menor foi o conteúdo de clorofila e carotenoide, mostrado pela alta incidência de clorose. Lemna gibba também apresentou diminuição no tamanho da folha e As não afetou a síntese total de clorofila e carotenoide em A. caroliniana. Esta espécie apresentou folhas arroxeadas com alta concentração de antocianina cuja presença sugere associação à deficiência de fosfato. A necrose marginal ocorreu nas folhas flutuantes de S. minima, e as plantas-filha não mostraram nenhum sintoma visual. A porcentagem de As removida da solução pelas plantas foi reduzida quando estas foram expostas a altas concentrações do poluente. Das três espécies estudadas, somente L. gibba pode ser considerada como hiperacumuladora de As, porém sua utilização para remediar ambientes aquáticos contaminados com As mostrou-se limitada e exige investigação mais aprofundada.

Devido à intensa utilização industrial, o cromo é considerado um importante poluente ambiental. O presente trabalho objetivou determinar os teores de pigmentos hidro e lipossolúveis em plantas de salvínia expostas a concentrações crescentes de Cr, visando estabelecer parâmetros bioquímicos para utilização dessa macrófita em programas de biomonitoramento e/ou fitorremediação da poluição causada por esse poluente metálico em ambientes aquáticos. As plantas foram submetidas a concentrações crescentes de Cr e avaliadas após quatro, seis e dez dias de tratamento. Os resultados dos ensaios permitiram concluir que plantas de salvínia sob condições de estresse por Cr apresentam reduções nas concentrações das clorofilas a, b e total e, em contraste, aumentos nas concentrações de antocianinas totais. Embora a concentração de carotenoides totais não tenha sido alterada em resposta ao Cr, as variações nas concentrações dos demais pigmentos lipossolúveis e dos pigmentos hidrossolúveis observadas nas folhas das plantas de salvínia podem ser utilizadas como parâmetros bioquímicos de biomonitoramento da poluição causada por esse elemento metálico em ambientes aquáticos.Due to widespread industrial use, chromium is considered a serious environmental pollutant. This study aimed to determine the content of hydrosoluble and liposoluble pigments in salvinia plants exposed to increasing concentrations of Cr, to establish biochemical parameters for the use of macrophyta in pollution bio-monitoring programs and/or phyto-remediation in aquatic environments by this pollutant metal. The plants were exposed to increasing concentrations of Cr and evaluated after four, six, and ten days of treatment. The test results showed that salvinia plants under stress conditions for Cr exhibit decreases in the concentrations of chlorophylls a, b, and total, and, in contrast, increases in anthocyanin concentrations. Although the concentration of carotenoids has not been altered in response to Cr, the variations in the concentrations of other liposoluble and hydrosoluble pigments found in salvinia plant leaves can be used as biochemical parameters for biomonitoring of pollution caused by this metallic element in aquatic environments.

The present work was developed with the objective to evaluate the accumulation of Pb in plant tissue of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) in contaminated soil and investigate the potential for soil remediation. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences/UNOESTE – Presidente Prudente/SP. Plants were grown in pots with a capacity of 9 dm3 of soil. The treatments were in addition to the vessels of 18.8 mg kg-1, 37.5 mg kg-1, 75 mg kg-1, 150 mg kg-1, 300 mg kg-1, 600 mg kg-1 and 1200 mg kg-1 in the form of Pb (Pb(NO3)2). Treatments were arranged according to completely randomized design with three replications. Samples of soil and plant tissue were collected ninety days after sowing for the quantification of mass of dry matter of shoots and roots, and for determining the accumulation of lead in tissues of both species. The parameters were subjected to analysis of variance evaluating the effect of treatments by the Tukey test at 5% level of probability. The results presented by significant F-test were submitted to polynomial regression. The castor beans had a higher accumulation of Pb in roots, there was a decrease in plant growth due to a reduction of mass of dry matter of shoots and roots with the gradual increase of the concentration of Pb in soil and the addition of 1200 mg kg-1 Pb in soil was more effective in reducing the growth of castor bean. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o acúmulo de Pb no tecido vegetal da mamoneira (Ricinus communis L.) em solo contaminado e verificar o potencial de remediação do solo. O experimento foi desenvolvido em ambiente protegido da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias/UNOESTE – Presidente Prudente/SP. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos com capacidade para 9 dm3 de solo. Os tratamentos consistiram em adição nos recipientes de 18,8 mg kg-1; 37,5 mg kg-1; 75 mg kg-1; 150 mg kg-1; 300 mg kg-1; 600 mg kg-1 e 1.200 mg kg-1 de Pb na forma de (Pb(NO3)2). Os tratamentos foram distribuídos de acordo com delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Amostras do solo e do tecido vegetal foram coletadas noventa dias após a semeadura para a quantificação das massas das matérias secas da parte aérea e das raízes e para a determinação do acúmulo de chumbo nos tecidos vegetais de ambas as espécies. Os parâmetros avaliados foram submetidos à análise de variância avaliando-se o efeito dos tratamentos pelo teste de Tukey a nível de 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados significativos apresentados pelo Teste F foram submetidos à regressão polinomial. As mamoneiras apresentaram maior acúmulo de Pb nas raízes, houve uma diminuição do crescimento das plantas em função da diminuição das massas das matérias secas da parte aérea e das raízes com o aumento gradual da concentração de Pb no solo e, a adição de 1200 mg kg-1 de Pb no solo foi mais efetiva para a diminuição do crescimento das mamoneiras.

