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It has been 30 years since Photofrin‐PDT was approved for the treatment of bladder cancer in Canada. However, Photofrin‐PDT failed to gain popularity due to bladder complications. The PDT with red light and IV‐administered Photofrin could permanently damage the bladder muscle. We have been developing a new combination strategy of PpIX‐PDT with singlet oxygen‐cleavable prodrugs for NMIBC with minimal side effects, avoiding damage to the bladder muscle layer. PpIX can be excited by either green (532 nm) or red (635 nm) light. Red light could be more efficacious in vivo due to its deeper tissue penetration than green light. Since HAL preferentially produces PpIX in tumors, we hypothesized that illuminating PpIX with red light might spare the muscle layer. PpIX‐PDT was used to compare green and red laser efficacy in vitro and in vivo. The IC50 of in vitro PpIX‐PDT was 18 mW/cm2 with the red laser and 22 mW/cm2 with the green laser. The in vivo efficacy of the red laser with 50, 75, and 100 mW total dose was similar to the same dose of green laser in reducing tumor volume. Combining PpIX‐PDT with prodrugs methyl‐linked mitomycin C (Mt‐L‐MMC) and rhodamine‐linked SN‐38 (Rh‐L‐SN‐38) significantly improved efficacy (tumor volume comparison). PpIX‐PDT or PpIX‐PDT + prodrug combination did not cause muscle damage in histological analysis. Overall, a combination of PpIX‐PDT and prodrug with 635 nm laser is promising for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondria play an essential role in cancer treatment by providing apoptotic signals. Hexyl aminolevulinate, an FDA‐approved diagnosis for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer, induces the production of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) preferentially by mitochondria in cancer cells. Photosensitizer PpIX upon illumination can release active chemotherapy drugs from singlet oxygen‐activatable prodrugs. Prodrugs placed close enough to PpIX formed in mitochondria can improve the antitumor efficiency of PpIX‐PDT. The preferred uptake of prodrugs by cancer cells and tumors can further enhance the selective damage of cancer cells over non‐cancer cells and surrounding normal tissues. Mitochondriotropic prodrugs of anticancer drugs, such as paclitaxel and SN‐38, were synthesized using rhodamine, a mitochondrial‐targeting moiety. In vitro, the mitochondrial targeting helped achieve preferential cellular uptake in cancer cells. In RT112 cells (human bladder cancer cells), intracellular prodrug concentrations were 2–3 times higher than the intracellular prodrug concentrations in BdEC cells (human bladder epithelial cells), after 2 h incubation. In an orthotopic rat bladder tumor model, mitochondria‐targeted prodrugs achieved as much as 34 times higher prodrug diffusion in the tumor area compared to the nontumor bladder area. Overall, mitochondria targeting made prodrugs more effective in targeting cancer cells and tumors over non‐tumor areas, thereby reducing nonspecific toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) initially employed red light, which caused some patients to experience permanent bladder contractions. PDT using the FDA‐approved drug hexaminolevulinate (HAL), which produces protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in the tumor, showed some promise but has low efficacy in treating non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). We developed singlet oxygen‐activatable prodrugs of two anticancer drugs, paclitaxel and mitomycin C, to enhance the antitumor effect of PpIX‐PDT without producing systemic side effects, by promoting only local release of the active chemotherapeutic agent. Orthotopic NMIBC model was used to compare the efficacy of prodrugs only, PpIX‐PDT, and prodrugs + PpIX‐PDT. 532 nm laser with a total power of 50 mW for 20 min (60 J, single treatment) was used with HAL and prodrugs. Histology and microscopic methods with image analysis were used to evaluate the tumor staging, antitumor efficacy, and local toxicity. Prodrug + PpIX‐PDT produced superior antitumor efficacy than PpIX‐PDT alone with statistical significance. Both PpIX‐PDT alone and combination therapy resulted in mild damage to the bladder epithelium in the normal bladder area with no apparent damage to the muscle layer. Overall, SO‐cleavable prodrugs improved the antitumor efficacy of PpIX‐PDT without causing severe and permanent damage to the bladder muscle layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of a qualitative analysis of the use of the HAL platform by research laboratories. The analysis is based on semi-directive interviews with representatives from 50 laboratories affiliated to the ten Udice research universities. It focuses on the function that HAL fulfils for the laboratories, on its added value for their operation and their development. In particular, we are questioning the purposes of the use of HAL by the laboratories, the use of internal and external tools, and the trajectories of practices. We discuss the results from three angles: the discourses and communities of practice in the laboratories; the scope and challenges of the systems put in place by the laboratories upstream and downstream of HAL; and the transformation of HAL from a platform for self-archiving and direct scientific communication to an infrastructure for monitoring and evaluating scientific performance. This is the first in a series of three articles from the HAL/LO project.

Abstract Hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the lung is a special type of primary origin in the lung with obvious pathological features and short survival time. However, standard treatment guidelines have not yet been established. Herein, we report a case of hepatoid adenocarcinoma with the primary lesion located in the left upper lung. The tumour size was reduced after four cycles of combined therapy. Subsequent postoperative pathology confirmed complete remission.

Hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the lung is a special type of primary origin in the lung with obvious pathological features and short survival time. However, standard treatment guidelines have not yet been established. Herein, we report a case of hepatoid adenocarcinoma with the primary lesion located in the left upper lung. The tumour size was reduced after four cycles of combined therapy. Subsequent postoperative pathology confirmed complete remission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the decision-making styles of Enneagram personality types are explained according to Nefs psychology. By this discipline and theory, the effect of personality on the decision-making process has been tried to be evaluated. Nefs psychology focuses on the upper unconscious as well as the lower unconscious, and emphasizes that humans have a transcendent potential for goodness and takes attention the dynamic and evolving nature of human. Enneagram theory defines nine personality types and states that these types have a dynamic structure. Therefore, like being different from other E types, the decision-making styles of personality types are different within themselves as well. Each of the E types has the passionate of emotion that they experience in the nafs-i emmâre/lower unconscious and nice states that they experience in the nafs-i levvame/upper unconscious. Passionate emotions, which are weak processes of the personality; it can drag the person to make negative decisions and subsequently have depressive experiences. Nice emotions, which are developed processes of personality, it can provide a peaceful life by enabling of person to make positive decisions. E-One's passionate emotion is anger. His self-critical and judgmental nature can make him fear about the correctness of his decisions. When he is torn between his values and passions while making a decision, when he encounters someone who does not comply with the rules, he can direct his anger towards that person. The hâl that will save him from this process is peace. The tranquility enables him to follow the right path and to achieve perfection in his decisions. E-Two's passionate emotion is pride. He can assume a sacrifice identity with the desire to be liked. He can also take on many identities by drifting into hypocrisy. Their decisions are aimed at protecting the identity they have assumed. The hâl that will save him from the tempo of decision-making is humulity. When he is in this hâl, he can help others without expecting anything in return, make decisions sincerely, and progress towards the virtue of honesty. E-Three’s passionate emotion is arrogance, he can wrag in images that show him good to those around himself with the desire to be liked. His decisions have the same style of the image his weared. The only hâl that can save his from this life is truthfulness. Along with this sincerity and honesty, he can also experience humility and tolerance, he can sincerely make his decisions based on his essence not on being reputable or successful. E-Four can feel a sense of deficiency of things that others have. His passionate emotion is jealousy. When he is captured by this emotion, he experiences distraction and does not evaluate the options reasonably. He can come out of this situation with hâl of tranquility. He can now make healthy decisions by focusing on the options. E-Five's passionate emotion is greed. He accumulates knowledge and money. He can escape this life process by experiencing the hâl of charity. Thus, the more he gives, the more he gains confidence and can become sincere and protective. When he devotes himself to activities and hobbies, he can make appropriate decisions about his life. E-Six's passionate emotion is doubt. He worries about making wrong decision and needs the guidance of others in his decisions. The hâl is to believe that will save him from this situation. When he experiences the hâl of tefviz, he can make decisions himself with confidence. E-Seven's passionate emotion is greed. He wants to taste all the options but cannot eliminate them. Therefore, the decisionmaking process might be long. The hâl that will save him from this situation are gratitude and caution. By experiencing these states, he is able to reach the virtue of dignity and the stormy decision-making process he goes through comes to an end. E-Eight's passionate emotion is excess. When this type experiences the hâl of moderation and compassion, he can be calm and measured, by advancing to the virtue of innocence, he can make reasonable decisions. E-Nine's passionate emotion is laziness. He freezes act of decision-making and may resist making decision. As a result, when he feels loved, a divine action manifests itself, and when he becomes diligent, the problem of indecision can be solved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research discusses the words used in the first 50 verses of Surah Al-Baqarah. It was noted that there are different grammatical interpretations of the words examined in the sources of parsing (i'rȃb) of the Qur'an during the research. The specific evaluations were discussed in deduction, comparison, and interpretation. In this study, first, the definition of parsing, its importance, the relationship between parsing is expressed and then other issues concerning its importance, the relationship between parsing in the Qur'an, negative parsing, and parsing, and the study of the concept of parsing and attention are revealed. The historical process of parsing is also examined. Then, the Arabic text and meaning of the verses are revealed in their entirety, and the various grammatical interpretations of the relevant words are mentioned. As a result of the research, the role of i'rȃb knowledge in determining the correct meaning was pointed out by drawing attention to the fact that it is possible to analyze a certain element in different ways in terms of grammar and that this is an important method in reaching different meanings. The role of knowledge of parsing in determining the correct meaning is also emphasized. Giving that the primary purpose of Islamic sciences is to understand the message of the Qur'an in the most accurate way. The presence of different forms of parsing in the verses affects the meaning. For this reason, a good knowledge of parsing is needed to understand the Qur'an correctly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

e-Rea has gone through two major periods in its history: the first, which could be described as a gestation period (2003-2008), during which this new journal had to find its readership, experiment with new formats and adopt good editorial practices; and a second one, which corresponded to the journal’s accession to OpenEdition, following a new editorial departure (in 2008). This was not simply a technical transition, from the servers of the former Université de Provence to an international portal in HSS that specializes in open science. It has left a deep impact on the journal’s objectives and development. This evolution has also led to a rethinking of the journal’s environment, with repercussions in terms of teaching and research. This contribution examines the way an academic journal such as e-Rea initiated a long-lasting reflection on open science, among researchers, as well as students. In doing so, it replaces e-Rea within earlier publications in English Studies at Aix-en-Provence.

Background. Haemorrhoidal disease is a common disorder in the Western World that commonly requires surgical treatment, but original open techniques were associated with significant complications and pain. Haemorrhoidal Arterial Ligation (HAL) has gained popularity for relatively low complication and postoperative pain rates. This review assesses clinical outcomes of this technique in comparison to alternative modern techniques. Methods. The literature was searched on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library databases. Search terms: dearterialization, artery ligation, mucopexy, recto-anal repair. Inclusion criteria: RCTs, original publications, grade II, III and/or grade IV haemorrhoids, elective procedures. Exclusion criteria: non-English, non-adults, published pre-2016. Results. 14 RCTs were included in the systematic review. HAL performed poorly in terms of recurrence, with a pooled recurrence rate of 10.34% for grade III haemorrhoids. HAL had a similar recurrence rate to Procedure for Prolapse and Haemorrhoids. Pain was comparable between groups. Conclusion. HAL is a safe surgical technique for the treatment of grade II to grade IV haemorrhoids. It still has a relatively low complication rate, and pain scores are comparable to other non-invasive techniques, and superior to open techniques. HAL still performs poorly in terms of recurrence rates. New modified procedures including suture-mucopexy only and tissue-selecting techniques appear to have better therapeutic potential.

