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Background: Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness and involves complex multifactorial mechanisms, with vascular dysregulation playing a crucial role.Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the utility of Color Doppler Imaging (CDI) in detecting early vascular changes in patients with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) who do not exhibit detectable visual field defects.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at MGM Medical College and MY Hospital, involving 100 patients divided into groups based on the presence or absence of visual field changes. CDI was utilized to assess the ophthalmic artery (OA) and central retinal artery (CRA) for peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), and resistivity index (RI). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, with significance set at p < 0.05.Results: Patients with visual field changes demonstrated significant reductions in PSV (OA: 33.5 cm/sec vs. 36 cm/sec; CRA: 14.5 cm/sec vs. 15 cm/sec) and EDV (OA: 7.5 cm/sec vs. 8.3 cm/sec; CRA: 4.3 cm/sec vs. 4.7 cm/sec) compared to those without visual field defects. Furthermore, the RI was increased in both the OA (0.79 vs. 0.77) and CRA (0.80 vs. 0.77), indicating early vascular dysfunction associated with disease progression.Conclusion: CDI serves as a non-invasive method for detecting vascular changes that precede visual field defects in glaucoma patients, highlighting its potential for early diagnosis and management. While the findings are promising, further longitudinal studies are necessary to validate its routine clinical application.

In this paper, we calculate the relativistic corrections to the Zeeman effect for hydrogen-like atoms based on the Generalized Uncertainty Principle (GUP). We propose a relativistic GUP algebra using the Stetsko and Tkachuk approximation and incorporate these corrections into the Zeeman effect. In the relativistic limit, our results recover previously derived GUP corrections as well as the standard Lande energy shift expression when GUP effects are absent. This work presents a generalized expression that accounts for both relativistic and GUP corrections to the Zeeman effect.

Context: Anaemia is the most common nutritional deficiency in Indian pregnant females. It ensues foetal hypoxia resulting in different compensatory mechanisms in the foetus which may result in adverse perinatal outcomes. Colour Doppler can be used to measure these hemodynamic changes of the foetus ahead of the clinical manifestations, guiding the obstetrician for the appropriate management and circumventing any dire complication. Aims: The aim of this study is to detect foetal haemodynamic changes associated with maternal anaemia and assess the parameters which predict these changes accurately. Settings and Design: Prospective cohort study. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and forty pregnant females in the third trimester, divided into four groups based on their haemoglobin levels in the non-anaemic, mild, moderate and severe anaemic groups, were included in the study. These patients were followed up for foetal outcome in terms of effective foetal weight, APGAR score and neonatal intensive care unit admission. Statistical Analysis Used: Analysis of Variance Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity and Respiration (ANOVA) test was used to compare the quantitative variables. SPSS software was used. Results: The middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler indices and cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) values were increasing while umbilical Doppler indices were decreasing with the increasing severity of anaemia. CPR was found to be the most sensitive predictor for foetal outcome. Conclusions: Maternal anaemia results in foetal hypoxia which can be measured in terms of foetal Doppler indices. CPR was found to be more sensitive than the umbilical or MCA in predicting foetal hypoxia and in turn the perinatal outcome of foetuses of anaemic pregnant females. The foetuses with low CPR values will require urgent intervention to improve the outcomes.

Abstract Background In today's obstetric practice, induction of labour is a common procedure. Before the imaging era, the favourability of the cervix was assessed by manual examination scored as the Bishop Score. However, subjectivity and high inter- and intra-observer variability are limitations of this approach. This necessitates the implementation of an objective method of assessment. We used transvaginal sonography (TVS) as an objective method of assessment of cervix by TVS cervical score comprising of five different parameters; cervical length, funnelling at the internal os, distance from the presenting part to the external os, and cervix position. This study aims to evaluate the role of the pre-induction transvaginal ultrasonographic (TVS) cervical score in predicting labour outcome and comparing it to the Bishop score in patients undergoing induction of labour. Methodology This observational prospective study included 100 pregnant women admitted for labour induction at a single tertiary care centre. The TVS examination which consisted of five parameters was performed after the clinical Bishop scoring. The TVS scores were compared with the Bishop scores for all patients. Labour induction was done within one hour of examination and the outcome of the induction was recorded. Results The mean age was 25.87 years [SD = 4.35]. Labour induction was successful in 74% of patients. At cut-off Scores of ≥ 4, TVS cervical Score performed better than Bishop Score (Sensitivity 93.24 vs. 67.57%, Specificity 73.08 vs. 65.38%). ROC analysis indicated that Area Under Curve (AUC) was more for TVS Score (0.91, 95% CI 0.84–0.97), compared to Bishop Score. Conclusion Transvaginal ultrasonography is an objective method of cervical assessment. We conclude from our study that the use of TVS score which consists of five different parameters in cervical assessment provides a better prediction of successful labour induction than the Bishop score, and so can prevent various complications associated with induction failure.

