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Temporal bone is often hit by projectiles. Temporal gunshot wounds must be deeply evaluated to establish wound morphology and stress distribution. Finite element analysis (FEA) is a promising tool that can support forensic aspects. A three-dimensional finite element model of a dry skull filled with neural soft tissue and a projectile.40 calibre S&W were obtained. Two situations were simulated: shot angle fired at 90° with and without neural soft tissue. The results exhibit different morphologies in bony entrance wounds as well as the strong influence of soft tissue. There was good reproducibility between bone and neural tissue real behaviour, and the finite element model that was built. In conclusion, the presence of neural soft tissue cannot be neglected in gunshot wounds, since it does alter results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role of family in vocational education and training (VET) choices, using primary qualitative data collected in the commune of Hung An, Vietnam. The authors demonstrate that, next to issues relating to income, it is family characteristics that are the predominant influence on an individual's choice of the VET track, usually portrayed as the "choice of the poor". The article seeks to investigate family educational roles in an Asian Confucian context in transition, such as Vietnam. To understand the role of family in VET choices, the analytical framework looks at the interactions between children and family by combining the level of familial control over children's choices with the family's degree of "openness", that is, their ability to mobilise external social resources. Findings on control and "openness" show that choosing VET is primarily related to the aspirations of children to become emancipated more rapidly, and to familial educational history and background. Families also see investment in VET as a minor risk and a reinforcement of their social status. The data interpretation shows that VET students are more autonomous in their educational decisions and rely more on peers, in part because their parents and family struggle to mobilise the social resources needed to make the "right" educational choice for their children. (Contains 3 tables and 1 note.)

Introduction: the lungs are organs that supply gas exchange, existing in both sides of the human body. The left lung has an oblique fissure separating the superior lobe from the inferior lobe, whereas the right lung has horizontal and oblique fissures separating it into superior, middle and inferior lobes. Anatomical variations may occur in the lungs and the left lung can have three lobes and the right lung can have four or only two lobes. The aim of this study was to report a case of a cadaver with an anatomic variation of the left lung with an accessory lobe. Case report: during a routine Anatomy dissection of a female adult cadaver, a three-lobed left lung was found. The left lung had an upper lobe, a middle lobe and a lower lobe. The upper and middle lobes were separated by a complete horizontal fissure. The middle and lower lobes were separated by a complete fissure with an oblique appearance (inferior to superior direction). Conclusion: pneumatologists and surgeons must be aware of the lung anatomical variations. This knowledge can make the surgeon more prepared for adverse situations and may decrease the occurrence of intraoperative difficulties and post-surgery complications when performing lung transplantation or surgical management of lung pathology, lobectomies and segmental resection and for interpreting computed tomography scans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The hypoglossal nerve (XII cranial nerve) is the tongue's motor supply. The hypoglossal nerve trajectory can be separated into two main parts: intracranial and extracranial. Objective: Considering the rarity of hypoglossus nerve injury, and that when it occurs it results in clinical implications that should be known by the Medical and Dentistry professionals, the aim of this study was to carry out a literature review on the anatomy of the hypoglossal nerve and possible causes of injuries and ways to treat this type of complication. Material and methods: A literature review was carried out in the international Pubmed database. The literature review included 19 articles from 1965 to 2021. The keywords used were: "hypoglossus nerve", "injury". Of the 19 articles, 10 were used for this literature review. Among the 9 articles that were discarded, 5 did not address the objective of this work and 4 did not present the available text. All types of articles were considered (1 literature review, 6 case reports and 3 original articles). Conclusion: The knowledge of the hypoglossal nerve anatomy is for surgical interventions, partial resections, and tongue reconstructions. The causes listed in the present literature review are intubation, the covid-19, procedures performed in the carotid area and occipital condyle fracture. In relation to treatment approaches, no specific protocol has been invented until now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contour planting minimizes soil degradation, making agricultural production more sustainable. Currently, geotechnologies can provide more precise and fast data from relief than rudimentary data acquisition for agricultural management. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the similarities between contour lines from topography and Remotely Piloted Aircraft, using the Hausdorff distance algorithm. This study was carried out in the period between January 2020 and November 2021 in four localities in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: two areas located in the municipality of Bom Jardim and two areas in the municipality of Seropédica. Data were acquired through a conventional topographic survey and an aerial photogrammetric survey by Remotely Piloted Aircraft. From the acquired field data for the studied areas, the Digital Elevation Models were generated with a spatial resolution of 0.20 m and the contour lines with an equidistance of one meter. The contour lines obtained by both techniques were superimposed and their similarity was verified using the Hausdorff distance. The results show that there was a better similarity among the contour lines in areas with a very rugged relief than in a smooth relief. Also, the lowest altimetric differences observed in the Digital Elevation Models were associated with the smallest Hausdorff distance. These adjustments correspond, respectively, to the segments between the contour lines with the best and the worst individual similarity for each area. We observed that the similarity between the contour lines from topography and RPA yielded slope differences lower than 6.1% for at least 95% of all studied areas. The Hausdorff distance analysis allowed us to conclude that contour planting can be performed from data obtained via Remotely Piloted Aircraft, provided that vertical accuracy analysis controls the quality of the Digital Elevation Models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The given document is an editorial from the Revista Thesis Juris, a legal journal published in São Paulo. The editorial introduces the January to June 2024 edition of the journal, highlighting the diverse perspectives and relevant topics covered in the articles. The edition includes articles on explainable artificial intelligence, freedom of expression on social media, the principle of difference in John Rawls' theory of justice, urban areas and access to public services, the precarization of domestic work in Brazil, and the evolution of plea bargaining in the Brazilian penal system. The editorial expresses gratitude to the authors and readers and hopes that the edition will stimulate enriching reflections and debates in the legal field. [Extracted from the article]

The femur has been commonly employed for sex determination of human skeletal remains, and it is a suitable alternative to the more sexually dimorphic pelvis when this skeletal region is incomplete or fragmented. The purposes of this study include the evaluation of femoral sexual dimorphism and the generation of specific metric standards for the estimation of sex with the femur in skeletal Brazilian populations. Two hundred femora (130 males and 70 females) of known age at death, sex, and ancestry were used to generate the models for sex prediction. The best estimators of sex were univariable models, including the biomechanical neck length (BNLF, accuracy under cross-validation: 82.5%), the vertical head diameter (VHDL, accuracy under cross-validation: 81.5%), the transverse head diameter (THDF, accuracy under cross-validation: 84.5%), and the epicondylar breadth (EBF, accuracy under cross-validation: 84.5%). In conclusion, a comprehensive anatomical study of the femur in a reference skeletal sample from Brazil was provided, and the value of univariable sex estimators (BNLF, VHDL, THDF and EBF) was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the vascularization of the kidney is given by the renal arteries, a pair of lateral branches from the aorta artery, and each kidney receives blood supply by a single renal artery. The study aimed to report an anatomical variation of the renal arteries. Case report: during a routine Anatomy class, double renal arteries were found bilaterally in a Brazilian adult male cadaver. On the right side, both arteries entered the renal hilum, and the renal vein passed superficially to the inferior branch of the renal artery. On the left side, before entering the renal hilum, the arteries crossed, and the superior branch passed superficially to the inferior branch. Moreover, the renal vein passed superficially to the superior branch before the artery entered the renal hilum and passed posteriorly to the inferior branch before joining the inferior vena cava. Conclusion: the presence of multiple arteries increases the difficulty of surgery procedures. Knowledge of anatomic variations of vessels in the renal hilar is especially important to contribute to the success of surgical invasive and radiological procedures of this area, for adequate surgical planning and to avoid vascular complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the aim os the study was to compare and correlate measures of angles and axes of homolateral and contralateral mandibular condyles and mandibular rami landmarks. Methods and Methods: Linear measures and angles from sixty dry human mandibles of individuals from both sexes, with no distinction regarding ethnicity, were obtained using the software Image J and statistically processed for comparison and correlation analysis. Results: three hundred sixty-four correlations were processed considering all homolateral and contralateral variables and the following was found: 76 (20,88%) correlations presented significant results, none of which with perfect correlation or with absence of correlation; 23 (6,32%) weak correlations (12 positive and 11 negative); 25 (6,87%) moderate correlations (16 positive and 9 negative); 20 (5,49%) strong correlations (10 positive and10 negative); and 08 (2,20%) very strong correlations (04 positive and 04 negative). Significant differences were not found between the right and left sides for measures regarding contralateral mandibular variables. Conclusion: tnalyzed structures presented symmetry and exhibited a positive correlation when there was a plausible synergistical muscle action and a negative correlation when there was a plausible antagonistic action. Future clinical studies with a long follow-up should be considered to assess the role of this muscles on mandibular morphology and on TMDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: to evaluate the incidence of accessory and double mental foramina in human mandibles from a Brazilian sample. Material and Methods: 100 dried human mandibles (29 females and 71 males) were analyzed, aged 18 to 60 years. The mandibles were evaluated on their right and left sides. The foramens were evaluated being accessory mental foramen or double mental foramen. All data were analyzed using the GraphPAD Prism v.8 software (San Diego, CA, USA). Descriptive statistics (in %) and the chi-square test (X2) were performed to compare the incidence of each foramen between the sexes and the sides. The probability value = 0.05 was defined as the level of significance. Results: of the 71 male mandibles, the incidence was 16.9% for the accessory mental foramen, and 22.53% for the double mental foramen. Of the 29 female mandibles, the incidence was 10.34% for the accessory mental foramen, and 24.13% for the double mental foramen. There were 12% of the accessory mental foramen on the right side and 3% on the left side. And 11% of the double mental foramen on the right side and 12% on the left side. The chi-square test revealed that there was no statistically significant difference for both sex (P value: 0.7066) and for the side (P value: 0.0818). Conclusion: the incidence of accessory and double mental foramen in the studied sample must be considered given the importance of knowledge of the anatomy of these foramina during the execution of anaesthetic and surgical procedures in Dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: this study aimed to evaluate the volume of the mandibular canal in computerized tomography and to investigate if this anatomical structure presents sexual dimorphism and the probability to determine the sex from the mandibular canal volume by regression analysis. Methods: Were used 125 computed tomography from adults dried human mandibles selected at random ranging in age from 19 to 100 years (48 females and 77 males). Software Mimics 18.0 was used to image segmentation and to create 3D reconstruction to obtain the volume of the mandibular canal. Statistical tests used were unpaired Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney comparative test, considering the right and left mandibular canals separately. Regression analysis test was performed to verify the probability to determine the sex. Results showed no significant difference between the sides, p>0,05. Results: The male distribution of the mandibular canal data was not parametric, considering the right canal separately. Mandibular canal volume presented statistical significance for sexual differentiation. Conclusion: Our study presented the accuracy over 85% of the regression analysis show a great result to determined sex using the MC volume, should apply the formula in a different sample for best results. It is useful in forensic scenarios for systematic reassessment of cases and improvement of anthropologic methods used secularly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: root canals morphology knowledge is important in order to achieve success in endodontics treatments. Accessory roots have been reported in mandibular anterior teeth, and it is necessary to improve better and new diagnostic methods, such as micro-CT. The aim of this study was to investigate the internal and external anatomy of human permanent mandibular canine teeth using micro-CT. It was used 50 permanent mandibular canine teeth with complete rhyzogenesis. Deciduous teeth, teeth with deep caries, fractures, incomplete rhyzogenesis and those that presented with obturated root canal were excluded. The samples were scanned in a microtomography (SkyScan 1174, Belgium) by using 50 kV, 800 mA. The thickness of the slices was 6 µm. After three-dimensional reconstruction, the images were transferred to Mimics v. 18 (Materialise, Belgium) for analysis of the internal anatomy of the roots of the mandibular canines. Canines were classified in types I to VIII. The external anatomy of the root was analysed and classified regarding according to the existence or not of the mesial radicular grooves. The R CRAN (WU Wien, TU Dortmund, U Oxford, AT&T Research) software was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive analysis was performed by percentage to verify the most frequent root canal type in the lower canines. The descriptive analysis was performed in the form of a decision tree. The level of significance was <0.05. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the internal anatomy revealed that the most frequent canal was type I (92%), followed by type III (8%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the aim of this study was to evaluate the alignment of the supraorbital, infraorbital and mental foramina in relation to the midline according to the sex, the side and the dentition in a sample of CT skulls of a Brazilian sample by 3D morphometric analysis. Methods: A total of 116 CT scans from adults dried human skulls and mandibles were selected at random ranging in age from 19 to 100 years (±57.31), both sexes. Measurements were performed in Rhinoceros 5 software from the median sagittal plane referenced. Continuous outcomes underwent the Shapiro-Wilk's normality test followed by Student's paired t test or Wilcoxon's test to check for differences. To correct the p-value for multiple comparisons, the Tukey's or Dunn's multiple comparisons post-hoc tests were also performed for One-Way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test, respectively. The significance and confidence levels were set, respectively, at 5% and 95%. Results: when the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina of the same side were compared, a statistically significant result occurred for all comparisons for both sides regarding male and female individuals (p<0.0001). Conclusion: the present work showed in 3-D morphometric analysis that we did not find foramina alignment in any of those studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to determine the internal morphology of mastoid emissary canals and to classify them according to the number of external openings and the complexity of its morphology. In addition, we discussed the importance of the findings for surgical procedures performed in the retroauricular region. Materials and Methods: An in silico anatomical study was performed using ninety-six dry human skulls, which were processed by computed tomography (CT) and underwent a segmentation process and construction of three-dimensional surfaces. The criteria used for classification of mastoid emissary canals was based on its morphological complexity and on the number of external openings. Results: Canals were identified and initially classified into 4 groups. Groups were named after the number of external openings using numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4, which refer, respectively, to 1, 2, 3, or 4 foramens. Then, groups were divided into subgroups using up to the first three letters of the alphabet (a, b, and c) according to the morphological complexity of mastoid emissary canals. Finally, 10 types of mastoid emissary canals were established, as follows: 1a, 1b; 2a, 2b, 2c; 3a, 3b, 3c; 4a, 4b. We proposed a decreasing order of canals with potential to cause intracranial intercurrences and a decreasing order of canals with potential to cause moderate to severe hemorrhage. Conclusion: A novel classification regarding the morphology of mastoid emissary canals was presented. In addition to the contributions in anatomical literature, it mainly represents new data to aid surgeons of various areas in the proper knowledge of important anatomical structures and planning of surgical procedures to reduce the occurrence of accidents and complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: clinical applications of the buccal fat pad have been reported more frequently in recent years, mainly in Dentistry area. The aim of this study was to review the literature identifying the anatomy of the buccal fat pad, including its development, functional importance and some of its applications in different clinical procedures. Review: one electronic research database, PubMed, was investigated using the following restricted keywords: "buccal fat pad", "anatomy" and "clinical procedures". Forty-nine articles were found. The final review included thirty-three of them. Publications identified were considered between February 1989 and December 2020. Conclusion: this review showed that the buccal fat pad is a complex anatomical structure that has essential functions and can be applied to different clinical approaches. It is indispensable for the professionals who work with this structure to know it in detail so to obtain success on the procedures involving the buccal fat pad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between alveolar bone deformation and β-catenin expression levels in response to the mechanical load changed by dental extraction in adult rats. Twenty-four male rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus), Wistar linage, at 2 months of age, were used. The right upper incisor tooth was extracted, and euthanasia occurred in periods 5 (n = 6), 7 (n = 6), and 14 (n = 6) days after Day 0. In the control group (n = 6), the dentition was maintained. The euthanasia occurred within 14 days after day 0. After euthanasia, the rats of all groups had their left jaw with tooth removed and separated in the middle. The pieces were undergone routine histological processing and then the immunohistochemical marking were performed to label expression of the primary β-catenin antibody, which was evaluated by qualitative and quantitative analysis. One head by each group (control and experimental) was submitted to computerized microtomography. After the three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull of the rat in each group, the computational simulation for finite elements analysis were performed to simulate a bite in the incisors. In finite element analysis, the strain patterns were evaluated after the application of bite force. The results were analyzed considering the areas in which changes in the amount of deformations were detected. The action of the bite force in the experimental condition, resulted in a uniform distribution of the amount of deformations, in addition to lower amount of