This article analyzes movement in and around Bouchra Ouizguen's dance performance 'Corbeaux' (2014) through the conceptual framework of Abdelkabir Khatibi's 'double critique'. The article explores how 'Corbeaux' choreographs its reenactment of the hal Sufi traditional head movement and how this choreography epistemically emerges as a 'double critique' or a crisis of both the immobilizing sacred pastness of this movement and the Orientalist constructions when dance and the dancing body are relentlessly subjected. The article clarifies that while inviting a dialogue between Western theories of Dance Studies and Khatibi's decolonial method of 'double critique,' 'Corbeaux' prompts its reader / spectator not to romanticize either the dance or the dancing body since neither should disavow subjection to global capital. The article indeed complicates Khatibi's conception of doubleness through the doubleness of dance as a space of both reenactment and customization of the Sufi archive which the dance reenacts within the choreography of global market mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkmen Turkish is included in the eastern branch of Oghuz Turkic dialects. Although it has different features from other Turkish dialects in many aspects, some of its features are also different from other Oghuz Turkish dialects. Another important feature that distinguishes Turkmen Turkish from both other Turkish dialects and Oghuz Turkic dialects is the use of the dative case suffix. When the dative case suffix is added to the words ending with vowels, the y sound is inserted in other Oghuz phrase Turkish dialects such as Turkey Turkish, Azerbaijan Turkish, Gagauz Turkish, while the suffix is added directly without a consonant in the Standard Turkmen Turkish and in the majority of Turkmen dialects. When the first studies on Turkmen Turkish are examined and some dialects with few speakers are examined, it is seen that the y sound is added. In addition, in some of the first studies on Turkmen Turkish, the dative case suffix is provided as +(y)A. In this study, the +(y)A form of the dative case in dialects and in the first grammars has been revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a Surgical Thoracic Center, two females and a man were unexpectedly diagnosed with hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the lung (HAL) in a single year. HAL is a rare lung cancer with pathological features of hepatocellular carcinoma with no evidence of liver tumor or other primitive sites of neoplasms. As of today, a comprehensive treatment is still not written. We reviewed the most updated literature on HAL, aiming to highlight the proposed treatments available, and comparing them in terms of survival. General hallmarks of HAL are confirmed: it typically affects middle-aged, heavy-smoker males with a median of 5 cm bulky right upper lobe mass. Overall survival remains poor (13 months), with a longer but non-significant survival in females. Treatments are still unsatisfactory today: surgery guarantees a small benefit compared to non-operated HALs, and only N0 patients demonstrated improved survival (p = 0.04) compared to N1, N2, and N3. Even though the histology is fearsome, these are probably the patients who will benefit from upfront surgery. Chemotherapy seemed to behave as surgery, and there is no statistical difference between chemotherapy only, surgery, or adjuvant treatments, even though adjuvant treatments tend to be more successful. New chemotherapies have been reported with notable results in recent years, such as Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. In this complicated picture, new cases are needed to further build shared evidence in terms of diagnosis, treatments, and survival opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Haemorrhoidal disease is a common disorder in the Western World that commonly requires surgical treatment, but original open techniques were associated with significant complications and pain. Haemorrhoidal Arterial Ligation (HAL) has gained popularity for relatively low complication and postoperative pain rates. This review assesses clinical outcomes of this technique in comparison to alternative modern techniques. Methods. The literature was searched on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library databases. Search terms: dearterialization, artery ligation, mucopexy, recto-anal repair. Inclusion criteria: RCTs, original publications, grade II, III and/or grade IV haemorrhoids, elective procedures. Exclusion criteria: non-English, non-adults, published pre-2016. Results. 14 RCTs were included in the systematic review. HAL performed poorly in terms of recurrence, with a pooled recurrence rate of 10.34% for grade III haemorrhoids. HAL had a similar recurrence rate to Procedure for Prolapse and Haemorrhoids. Pain was comparable between groups. Conclusion. HAL is a safe surgical technique for the treatment of grade II to grade IV haemorrhoids. It still has a relatively low complication rate, and pain scores are comparable to other non-invasive techniques, and superior to open techniques. HAL still performs poorly in terms of recurrence rates. New modified procedures including suture-mucopexy only and tissue-selecting techniques appear to have better therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to shed light on the online dissemination of scientific articles in the humanities and social sciences by adopting two perspectives. The first perspective is quantitative and aims to measure the importance of the national open archive HAL and the academic social network site Academia in the online release of research in social sciences and humanities. The study is based on a corpus of 70,000 articles published between 2010 and 2018 in five benchmark disciplines: history, geography, literature, management sciences and environmental sciences. The second perspective is qualitative and is based on interviews with some fifteen researchers from these different disciplines. The uses of HAL and Academia are situated in the wider set of digital practices of researchers and embodied in their publishing career.