A contaminação do solo é frequentemente associada às atividades agrícolas, industriais e de mineração, bem como à reutilização de resíduos urbanos e, ou, de origem animal. Tais atividades podem promover o acúmulo de metais pesados no solo, elementos potencialmente nocivos à qualidade ambiental e ao bem-estar dos seres vivos. A fitorremediação é uma tecnologia de recuperação de áreas degradadas que visa à descontaminação do solo. Pela sua maior produção de biomassa, as espécies florestais são capazes de imobilizar e exportar para fora de qualquer sistema, através de sua biomassa, maiores quantidades de elementos químicos presentes no solo. Nesse contexto, este trabalho objetivou avaliar o desenvolvimento do cedro-rosa em solo contaminado com metais pesados. Mudas dessa árvore foram cultivadas em casa de vegetação, em solo contaminado com Cu (0, 60, 80, 100, 500 mg kg-1), e, ao final de 105 dias, características das plantas e do solo foram analisadas. O cedro-rosa apresentou ganho de matéria seca até a dose de 100 mg kg-1 de Cu, seguido de decréscimo no desenvolvimento vegetal nas doses maiores. Foi verificada maior partição de matéria seca para a raiz em detrimento da parte aérea. Os teores de Cu na planta responderam positivamente às doses aplicadas no solo. O fator de bioconcentração da raiz obtido sugere que o cedro-rosa possui acúmulo de Cu na raiz, o que permite indicar tal espécie como promissora para fins de fitoestabilização de solos contaminados.

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar os efeitos do picloram sobre as características associadas à atividade fotossintética de Brachiaria brizantha, Brachiaria decumbens, Eleusine coracana e Zea mays, consideradas espécies com potencial de remediação de solo contaminado por esse herbicida. O experimento foi conduzido em esquema fatorial 4 x 3, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator constou do cultivo das espécies B. brizantha, B. decumbens, E. coracana e Zea mays,e o segundo, de três doses (0, 80 e 160 g ha-1) de picloram, aplicadas em pré-emergência. Após o preenchimento dos vasos com 6,0 kg de solo, classificado como Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, fez-se a irrigação e aplicou-se o herbicida na superfície do solo. Um dia após essa aplicação, procedeu-se à semeadura das espécies vegetais. Aos 40 dias após a emergência das espécies vegetais, foram determinados a condutância estomática, a taxa de transpiração, a concentração de CO 2 na câmara subestomática, o gradiente de CO2 e a taxa fotossintética, utilizando-se um analisador de gases no infravermelho (IRGA). Aos 90 dias após a emergência das plantas, foi coletada a parte aérea e determinada a matéria seca. Resíduos de picloram no solo podem alterar as variáveis fisiológicas estudadas, porém a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea dessas espécies não foi influenciada pela ação do herbicida, independentemente das doses aplicadas, indicando tolerância das espécies ao picloram. Desse modo, a avaliação prévia das características fisiológicas não pode ser utilizada como indicador de tolerância dessas espécies ao picloram.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of picloram on the characteristics associated with the photosynthetic activity of Brachiaria brizantha, Brachiaria decumbens, Eleusine coracana and Zea mays, considered to be species with potential to remediate soil contaminated with this herbicide. The experiment was conducted in a factorial 4 x 3 in a completely randomized design, with four replications. The first factor consisted of cultivation of the species B. brizantha, B. decumbens, E. coracana and Zea mays and the second factor of three picloram doses (0, 80 and 160 g ha-1) applied in preemergence. Pots were filled with 6.0 kg of soil, classified as red-yellow Hapludalf, and irrigation and herbicide application were carried out on the soil surface. One day after this application, the plant species were sown. Forty days after emergence of the plant species, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, sub-stomatal CO2 concentration, CO2 gradient, and photosynthetic rate were evaluated, using an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA). Ninety days after plant emergence, shoot was collected to determine shoot dry matter. Picloram residues in soil can affect the physiological variables studied but shoot dry matter was not influenced by the action of this herbicide, regardless of the doses applied, indicating tolerance of the species to picloram. Thus, prior assessment of the physiological characteristics cannot be used as an indicator of tolerance of these species to picloram.