deformation areas, differentiating from the control group. Comparing with the control group, the levels of β-catenin signaled in the lingual bone of the middle third of the alveolar bone were raised in the periods of 5 and 14 days. The increased β-catenin positive staining intensity was concentrated on osteocytes and gaps of osteocytes. The findings of the present study were in accordance with our hypothesis that the condition of dental extraction can cause the expression of β-catenin and alter the regimes of bone deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological and biomechanical characteristics of a wound entrance on the parietal bone from the impact of projectiles presenting three different calibres. Three-dimensional finite element models of dry human skull and of three projectiles with calibres.380 Auto,.40 S&W and 9 × 19 mm Luger were obtained. These geometries were used to perform a simulation of projectile impact on the parietal bone by the finite element method. We calculated the morphological aspect of the wounds on the external bone surface, the equivalent von Mises stress and the kinetic energy loss. The wounds from the 9 × 19 mm and.380 calibres presented a circular aspect, while the wound from the.40 calibre presented an oval aspect. The 9 × 19 mm caused a major wound area compared with the other calibres. The maximum von Mises stress in the bone was higher from the.40 calibre penetration, and the.380 had the major kinetic energy loss. In conclusion, the 9 × 19 mm and.380 presented similarity in the shape of the entrance hole. The projectile with 9 × 19 mm calibre seems to have greater penetration power and the.40 S&W projectile greater power of destruction and dissipation of energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Alendronate and raloxifene, a bisphosphonate and a selective estrogen modulator, respectively, are established osteoporosis therapies. Current evidence suggests that simultaneous application of osteoporosis therapies modulates osseointegration. However, alendronate shows inconsistent findings and raloxifene has not been studied comprehensively. This study aimed to evaluate the bone dynamics and molecular and microstructural features at the peri-implant bone interface in osteoporotic rats. Materials and methods: Thirty female rats underwent ovariectomy and were fed a diet low in calcium and phosphate and treated with alendronate or raloxifene for 30 days or underwent fictional ovariectomy surgery (SHAM) prior to implant insertion in the tibia; osteoporosis therapies continued thereafter. After 42 days, peri-implant bone was evaluated by histometric and micro-CT analysis. Fluorochrome incorporation and gene expression was determined to evaluate bone turnover. Results: We report here that alendronate had no impact on bone-to-implant contacts and the mineral apposition rate. The RANKL/OPG ratio and local bone volume, however, were increased compared to the untreated osteoporotic rats. Even though signaling to bone resorption activity through RANKL production was observed in the alendronate group, the blockade of bone resorption activity that occurs in decorrence to alendronate activity took place and resulted in an increase in bone volume. Raloxifene significantly increased osseointegration in osteoporotic rats, as indicated by bone-to-implant contacts, mineral apposition, and local bone volume. Raloxifene, however, had no considerable impact on the RANKL/OPG ratio compared to untreated osteoporotic rats. As expected, the SH group showed higher bone-to-implant contacts and mineral apposition rates than the untreated osteoporotic rats. Conclusions: These findings suggest that raloxifene but not alendronate can compensate for the impaired osseointegration in osteoporotic rats. Clinical relevance: Regarding the superiority of raloxifene observed in the improvement of bone dynamics response, this statement suggests that raloxifene could be a good option for osteoporosis patients in oral rehabilitation procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of wound ballistics should include biomechanical science for better results in diagnosis, treatments and prognosis. Finite Element Analysis can provide interesting tools when human head injuries need to be evaluated. This work is the first step in a systematic study of the use of finite element analysis in craniofacial gunshot wounds. The study aimed to systematically: (1) review the use of Finite Element Analysis on heads injuries, especially gunshot wounds; (2) review the safety of using standard patterns of Finite Element Analysis; and (3) analyse and discuss the advantages and deficiencies of finite element models. Electronic research databases, Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Knowledge, were searched using the restricted key words: finite element gunshot. Studies were included if they reported finite element analysis in heads, simulating gunshot injuries. Excluded studies were those that did not clearly describe their methods and results, had significant discrepancies, were not published in the English language or were not published yet. There were 30 references identified by the bibliographic search strategy. Fourteen manuscripts were eligible for inclusion and were fully critically appraised. The collected data were able to furnish details about the simulations as well as some variables that may affect the predictive accuracy of the simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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