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The designation of outer space as a global commons is a contentious issue. Some argue that officially recognizing it as such could discourage private investment, while others claim that it would not sufficiently promote sustainability. To address these debates, this article examines how space actors use a global commons framework in their institutional arrangements. Based on a collection of 1042 space arrangements, we characterize a subset of arrangements that explicitly reference concepts related to the notion of global commons. We observe that this framework is seldom used in bilateral arrangements and is mostly absent from recent agreements made by influential players. Furthermore, we find that employing principles related to global commons in arrangements does not result in significantly different operational rules. As a result, we conclude that a clearly defined global commons perspective has yet to be articulated and institutionalized.

Abstract Background Recent work in international relations theory argues that international regimes do not develop in isolation, as previously assumed, but evolve as open systems that interact with other regimes. The implications of this insight’s for sustainable development remains underexplored. Even thought environmental protection and health promotion are clearly interconnected at the impact level, it remains unclear how global environmental governance interacts with global health governance at the institutional level. In order to fill this gap, this article aims to assess how environmental treaties contribute to global health governance. Methods and results To assess how environmental treaties contribute to global health governance, we conducted a content analysis of 2280 international environmental treaties. For each of these treaties, we measure the type and number of health-related provisions in these treaties. The result is the Health and Environment Interplay Database (HEIDI), which we make public with the publication of this article. This new database reveals that more than 300 environmental treaties have health-related provisions. Conclusions We conclude that the global environmental regime contributes significantly to the institutionalization of the global health regime, considering that the health regime includes itself very few treaties focusing primarily on health. When reflecting on how global governance can improve population health, decision makers should not only consider the instruments available to them within the realm of global health institutions. They should broaden their perspectives to integrate the contribution of other global regimes, such as the global environmental regime.

This work investigates the impact of fluid (CO2(g), water) flow rates, channel geometry, and the presence of a surfactant (ethanol) on the resulting gas–liquid flow regime (bubble, slug, annular), pressure drop, and interphase mass transfer coefficient (kla) in the FlowPlateTM LL (liquid-liquid) microreactor, which was originally designed for immiscible liquid systems. The flow regime map generated by the complex mixer geometry is compared to that obtained in straight channels of a similar characteristic length, while the pressure drop is fitted to the separated flows model of Lockhart–Martinelli, and the kla in the bubble flow regime is fitted to a power dissipation model based on isotropic turbulent bubble breakup. The LL-Rhombus configuration yielded higher kla values for an equivalent pressure drop when compared to the LL-Triangle geometry. The Lockhart–Martinelli model provided good pressure drop predictions for the entire range of experimental data (AARE < 8.1%), but the fitting parameters are dependent on the mixing unit geometry and fluid phase properties. The correlation of kla with the energy dissipation rate provided a good fit for the experimental data in the bubble flow regime (AARE < 13.9%). The presented experimental data and correlations further characterize LL microreactors, which are part of a toolbox for fine chemical synthesis involving immiscible fluids for applications involving reactive gas–liquid flows.