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"The Science and Business of Medicinal Chemistry" was developed to provide nonscience majors with an in-depth perspective into the pharmaceutical industry. As a lecture course with a laboratory component, topics discussed include an introduction to the basic concepts of medicinal chemistry, such as drug discovery, development, and commercialization; a discussion of chemical bonding and the organic functional groups found in drug molecules; and an examination of the physiochemical properties related to drug action. Student scientific literacy of the public policy debates surrounding the pharmaceutical industry and the commercialization of science was enhanced through class discussions and group-based projects. The details of this course, its implementation, and assessment are discussed.

As the fraction of electricity generation from intermittent renewable sources--such as solar or wind--grows, the ability to store large amounts of electrical energy is of increasing importance. Solid-electrode batteries maintain [...]

Statins have been shown to be a beneficial treatment as chemotherapy and target therapy for lung cancer. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of statins in combination with epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy for the resistance and mortality of lung cancer patients. A population‐based cohort study was conducted using the Taiwan Cancer Registry database. From January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2012, in total 792 non‐statins and 41 statins users who had undergone EGFR‐TKIs treatment were included in this study. All patients were monitored until the event of death or when changed to another therapy. Kaplan‐Meier estimators and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate overall survival. We found that the mortality was significantly lower in patients in the statins group compared with patients in the non‐statins group (4‐y cumulative mortality, 77.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 36.6%‐81.4% vs. 85.5%; 95% CI, 78.5%‐98%; P =.004). Statin use was associated with a reduced risk of death in patients the group who had tumor sizes <3 cm (hazard ratio [HR], 0.51, 95% CI, 0.29‐0.89) and for patients in the group who had CCI scores <3 (HR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.41‐0.88; P =.009). In our study, statins were found to be associated with prolonged survival time in patients with lung cancer who were treated with EGFR‐TKIs and played a synergistic anticancer role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), one of the most widely used medications, are commonly used to suppress several acid-related upper gastrointestinal disorders. Acid-suppressing medication use could be associated with increased risk of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), although the results of clinical studies have been conflicting.Data Sources: A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane library and Database of Systematic Reviews from the earliest available online year of indexing up to October 2018.Study Selection: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to evaluate the risk of PPI use on CAP outcomes.Data Extraction: Included study location, design, population, the prevalence of CAP, comparison group and other confounders. We calculated pooled odds ratio (OR) using a random-effects meta-analysis.Results Of Data Synthesis: Of the 2577 studies screening, 11 papers were included in the systematic review and 7 studies with 65 590 CAP cases were included in the random-effects meta-analysis. In current PPI users, pooled OR for CAP was 1.86 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.30-2.66), and in the case of recent users, OR for CAP was 1.66 (95% CI, 1.22-2.25). In the subgroup analysis of CAP, significance association is also observed in both high-dose and low-dose PPI therapy. When stratified by duration of exposure, 3-6 months PPIs users group was associated with increased risk of developing CAP (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.22-3.45). There was a statistically significant association between the PPI users and the rate of hospitalization (OR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.83-3.66).Conclusion: We found possible evidence linking PPI use to an increased risk of CAP. More randomized controlled studies are warranted to clarify an understanding of the association between PPI use and risk of CAP because observational studies cannot clarify whether the observed epidemiologic association is a causal effect or a result of unmeasured/residual confounding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthraquinone derivatives are being considered for large scale energy storage applications because of their chemical tunability and rapid redox kinetics. The authors investigate four anthraquinone derivatives as negative electrolyte candidates for an aqueous quinone-bromide redox flow battery: anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid (AQS), 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic acid (DHAQDS), alizarin red S (ARS), and 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone-2,3-dimethylsulfonic acid (DHAQDMS). The standard reduction potentials are all lower than that of anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic acid (AQDS), the molecule used in previous quinone-bromide batteries. DHAQDS and ARS undergo irreversible reactions on contact with bromine, which precludes their use against bromine but not necessarily against other electrolytes. DHAQDMS is apparently unreactive with bromine but cannot be reversibly reduced, whereas AQS is stable against bromine and stable upon reduction. The authors demonstrate an AQS-bromide flow cell with higher open circuit potential and peak galvanic power density than the equivalent AQDS-bromide cell. This study demonstrates the use of chemical synthesis to tailor organic molecules for improving flow battery performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a public health challenge worldwide, and roughly 25% of patients with diabetes in developing countries will develop at least one foot ulcer during their lifetime. The gravest outcome of an ulcerated foot is amputation, leading to premature death and larger economic costs.Methods: This study aimed to estimate the economic costs of diabetic foot in high-risk patients in Peru in 2012 and to model the cost-effectiveness of a year-long preventive strategy for foot ulceration including: sub-optimal care (baseline), standard care as recommended by the International Diabetes Federation, and standard care plus daily self-monitoring of foot temperature. A decision tree model using a population prevalence-based approach was used to calculate the costs and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Outcome measures were deaths and major amputations, uncertainty was tested with a one-way sensitivity analysis.Results: The direct costs for prevention and management with sub-optimal care for high-risk diabetics is around US$74.5 million dollars in a single year, which decreases to US$71.8 million for standard care and increases to US$96.8 million for standard care plus temperature monitoring. The implementation of a standard care strategy would avert 791 deaths and is cost-saving in comparison to sub-optimal care. For standard care plus temperature monitoring compared to sub-optimal care the ICER rises to US$16,124 per death averted and averts 1,385 deaths.Conclusion: Diabetic foot complications are highly costly and largely preventable in Peru. The implementation of a standard care strategy would lead to net savings and avert deaths over a one-year period. More intensive prevention strategies such as incorporating temperature monitoring may also be cost-effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While structures and reactivities of many small molecules can be computed efficiently and accurately using quantum chemical methods, heuristic approaches remain essential for modeling complex structures and large-scale chemical systems. Here, we present a heuristics-aided quantum chemical methodology applicable to complex chemical reaction networks such as those arising in cell metabolism and prebiotic chemistry. Chemical heuristics offer an expedient way of traversing high-dimensional reactive potential energy surfaces and are combined here with quantum chemical structure optimizations, which yield the structures and energies of the reaction intermediates and products. Application of heuristics-aided quantum chemical methodology to the formose reaction reproduces the experimentally observed reaction products, major reaction pathways, and autocatalytic cycles., Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Physics