Com a realização deste estudo, teve-se o objetivo de obter valores dos coeficientes de remoção da matéria orgânica de águas residuárias da suinocultura (ARS), quando em tratamento em sistemas alagados, construídos (SACs) e cultivados com diferentes espécies vegetais e em condições climáticas tropicais. Em tanques de 24,0 x 1,1 x 0,7 m, impermeabilizados com lona de PVC e preenchidos com uma camada de 0,4 m de brita zero (altura útil), foram plantados taboa (SAC1), tripa-de-sapo (SAC2) e capim-tifton 85 (SAC3). No SAC4 (multivegetado), foi plantado, no primeiro terço, tripa-de-sapo; no segundo terço, taboa, e no último terço, capim-tifton 85. A ARS foi previamente tratada em filtros orgânicos constituídos por bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, sendo aplicada numa vazão de 0,8 m³ d-1, o que correspondeu a um tempo de retenção hidráulica (TRH) aproximado de 6,4 dias. Coletaram-se amostras da água residuária nos pontos 0 (entrada), 4; 8; 12; 16; 20 e 24 m (saída) de cada SAC. Nas amostras coletadas, foram analisadas as concentrações de DQO, sendo os valores utilizados para a obtenção dos parâmetros cinéticos aparentes. Não houve diferença (p>0,05) entre os SACs, na capacidade do sistema em remover DQO; entretanto, a época do ano teve influência na dinâmica da remoção de matéria orgânica nos sistemas. Os valores do coeficiente cinético aparente k v' ficaram entre 0,94 e 1,52 d-1 no cultivo, no período de verão. Já no período de outono/inverno, o coeficiente k v' apresentou valores menores, entre 0,88 e 1,07 d-1.The objective of this study was obtain the coefficients of organic matter removal in constructed wetlands (CWs) cultivated with different plant species, in tropical climatic conditions, when used in swine wastewater treatment. In tanks of 24.0 m x 1.1 m x 0.7 m, sealed with PVC canvas, filled with a layer (0.4 m of depth) of fine gravel were planted cattail (CW1), alligator weed (CW2) and tifton 85 bermudagrass (CW3). In CW4, was planted, on the 1st third, alligator weed; on the 2nd third, cattail and in the last third, tifton 85 bermudagrass. The swine wastewater, previously treated by organic filters made of bagasse from sugar cane, was applied at rate of 0.8 m³ d-1in CWs, which corresponded to a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6.4 days, approximately. Wastewater samples were collected in sections 0 (entry), 4; 8; 12; 16; 20 and 24 m (output) of each CW. In the samples collected were analyzed the concentrations of COD and the obtained values were used to adjust apparent kinetic parameters. There was no difference (p>0.05) among the CWs, in respect the COD removal, however the year season influenced the dynamics of organic matter removal in CWs performance. The values of the parameter k v' were, during the summer, between 0.94 and 1.52 d-1. During the autumn/winter season, the k v' coefficient showed lower values, between 0.88 and 1.07 d-1.

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a eficiência de espécies vegetais na remediação de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo contaminado com sulfentrazone. O trabalho foi conduzido em duas etapas. Na primeira, avaliou-se o crescimento de Helianthus annus, Canavalia ensiformis, Dolichos lab lab e Arachis hypogaea em solo contaminado com sulfentrazone; na segunda, cultivou-se, no mesmo solo, uma espécie (sorgo) indicadora de resíduo de sulfentrazone no solo, para avaliar a capacidade remediadora dessas espécies. Na primeira etapa, foram utilizados vasos contendo 6,0 kg do substrato. Após a irrigação dos vasos, aplicou-se na superfície do solo o herbicida. Um dia após essa aplicação, procedeu-se à semeadura das espécies vegetais, as quais foram colhidas 100 dias depois e secas em estufa, determinando-se a matéria seca da parte aérea. Na segunda etapa, foram coletadas amostras de 3,0 kg de solo de cada vaso, onde foi cultivada a planta indicadora. Aos 20 e 50 dias após a emergência, foi avaliada, visualmente, a intoxicação das plantas de sorgo, sendo determinada a matéria seca da parte aérea dessas plantas aos 50 dias após a emergência e aos 50 dias após o primeiro corte. A produção de matéria seca da parte aérea de H. annus, C. ensiformis, D. lab lab e A. hypogaea não foi alterada, indicando que essas espécies foram tolerantes ao sulfentrazone; entretanto, H. annus apresentou melhor capacidade para remediação de solo contaminado com esse herbicida.The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of plant species in the remediation of a red-yellow Hapludalf contaminated with sulfentrazone. The work was conducted at two stages. At the first, the growth of Helianthus annus, Canavalia ensiformis, Dolichos lab lab and Arachis hypogaea was evaluated in soil contaminated with sulfentrazone. At the second stage, a species (sorghum) indicator of residues of this herbicide was sown in the same soil. At the first stage, pots containing 6.0 kg of substrate were used. After the pots were irrigated, the herbicide was applied on the soil surface. One day after the application, the vegetal species were sown. These species were collected 100 days later and stove-dried for determination of shoot dry matter accumulation. At the second stage, soil samples of 3.0 kg were collected from each pot where the species indicator of sulfentrazone residues was cultivated. At 20 and 50 days after emergence, the intoxication of the sorghum plants was visually determined and the shoot dry matter of these plants was determined 50 days after emergence and 50 days after the first cut. The production of shoot dry matter of H. annus, C. ensiformis, D. lab lab and A. hypogaea was not affected, indicating that all species were tolerant to sulfentrazone. However, H. annus showed greater capacity for remediation of soil contaminated with this herbicide.