Background: Hepatoid adenocarcinoma (HAC) of the lung (HAL) is a rare and aggressive extrahepatic adenocarcinoma with an unknown etiology and unfavorable prognosis, which is similar to the pathophysiological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: We first presented a 67-year-old patient diagnosed with HAC in the right middle lobe of the lung. Then, a systematic literature search was performed for HAL cases recorded between 1990 and 2020 based on three databases. The clinicopathological features, therapeutic method, and prognosis of this rare disease were reviewed, and corresponding prognostic factors were explored using Kaplan–Meier (K-M) curve and Cox proportional hazards regression model. Additionally, the potential biological mechanisms of HAL were further explored and compared with HCC and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) based on online databases. Results: In the present study, we reported an HAL patient who underwent surgical resection combined with chemotherapy and succumbed to disease 13 months after surgery. Additionally, a total of 43 experimental studies with 49 HAL patients, including the present case, met the inclusion criteria and were included in the present review. We found that HAL is characterized by a male-dominated incidence and is more common in the right lung. Patients in the surgical subgroup have a better prognosis than those in the non-surgical subgroup (p = 0.034). Moreover, the Cox proportional hazards regression model demonstrated that surgical resection can significantly improve the prognosis of HAL patients (p = 0.016). HAL is a rare disease associated with gene mutations that has a distinctive cause and unique pathogenesis. Additionally, Afatinib and Gefitinib may be new effective agents to better combat HAL. Conclusion: In conclusion, males may exhibit an increased risk of developing HAL and poorer prognosis than females. Surgical resection combined with chemotherapy may prolong the survival of patients with HAL. HAL has its unique clinicopathological characteristics and biological mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The hybrid assistive limb is the world's first wearable robot device that provides effective gait assistance according to voluntary intention. • Rehabilitation does not only assist ALS patients in managing disease-related symptoms, but help them enjoy a fulfilling life despite the shortened lifespan. • Walking distance significantly increased on the 2 min walk test after HAL training. • HAL can possibly preserve gait ability in ALS patients. The Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL; CYBERDYNE, Inc., Japan) is a wearable robot device that provides effective gait assistance according to voluntary intention by detecting weak bioelectrical signals of neuromuscular activity on the surface of the skin. We used HAL for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) to determine whether HAL training had an effect on their gait ability. We conducted a single-center, single-arm, observational study. Patients with ALS underwent HAL training once per day (20–40 min per session) for 9–10 days for at least 4 weeks. Gait ability was evaluated using the 2-minute walk test, the 10-meter walk test without the assistance of HAL, and activities of daily living (ADL) using the Barthel Index and Functional Independence Measures before and after a full course of HAL training. There were no dropouts or adverse events during the observation period. Gait function improved after HAL training. The 2-minute walk test revealed a mean gait distance of 73.87 m (36.65) at baseline and 89.9m (36.70) after HAL training (p = 0.004). The 10-meter walk test showed significantly improved cadence, although gait speed, step length on the 10-m walk, or ADL measurements did not change significantly. Although HAL is not a curative treatment for ALS, our data suggest that HAL may be effective in ameliorating and preserving gait ability in patients with ALS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the lung (HAL) is a rare malignant tumor that is defined as a primary alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-producing lung carcinoma. We aimed to identify prognostic factors associated with the survival of patients with HAL using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. We collected data from patients diagnosed with HAL, adenocarcinoma (ADC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung between 1975 and 2016 from the SEER database. The clinical features of patients with ADC and SCC of the lung were also analyzed. The clinical features of HALs were compared to ADCs and SCCs. A chi-square test was used to calculate the correlations between categorical variables, and a t test or Mann–Whitney U test was used for continuous variables. The Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression analysis were used to identify the prognostic factors for the overall survival (OS) of HALs. Two-tailed p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Sixty-five patients with HAL, 2,84,379 patients with ADC, and 1,86,494 with SCC were identified from the SEER database. Fewer males, advanced stages, and more chemotherapy-treated HALs were found. Compared to patients with SCC, patients with HAL were less likely to be male, more likely to be in an advanced stage, and more likely to receive chemotherapy (p < 0.05). The American Joint Committee on Cancer staging was the only prognostic factor for OS in patients with HAL, and stage IV was significantly different from other stages (hazard ratio = 0.045, 95% confidence interval: 0.005–0.398, p = 0.005). Males with HAL were more likely to receive radiotherapy compared to females with HAL (61.8 vs 31.5%, p = 0.034). Younger patients with HAL were more likely to receive chemotherapy (59.4 + 10.2 years vs 69 + 11.3 years, p = 0.001). The primary tumor size of HAL was associated with the location of the primary lesion (p = 0.012). No conventional antitumor therapies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, were shown to have a significant survival benefit in patients with HAL (p > 0.05). This study showed that stage IV was the only prognostic factor for OS in HALs compared to other clinicopathologic factors. Conventional antitumor therapies failed to show survival benefit; thus, a more effective method by which to treat HAL is needed. Interestingly, the clinical features and the location of the primary lesion were shown to be associated with primary tumor size and treatment in patients with HAL, which have not been reported before.

Abstract Over the past few years, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are recognized as key regulators of gene expression at chromatin, transcriptional and posttranscriptional level with pivotal roles in various biological and pathological processes, including cancer. Hypoxia, a common feature of the tumor microenvironment, profoundly affects gene expression and is tightly associated with cancer progression. Upon tumor hypoxia, the central regulator HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) is upregulated and orchestrates transcription reprogramming, contributing to aggressive phenotypes in numerous cancers. Not surprisingly, lncRNAs are also transcriptional targets of HIF and serve as effectors of hypoxia response. Indeed, the number of hypoxia-associated lncRNAs (HALs) identified has risen sharply, illustrating the expanding roles of lncRNAs in hypoxia signaling cascade and responses. Moreover, through extra-cellular vesicles, lncRNAs could transmit hypoxia responses between cancer cells and the associated microenvironment. Notably, the aberrantly expressed cellular or exosomal HALs can serve as potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. In this review, we provide an update of the current knowledge about the expression, involvement and potential clinical impact of lncRNAs in tumor hypoxia, with special focus on their unique molecular regulation of HIF cascade and hypoxia-induced malignant progression.

ABSTRAK Haemorrhoidal artery ligation (HAL) adalah metode operasi wasir yang memiliki keunggulan rasa sakit minimal dan waktu pemulihan cepat. Prosedur HAL bergantung pada bunyi Doppler untuk menentukan letak arteri dalam liang anus. Derau yang tercampur dalam sinyal membuat dokter kesulitan mendengarkan bunyi Doppler yang menandakan letak arteri wasir. Adaptive line enhancer (ALE) dengan algoritma least mean square (LMS) digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk mengurangi aras derau yang terkandung dalam sinyal bunyi Doppler aliran darah. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan parameter mean square error (MSE), signal to noise ratio (SNR), dan waktu eksekusi untuk berbagai orde tapis. Nilai maksimum power spectral density (PSD) sinyal yang masuk ke tapis -86 dB/Hz, kemudian turun menjadi -101 dB/Hz setelah lewat tapis. SNR tertinggi 40,03 dB didapat ketika orde tapis 16. Waktu eksekusi hampir tidak berubah meskipun orde filter dinaikkan. Kata kunci: pengurangan derau, bunyi Doppler, ALE, LMS, HAL  ABSTRACT Hemorrhoidal artery ligation (HAL) is one of surgical methods in treating hemorrhoids disease known for less pain and fast recovery. HAL procedure relies on the Doppler audible sound to locate arteries within rectal column. Noise interfering the signal of interest makes arteries detection becomes difficult task for the surgeon since signal and noise spectral overlaps. Adaptive line enhancer (ALE) with least mean square (LMS) algorithm is used in this study to reduce noise level contained in Doppler blood flow sound signal. The simulation results show the mean square error (MSE), signal to noise ratio (SNR), and execution time for different filter order. The maximum power spectral density (PSD) value of the noisy signal and filtered signal are -86 dB/Hz and -101 dB/Hz. respectively. The highest SNR of 40.03 dB is obtained when filter tap order is set to 16. However signal processing time remains almost unchanged as the filter tap order increased. Keywords: noise reduction, Doppler sound, ALE, LMS, HAL

