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Research is presented concerning the production of a bitter substrate through the hydrolysis of beta-casein with trypsin. The debittering of the tryptic hydrolysate of the beta-casein by aminopeptidases is discussed.

A new study investigates the role of leucine aminopeptidase from porcine kidney and X-prolyldipetridyl aminopeptidase from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris A2 in the further hydrolisation and reduction of bitterness in a tryptic digest of bovine beta-casein.

A study was conducted to evaluate the functional and physicochemical features and bitterness of sodium caseinate hydrolysates generated by a Bacillus protinease complex. The solubility of the proteinase hydrolysates was obtained over a range of pH values. Results indicated that a low DH sodium caseinate hydrolysate produced with a Bacillus proteinase supported functional properties over the unhydrolyzed substrate.

Statistical models are developed for the random spatial variations in refractivity in the troposphere, and are used to derive spatial correlation functions for the errors in range measurement and interferometer angle measurement. These are then used to analyze the relative errors between two tracked targets, for application to command-guided intercept problems. It is shown that multilateration, using range measurements, yields much smaller relative errors than does the interferometer approach.

Streptococcus sobrinus strain 6715-13-201 was inoculated into the oral cavity of a rat and reisolated from the gastrointestinal tract. The reisolates were then compared for their cariogenicity, in vitro adhesion and polysaccharide production. It was demonstrated that colonization of the gastrointestinal tract affects phenotypic traits. However, the results indicate that no single trait is dominant in the ability of the strains to produce caries.

Highlights: [•] A β-lactoglobulin tryptic hydrolysate had antioxidant activity and inhibited dipeptidyl peptidase IV and angiotensin converting enzyme. [•] Membrane fractionation selectively enhanced the bioactive properties of this hydrolysate. [•] β-lactoglobulin derived peptide β-lg f(15–20), VAGTWY, has multifunctional activity (antioxidant activity, dipeptidyl peptidase IV and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition) and this is the first report of its potent antioxidant activity. [•] β-lactoglobulin peptides IIAEK and IPAVFK were inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme. [•] β-lactoglobulin peptides have potential as multifunctional ingredients for management of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Caseinophosphopeptides (CPPs), bioactive peptides released from caseins, have the ability to enhance bivalent mineral solubility. This is relevant to numerous biological functions in the oral cavity (promotion of tooth enamel remineralisation, prevention of demineralisation and buffering of plaque pH). Therefore, CPPs may play a positive role as prophylactic agents for caries, enamel erosion and regression of white spot lesions. Most in vitro and in situ studies demonstrate strong evidence for the bioactivity of CPPs in the oral cavity. Nevertheless, relatively little is known concerning their use as adjuvants for oral health and more particularly regarding their long-term effects on oral health. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Caseinophosphopeptides (CPPs) were generated following tryptic hydrolysis of sodium caseinate. Hydrolysate peptides were separated and identified using nano-HPLC ESI-QTOF MS/MS. Sequence coverage in the 3h hydrolysate was 79.4%, 55.6%, 80.9% and 68.1% for αs1-, αs2-, β- and κ-casein (CN), respectively. Variable levels of serine phosphorylation in β-CN f1–25 were observed in the 3h hydrolysate. Analysis of β-CN f1–25 4P demonstrated that this peptide was stable during the course of hydrolysis. The effect of heat treatment (75°C, 45min) at pH 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0 on the peptide profile of the 3h hydrolysate was studied. Compared to pH 6.0 and 8.0, least modification in phosphopeptide profiles was observed for the hydrolysate sample heated at pH 7.0. Different dephosphorylation and oxidation patterns were also observed following heat treatment at the three pH values. These results demonstrate that heat treatment, in addition to pH, has a major effect on both the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated peptide profiles of CN hydrolysates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Protein hydrolysates have a range of applications in the food and allied healthcare sectors. Bitterness is a negative attribute associated with most food protein hydrolysates. The development of biotechnological solutions for hydrolysate debittering is ongoing. Specific enzymatic debittering strategies have focused on the application of proline specific exo- and endopeptidases given the contribution of proline residues to peptide/hydrolysate bitterness. Hydrolysate manufacturing conditions may also play an important role in bitterness development. Practical solutions to hydrolysate debittering are likely to involve judicious choice of enzymatic processing conditions in conjunction with the use of peptidase activities having targeted hydrolytic specificity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Evaluates the functional properties and bitterness of sodium hydrolysates prepared with Bacillus proteinase complex. Reference to the exploitation of caseins and caseinates in food formulations; Effects of hydrolysates on functional properties; Details on the preparation of sodium caseinate hydrolysates.

Objective To assess factors relating to renal scarring following kidney injury. Patients and methods A total of 25 children who had documented renal injury between 1981 and 1988 were included in the study and 19 were followed up for 1 month to 12 years (mean 5.5 years) and the development of hypertension and renal scars assessed using ultrasonography and radionuclide scans (dimer-capto-succinic acid, DMSA). Results Of the 19 children 13 had renal contusions, four had renal lacerations and two sustained severe renal injury, one of whom had pelvi-ureteric disruption. Eighteen patients presented with macroscopic or microscopic haematuria except the patient with pelvi-ureteric junction disruption who presented 3 weeks later with abdominal distension, vomiting and hypertension. All the patients were managed without an operation except the latter patient who required neph-rectomy. Renal scarring was demonstrated in four children at a mean follow-up of 3.5 years, one following renal contusion (5% scarring), two after renal laceration (50% scarring) and one after rupture of the kidney (100% scarring). In one patient intravenous pyelography did not reveal a renal scar but a radionuclide scan performed 5 years later demonstrated a scar. Transient hypertension was noted in only two patients but peripheral plasma renin levels were normal. Conclusion Renal scars developed in four of 19 patients with renal trauma and more than half of the patients with severe renal injury. Long-term follow-up including a radionuclide scan is therefore necessary in patients with renal injury. Although no sustained hypertension was noted in any patients in this study, long-term blood pressure assessments would seem prudent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]