A absorção de Si pelas plantas tem resultado em efeitos benéficos e amenizantes da fitotoxicidade de metais pesados, o que pode melhorar a fitoextração de metais do solo em razão do aumento da tolerância das plantas ao metal. Os níveis críticos de Si no solo, em relação a algumas espécies de plantas, ainda estão sendo estabelecidos no Brasil. No entanto, ainda não está definido qual o melhor extrator a ser usado. Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência dos métodos de extração de Si (cloreto de cálcio, ácido acético, ácido cítrico e água), além de determinar a produção de matéria seca, teor e conteúdo de silício em plantas de milho em solo contaminado por chumbo. As doses de 0, 100, 250, 350 e 500 mg kg-1 de Si, foram aplicadas em vasos de 5,5 dm-3, cultivados com plantas de milho por 65 dias. Com aplicação de doses de Si maiores que 100 mg kg-1 houve redução da produção de matéria seca de plantas de milho cultivadas no solo contaminado. A adição de doses crescentes de Si ao solo contaminado promoveu aumento dos teores de Si na parte aérea e raiz das plantas. O cloreto de cálcio e o ácido acético foram os extratores que mais se correlacionaram com os teores de Si extraídos pelas plantas.The absorption of silicon by plants can result in the amelioration of heavy metal phytotoxicity, thereby improving phytoextraction due to increased plant tolerance. The critical levels of Si in the soil for plant species in Brazil are still being discussed, however the best extractant for Si has not yet been defined. This work aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of methods for Si extraction from soil (calcium chloride, acetic acid, citric acid, and water). In addition, the biomass yield, concentration and content of Si in maize plants grown in a Pb-contaminated soil were also studied. Si was applied at the rates 0, 100, 250, 350, and 500 mg kg-1 in 5.5 dm-3 pots in which 65 day old plants were cultivated. The Si doses promoted biomass reduction but increased the Si concentration in roots and shoots. The application of Si doses greater than 100 mg kg-1 decreased the biomass yield of corn plants grown in contaminated soil. Calcium chloride and acetic acid were extractants that correlated significantly with the concentration of Si in plants.

A poluição por metais pesados, particularmente pelo cádmio (Cd), é gerada principalmente pelas atividades de mineração e industrial, uso de adubos fosfatados e lodo de esgotos. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do Cd em características fisiológicas e anatômicas, mudas de eucalipto foram plantadas em concentrações crescentes de Cd em solução nutritiva. As mudas de Eucalyptus camaldulensis permaneceram durante 20 dias em vasos de 1 L contendo solução nutritiva de Clark, sendo os tratamentos de 0, 15, 25, 45 e 90 mmol Cd L-1 fornecido como CdSO4. Durante o período experimental, foram realizadas avaliações de estado hídrico e de teores de pigmentos nas datas 1, 3, 6, 12 e 20 dias após indução dos tratamentos (DAT). As avaliações de produção de fitomassa, teores de Cd e características anatômicas foram feitas com material vegetal coletado no final do período experimental. Houve redução na produção de matéria seca, mesmo nas menores concentrações do elemento. Os teores de clorofila diminuíram com o aumento da concentração de Cd aos 20 DAT, enquanto os teores dos carotenoides foram maiores nas concentrações de 45 e 90 mmol Cd L-1. A peroxidação de lipídeos nas folhas foi crescente com o aumento da concentração do metal aos 20 DAT, enquanto nas raízes o efeito do Cd foi pouco acentuado. O potencial hídrico aumentou em todas as concentrações de Cd aos 12 e 20 DAT. As espessuras dos tecidos radiculares também aumentaram com o aumento das doses de Cd, porém as do mesofilo e do limbo foliar diminuíram. Portanto, os resultados obtidos evidenciam que o tempo de exposição e maiores doses de Cd acentuam os danos ocorridos em E. camaldulensis para a maioria das características avaliadas. Algumas alterações observadas revelam o potencial de tolerância de plantas de E. camaldulensis à exposição ao Cd.