The Arab Linguists have noted the Dual positioning among the Predicate & Ḥāl, resulting in the variety of meanings of a sentence. Though Ḥāl ( الحال ) describes the condition at the time of the action of verb and the circumstance of the subject or object or both is in the accusative form, whereas predicate is in the Nominative form, it can be a word, a phrase or a sentence just like the conditions of Ḥāl. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the different angles of Semantic gestures in a text, when it changes its Nominative form to the Accusative form & vice versa, thus grammatically transforming the Predicate in to the Ḥāl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A wide variety of methods has been proposed for treating hemorrhoidal disease. The aim of the study is to assess the safety and effectiveness of hemorrhoidal artery ligation with rectoanal repair (HAL-RAR). Methods: Retrospective study from January 2010 to November 2019 of patients who underwent HAL-RAR for grade II, resistant to conservative treatment, and grades III and IV hemorrhoidal disease. Demographics, degree of disease, hospital stay, postoperative pain, complications, and recurrence were recorded. Patients were followed up at postoperative days 1 and 8 and at 1, 6, and 12 months. Results: A total of 105 patients (60 men, 45 women) underwent HAL-RAR. Median age was 49 (range, 20–86) years. Two patients with hemorrhoidal thrombosis underwent emergent excision of the hemorrhoid. Median length of hospital stay was 2 (range, 1–13) days. Patients reported median visual analog scale pain score 3 (range, 1–5) on the 1st postoperative day. At 1 month, no patient reported pain, 84.76% of patients confirmed complete resolution of symptoms, while complication rate was 7.61%: 2 patients presented urinary retention, 3 dyschezia, 2 bleeding, and 1 hemorrhoidal necrosis. At 6 months, 2 patients presented mild symptoms and 7 recurrence. At 12 months, 92.4% of patients experienced complete resolution of symptoms, 2 patients intermittent bleeding, and 2 recurrence. Overall recurrence and re-intervention rate were 8.57% rate and 10.5%, respectively. Conclusion: HAL-RAR is a safe and effective minimal invasive operative technique related to a high percentage of success, low complication, and recurrence rates. Long-term follow-up is lacking and would better establish the results of this technique. Trial registration: Trial registration number NCT04778124 Date of registration 26/02/2021 "retrospectively registered" [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adjunct of a mucopexy to conventional dearterialization has become a routine part of the transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization procedure in order to facilitate the management of the prolapsing component and has helped to expand the indications of this technique to more advanced stages of hemorrhoidal disease. A simple technical modification of THD with targeted mucopexy (TM), called Anolift, is described. The aim of the study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of this technical variation. The procedure consisted of two parts: one aimed at the dearterialization and the other concentrated on the management of the prolapsing component. Once all the arteries were identified and transfixed an Anolift targeted mucopexy was performed using a continuous barbed suture with a synthetic absorbable monofilament (Polydioxanone) 2/0 Filbloc (Assut Europe) stitch mounted on a 4/8 30 mm needle. Severity of hemorrhoidal symptoms was scored from 0 to 20 using a dedicated questionnaire: the Hemorrhoidal Assessment Severity Score (HASS). From May 2018 to November 2020, 60 patients with hemorrhoidal disease (HD) underwent a THD Anolift procedure. Three patients experienced severe post-operative pain and 10 (23%) suffered with difficulty in evacuation. The median follow-up period was 15.5 months (range 2–32 months). The mean HASS changed from 16.43 pre-operatively to 1.95 post-operatively (p < 0.0001). Pre-operative HASS very strongly correlated with the degree of hemorrhoids (p < 0.001), while there was no correlation between the pre-operative HASS or the degree of hemorrhoids and the post-operative HASS (p = 0.163). There was no significant difference in predicted post-operative HASS according to the pre-operative HD stage. One patient (1.6%) with circumferential IV hemorrhoids had a recurrence and required a further THD. Two patients had excision of skin tags (3%). The Anolift technique is safe and effective for the management of HD even in patients with advanced stages.

Hemorrhoidal artery ligation (HAL) procedure aims specifically at reducing the arterial flow to the hemorrhoids. The Doppler probe allows an accurate localization of the branches of superior rectal artery which are individually ligated. However, the vessels can also be ligated by digital palpation of vessels without the help of Doppler probe. In this study, we have compared the results of hemorrhoidal artery ligation procedure with and without Doppler guidance in symptomatic grades I–III hemorrhoids. The study was a single-blinded randomized clinical study. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups, the non-Doppler group (HAL group) and the Doppler group (DGHAL group). The outcome was assessed by using HDSS questionnaire as proposed by Nyström et al. Patients were followed at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year following the procedure. In this study, the overall control of bleeding was 86.9% (86.0% in HAL group and 87.9% in DGHAL group) after 1 year of follow-up. The overall recurrence of prolapse in patients with grade II hemorrhoids after 1 year of follow-up was 16.9% (17.9% patients in HAL group and 16.0% in DGHAL group). The overall recurrence of prolapse in patients with grade III hemorrhoid after 1 year follow-up was 58.6% (60% patients in HAL group and 57.1% in DGHAL group). However, there was no significant difference between both groups. No significant difference was found in both groups in the secondary outcome measures (pain, soiling, and itching). Our study indicates that the hemorrhoidal artery ligation procedure can be performed effectively without the use of Doppler transducer. The study also suggests that HAL procedure is more effective in early grade hemorrhoids (grades I and II). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of Islamic thought includes various breaks in terms of the dynamics of the development process. These breaks may be related to the conceptual and methodological principles or basic propositions of a certain sect or discipline, or they may occur around the interpretation of the views of a prominent scholar in the tradition of thought. One of the examples of this, which we will examine in this study, is the view attributed to al-Ash'arī that existence and quiddity are the same things. According to this view, existence is a concept that expresses the truths/substances of things that exist concretely/singularly; it is not a general and common-sense universal concept that encompasses all beings. In the theological texts written in the Post-Classical period, it is reported that al-Ash'arī generally supported this view. However, there is no specific expression regarding this problem in al-Ash'arī's works or in the works compiled his views. Our aim in this study is to examine the background of the relation of this view to al-Ash'arī and to try to determine what he means by saying existence and essence are the same things. In the study, in determining al-Ash'arī's views, his own works and Ibn Fūrak's Mujarrad, which compiles his views, were consulted directly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesThis paper aimed to quantify exposure-response relationships between the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists' (ACGIH) threshold limit value (TLV) for hand-activity level (HAL) and incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).MethodsManufacturing and service workers previously studied by six research institutions had their data combined and re-analyzed. CTS cases were defined by symptoms and abnormal nerve conduction. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using proportional hazards regression after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, and CTS predisposing conditions.ResultsThe longitudinal study comprised 2751 incident-eligible workers, followed prospectively for up to 6.4 years and contributing 6243 person-years of data. Associations were found between CTS and TLV for HAL both as a continuous variable [HR 1.32 per unit, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.11-1.57] and when categorized using the ACGIH action limit (AL) and TLV. Those between the AL and TLV and above the TLV had HR of 1.7 (95% CI 1.2-2.5) and 1.5 (95% CI 1.0-2.1), respectively. As independent variables (in the same adjusted model) the HR for peak force (PF) and HAL were 1.14 per unit (95% CI 1.05-1.25), and 1.04 per unit (95% CI 0.93-1.15), respectively.ConclusionThose with exposures above the AL were at increased risk of CTS, but there was no further increase in risk for workers above the TLV. This suggests that the current AL may not be sufficiently protective of workers. Combinations of PF and HAL are useful for predicting risk of CTS.