Introduction: Cerebral ischaemic stroke is a neurological condition that can be fatal and debilitating and is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. The major benefit of sonography is its capacity to describe plaque and identify plaques with increased risk of embolisation, in addition, to evaluate the degree of stenosis. Aim: To diagnose and characterise the plaque morphology in extracranial portion of carotid arteries using colour Doppler sonography in patients with stroke. Materials and Methods: A time-bound, hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis, MGM Medical College and MY Hospital, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India from August 2021 to July 2022. There were 80 stroke patients in the study. Risk factors like smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and family history were recorded. B- mode ultrasonography was used to assess carotid arteries and various Doppler parameters like Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV). Plaque characteristics and morphology like smooth margin, irregular margin, ulceration and haemorrhage were evaluated. Statistical parameters such as Student’s t-test were used for association between ICA PSV and ICA/CCA PSV with degree of stenosis. Results: Hypertension was the most common risk factor 57 (71.1%). A total of 54 (67%) stroke patients were found to have plaque in their carotid vasculature. A total of 21 (38.8%) of patients had type-3 plaque followed by type-1 plaque 14 (25.9%). Out of 67% of patients who had plaque, majority of patients 38 (47.5%) had 50%). Conclusion: It was shown that carotid Doppler ultrasonography can be used as a screening tool for patients, who have risk factors for stroke to find asymptomatic carotid disease.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as a significant public health issue affecting millions of individuals of all races and ethnic groups. It's also a major health burden in Nepal. Hyperuricemia is widely established as a risk factor for glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and atherosclerosis. However, reversing and preventing it in CKD will delay the course of chronic renal failure. Therefore, this research was designed to examine the uric acid profile in CKD patients who are receiving conservative therapy to avoid the worsening of CKD. Methods: The study included a total of 90 CKD patients at stages II-V. The complete history taking, clinical examination, and laboratory testing were done and the data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. The prevalence of hyperuricemia was determined and compared at various stages of CKD. Results: Among the enrolled patients (n = 90), the majority were male (66%) in gender. The maximum number of patients (44%) were elderly (60-80 years). Hyperuricemia was present in 80% of patients. Among them, two patients were in stage II (7.4±0.42), five in stage IIA (8.8±1.22), 25 in stage IIIB (8.59±1.63), 36 in stage IV (9.21±1.49), and three patients were in stage V (10.70±1.609). Conclusion: Serum uric acid levels were elevated in various stages of CKD patients. Thus, serum uric acid may be used as a predictive indicator of CKD. However, large-scale cohort research of the Nepalese population is suggested to corroborate the results of this study.

Introduction: Elevated plasma concentrations of lipoprotein {Lp(a)} have been consistently shown to be a risk factor for the development of a spectrum of thrombotic and atherosclerotic disorders including Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Aim: To assess relationship of Lp(a) with severity of CAD in patients of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI). Materials and Methods: A hospital based, cross-sectional study was conducted at Topiwala National Medical College and B.Y.L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, between November 2016 to April 2018 (18 months). A total of 200 diagnosed cases of AMI who were willing to undergo coronary angiography were enrolled for this study. Prior to coronary angiography, a fasting blood sample was assessed for lipids and Lp(a) levels. The Synergy between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX) score was calculated according to the coronary angiography results. Patients were divided into two groups based on Lp(a) levels: 25 mg/dL and categorised based on CAD severity and SYNTAX scores as low (32). Lp(a) levels were categorised as low (25 mg/dL). A p-value of 25 mg/dL with low (45.7% vs. 54.3%, p-value=0.0001), intermediate (9.9% vs. 90.1%, p-value=0.0001) and high SYNTAX scores (10.8% vs. 89.2%, p-value=0.0001), respectively. Conclusion: The Lp(a) was significantly associated with severity of CAD and it also displays prognostic significance.