Copyright of Journal of Polytechnic is the property of Journal of Polytechnic and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Persecution is an act in a bad way or using physical violence on the basis of emotion of the soul committed individually or in groups with a specific purpose. This happens because of differences in views of political, religion, race, class, economy and also justice and prosperity. This study is library research. This study takes data from literature, books or transcripts related to this discussion. The discussion approach is by using religious psychology that the form of data of soul behavior. Data analysis was carried out by data reduction flow, data presentation and conclusion, and analysis tools using Tafsir bil Izwaji, that is explanation based on the combination of Al-Quran, Al-Hadith and opinions of experts related to the discussion. There are three stags in Persecution. They are (1) Muqadimah, is before doing so, is the condition of the soul in the form of the nature of the transition that can turn into bad by being influenced by the environment so that anger arises expressed in the form of persecution, which is based on the mismatch between hope and reality or goal reward; (2) Hal, It is the condition of the soul that feels anxious, when the behavior is known to others, and the expectation of survival from the threat that causes suffering to others; (3) Gayah, the condition of the soul that emerges after doing an act of persecution, which is in the form of regret (taubat) and feeling afraid when the behavior is revealed in the future.

Abu Hamid al-Gazali is a polymath, who expresses his views on different sciences and topics. Besides, he has written so much. To comment on his views, his different books must be referred to. Many unsystematically tackled themes by al-Ghazali were neglected and one of them is the teaching that every theory is a practice and every practice is not a theory. al-Ghazali's theory-practice teaching is not comprehensively examined and this is among the most important reasons why this teaching is not seriously analyzed. There are serious sources on the topic in al-Ghazali's Ihya Ulum al-Din. Mostly is the Bagdad period books examined for al-Ghazali's philosophy. al-Ghazali is on the view that every practice can be reached through theory and every theory can be reached through the idea. Also, al-Ghazali says it cannot be reached directly from theory to practice and he establishes third teaching which is named as a state. As a conclusion theory, state and practice are all the productions of the idea. Al-Ghazali stresses the unity of all these concepts, for he is a thinker of unity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Historically persons with haemophilia (PWH) were not encouraged to participate in exercise due to the risk of bleeding and the lack of factor products available. This has now changed, and the availability of safe products allows PWH to be active and participate in sports. Studies have found that exercise has a positive effect on pain, joint health and movement with PWH. Aim: To record the amount and types of physical activity undertaken by a haemophilia population at a single treatment centre. Methods: An observational cross‐sectional study to assess physical activity and quality of life of all registered patients over the age of 18 at the Oxford Haemophilia and Thrombosis Centre. Participants were posted questionnaires including the International Physical activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Haemophilia Activity List (HAL), EQ‐5D‐5L and asked to list their physical activities. Results: A total of 256 questionnaires were sent, with a 40% response rate for severe and 28% for mild patients. 85% met the UK physical activity guidelines. Sedentary behaviour for an average weekday was 6.4 hours, and weekends were 5.3 hours. Joint disease and severity type influenced the amount of activity undertaken, together with values for HAL and EQ‐5D‐5L. Twenty two types of activities were listed. Conclusion: It is encouraging to see the amount of physical activity PWH participate in, however, time spent in a sedentary state needs monitoring. PWH want to be active and the challenge for caregivers is to find activities they can do and strategies to maintain participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few years, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are recognized as key regulators of gene expression at chromatin, transcriptional and posttranscriptional level with pivotal roles in various biological and pathological processes, including cancer. Hypoxia, a common feature of the tumor microenvironment, profoundly affects gene expression and is tightly associated with cancer progression. Upon tumor hypoxia, the central regulator HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) is upregulated and orchestrates transcription reprogramming, contributing to aggressive phenotypes in numerous cancers. Not surprisingly, lncRNAs are also transcriptional targets of HIF and serve as effectors of hypoxia response. Indeed, the number of hypoxia-associated lncRNAs (HALs) identified has risen sharply, illustrating the expanding roles of lncRNAs in hypoxia signaling cascade and responses. Moreover, through extra-cellular vesicles, lncRNAs could transmit hypoxia responses between cancer cells and the associated microenvironment. Notably, the aberrantly expressed cellular or exosomal HALs can serve as potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. In this review, we provide an update of the current knowledge about the expression, involvement and potential clinical impact of lncRNAs in tumor hypoxia, with special focus on their unique molecular regulation of HIF cascade and hypoxia-induced malignant progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yongtian He, David Eguren, Trieu Phat Luu, Jose L Contreras-Vidal Laboratory for Noninvasive Brain-Machine Interface Systems, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA Abstract: Gait disability is a major health care problem worldwide. Powered exoskeletons have recently emerged as devices that can enable users with gait disabilities to ambulate in an upright posture, and potentially bring other clinical benefits. In 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration approved marketing of the ReWalk™ Personal Exoskeleton as a class II medical device with special controls. Since then, Indego™ and Ekso™ have also received regulatory approval. With similar trends worldwide, this industry is likely to grow rapidly. On the other hand, the regulatory science of powered exoskeletons is still developing. The type and extent of probable risks of these devices are yet to be understood, and industry standards are yet to be developed. To address this gap, Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience, Clinicaltrials.gov, and PubMed databases were searched for reports of adverse events and inclusion and exclusion criteria involving the use of lower limb powered exoskeletons. Current inclusion and exclusion criteria, which can determine probable risks, were found to be diverse. Reported adverse events and identified risks of current devices are also wide-ranging. In light of these findings, current regulations, standards, and regulatory procedures for medical device applications in the USA, Europe, and Japan were also compared. There is a need to raise awareness of probable risks associated with the use of powered exoskeletons and to develop adequate countermeasures, standards, and regulations for these human–machine systems. With appropriate risk mitigation strategies, adequate standards, comprehensive reporting of adverse events, and regulatory oversight, powered exoskeletons may one day allow individuals with gait disabilities to safely and independently ambulate. Keywords: FDA, ReWalk, Indego, Ekso, HAL, Rex

Robot-assisted gait training following acute stroke could allow patients with severe disability to receive a high dosage and intensity of gait training compared with conventional physical therapy (CP). However, given the limited data on gauging the efficacy of Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) on gait training in patients with acute stroke, we aimed to evaluate several outcome measures following gait training with HAL. Patients with first-ever stroke, who required a walking aid and were able to start gait training within 1 week of stroke onset were included in the current study. Patients were assigned to either the CP or HAL group. Outcome measures were collected at baseline, and at the 2nd (at 2–6 weeks), and 3rd (at 3–5 months) assessments. All patients underwent physical therapy until the 3rd assessment; patients in the HAL group underwent gait training using HAL until the 2nd assessment. Thirty-seven patients (19 from CP and 18 from HAL, median age = 69 years) completed the study. At the 2nd assessment, the total Functional Independence Measure (FIM) score was higher in the HAL group than in the CP group (90.1 vs. 79.0, p = 0.042). In conclusion, the FIM scale could be used to identify responsiveness to acute stroke rehabilitation using HAL. • Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) promotes functional recovery post-stroke. • There is limited published data on the efficacy of HAL on gait training post-stroke. • The FIM scale is useful to gauge efficacy of HAL for acute stroke rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) using hexaminolevulinate on the diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases together with conference proceedings were searched. Results: Recurrence-free survival was significantly higher at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months in the PDD groups than in the white light cystoscopy (WLC) groups with the cumulative values of differences in recurrence rates at different follow-up intervals ranging from 8% to 11%. PDD identified additional tumors in 25% of all NMIBC patients and in 35% of carcinoma in situ (CIS) patients. In a patient-based analysis mean sensitivity of PDD versus WLC for all tumor detection was 94% and 84%, respectively. The assessed patient-based specificity was comparable for PDD and WLC in all types of tumors (55-56%); however, in CIS it was higher for PDD (82% vs. 72%). Conclusions: The meta-analysis confirms that PDD in conjunction with WLC detects significantly more tumors than WLC alone. Better diagnostic abilities of PDD transpose to significantly lower short-term recurrence rates after transurethral resection procedure and may improve treatment of NMIBC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corpus-based research has formed the backbone of linguistic research in recent decades. Large text corpora are used for solving various kinds of linguistic problems, including those of quantitative linguistics, cognitive linguistics, and psycholinguistics. This paper reports the creation of two corpora of contemporary Vietnamese. It also describes the construction of these two equally sized Vietnamese corpora (a corpus from Vietnamese film subtitles, subtlex-viet, and a general corpus of varieties of online newspapers and stories, genlex-viet). We document the general steps of the construction and extraction of linguistic information from the language corpora and provide a road map for others who would like to create similar corpora. The resultant corpora are available in three versions: plain text, tokenized, and POS tagged. In the second half of the paper, the construction of a lexical database derived from the corpora is described. The database includes measures such as frequency of occurrence, dispersion, Mutual Information, Inverse Document Frequency, as well as vector space measures based on Latent Semantic Analysis and Hyperspace Analogue to Language. We conclude by reporting a comparison of the lexical predictors and a validation using psycholinguistic data from visual lexical decision experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Management of high risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is challenging. It is vital to detect recurrences early and predict which tumors are likely to progress. Areas covered: This manuscript reviews the current approaches available for detection and surveillance of high risk NMIBCs. A literature review was utilized to evaluate risk factors for recurrence and progression as well as evaluating approaches including pathological aspects of NMIBC, molecular subtyping, methods for tumor visualization, urine cytology, urinary molecular markers, molecular tissue markers as well as the scoring systems and nomograms. Expert commentary: Clinical and pathological factors are still the mainstay of prediction of recurrence and progression. However, genomic information such as molecular subtyping may improve understanding of prognosis. White light cystoscopy is still a dominant approach but enhanced cystoscopy is likely superior for detection of cancer especially carcinoma in situ. Urinary biomarkers are evolving; however, they are not ready to replace cystoscopy and trials are still necessary to determine optimal clinical utility. Prognostic scoring systems and nomograms are available for counseling the patients but there is room to improve predictive accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: This paper aimed to quantify exposure–response relationships between the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists’ (ACGIH) threshold limit value (TLV) for hand-activity level (HAL) and incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). METHODS: Manufacturing and service workers previously studied by six research institutions had their data combined and re-analyzed. CTS cases were defined by symptoms and abnormal nerve conduction. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using proportional hazards regression after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, and CTS predisposing conditions. RESULTS: The longitudinal study comprised 2751 incident-eligible workers, followed prospectively for up to 6.4 years and contributing 6243 person-years of data. Associations were found between CTS and TLV for HAL both as a continuous variable [HR 1.32 per unit, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.11–1.57] and when categorized using the ACGIH action limit (AL) and TLV. Those between the AL and TLV and above the TLV had HR of 1.7 (95% CI 1.2–2.5) and 1.5 (95% CI 1.0–2.1), respectively. As independent variables (in the same adjusted model) the HR for peak force (PF) and HAL were 1.14 per unit (95% CI 1.05–1.25), and 1.04 per unit (95% CI 0.93–1.15), respectively. CONCLUSION: Those with exposures above the AL were at increased risk of CTS, but there was no further increase in risk for workers above the TLV. This suggests that the current AL may not be sufficiently protective of workers. Combinations of PF and HAL are useful for predicting risk of CTS.

There has been a recent boom in research relating semantic space computational models to fMRI data, in an effort to better understand how the brain represents semantic information. In the first study reported here, we expanded on a previous study to examine how different semantic space models and modeling parameters affect the abilities of these computational models to predict brain activation in a datadriven set of 500 selected voxels. The findings suggest that these computational models may contain distinct types of semantic information that relate to different brain areas in different ways. On the basis of these findings, in a second study we conducted an additional exploratory analysis of theoretically motivated brain regions in the language network. We demonstrated that data-driven computational models can be successfully integrated into theoretical frameworks to inform and test theories of semantic representation and processing. The findings from our work are discussed in light of future directions for neuroimaging and computational research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gait disability is a major health care problem worldwide. Powered exoskeletons have recently emerged as devices that can enable users with gait disabilities to ambulate in an upright posture, and potentially bring other clinical benefits. In 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration approved marketing of the ReWalk? Personal Exoskeleton as a class II medical device with special controls. Since then, Indego? and Ekso? have also received regulatory approval. With similar trends worldwide, this industry is likely to grow rapidly. On the other hand, the regulatory science of powered exoskeletons is still developing. The type and extent of probable risks of these devices are yet to be understood, and industry standards are yet to be developed. To address this gap, Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience, Clinicaltrials.gov, and PubMed databases were searched for reports of adverse events and inclusion and exclusion criteria involving the use of lower limb powered exoskeletons. Current inclusion and exclusion criteria, which can determine probable risks, were found to be diverse. Reported adverse events and identified risks of current devices are also wide-ranging. In light of these findings, current regulations, standards, and regulatory procedures for medical device applications in the USA, Europe, and Japan were also compared. There is a need to raise awareness of probable risks associated with the use of powered exoskeletons and to develop adequate countermeasures, standards, and regulations for these human-machine systems. With appropriate risk mitigation strategies, adequate standards, comprehensive reporting of adverse events, and regulatory oversight, powered exoskeletons may one day allow individuals with gait disabilities to safely and independently ambulate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkish language, history, literature, art, Orkhon Inscriptions providing important information about the ceremony, Köktürk empire famous ruler Bilge Kagan dating from the era are written six obelisks. However, three of the paper is very important: Tonyukuk monument, Kül Tigin monument, Bilge Kagan monument. In this study, in that three Köktürk texts the morpheme of "+ DA " and by determining the sentences used in this sentence which function with this supplement , which will be put forward with such acts and instances in which it is used in such structures. As a result, many dialects today, accent, Turkey used interchangeably attachments state the name we encounter in Turkish dialects or function shift opinion, the result of using different verb from the verb that evokes this crop, prepositions or by the prepositional case of use between name-names and relationships established between noun-verb, morpheme meet different functions to meet (+ DIn, + (K)A +GArU) will be put forward by witnesses in Köktürk text. Moreover, the additional word-association in the meaning of the verb to bind the name of the state in addition to the annex, the annex will focus on functions which change according to the act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tasavvuf tarihinde hal ve makamın analizine yönelik bir takım yaKlaşımlar olmUşsa da en kapsamlısı, Abdülkerim Kuşeyri tarafından· yapılmıştır. Küşeyri'nin iddiası: makamın hale dönüşmesidir~ Ondan yaklaşık . iki . asır sonra, Ebu Ömeı:' Sühreverdi, halin makama · dönüştüğünü sayunurken çağdaş ı olan İbnü'J~ Ara bi ise hal ve makam etrafındaki ·. zihin karışıklığmın; halin sürekli ol.up olmanıasından kaynaklandığı .görüşündedir.

To investigate whether early gait training using Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) is feasible and improves walking and independency compared with conventional physical therapy (CPT) in patients with severe walking disability after stroke. We conducted a single-center, randomized controlled study. Patients with first-ever stroke who had severe walking disability were included. All patients started gait training within 10 days post-stroke onset. Twenty-four patients were randomly assigned into HAL or CPT groups. Outcome measures were collected at three time points, at baseline, completion of 20 sessions of gait training (second assessment), and 3 months after the initiation of gait training. The primary outcomes were changes in motor sub-scores of the Functional Independence Measure or Functional Ambulation Category at the completion of the second assessment from baseline. Twenty-two patients (median age, 68 years; 12 patients in the HAL group and 10 patients in the CPT group) completed the study. There were no significant differences in primary outcomes. Apathy scale, one of the secondary outcomes, showed a decreasing trend in the HAL group (mean change of -3.8, 95% CI -8.14 to 0.475), and a slight increasing trend in the CPT group (mean change of 1.2, 95% CI -2.66 to 5.06) at the second assessment. Patients in the HAL group experienced no adverse events. Early gait training in patients with severe walking disability after stroke using HAL was feasible. Walking ability and independency were not improved at the completion of 20 sessions of gait training. • Robot-assisted rehabilitation is promising for post-stroke rehabilitation. • No significant functional differences following early gait training with HAL vs CPT. • Neuropsychiatric symptoms (e.g., apathy) should be addressed during rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates three different sources of information and their integration into language modelling. Global semantics is modelled by Latent Dirichlet allocation and brings long range dependencies into language models. Word clusters given by semantic spaces enrich these language models with short range semantics. Finally, our own stemming algorithm is used to further enhance the performance of language modelling for inflectional languages. Our research shows that these three sources of information enrich each other and their combination dramatically improves language modelling. All investigated models are acquired in a fully unsupervised manner. We show the efficiency of our methods for several languages such as Czech, Slovenian, Slovak, Polish, Hungarian, and English, proving their multilingualism. The perplexity tests are accompanied by machine translation tests that prove the ability of the proposed models to improve the performance of a real-world application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]