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In Malaya, the Chinese were influenced the most by the communist movement and thus developed into the largest supporting group. In this situation, the government of the Federation of Malaya (hereinafter the government) has planned and carried out various strategies to win their hearts and minds in order to thwart them from joining the communist struggle. The discussion in this article is based on Chinese-written Emergency Leaflets disseminated by the government through the Department of Information specifically for the Chinese during the emergency period (1948-1960). This study aims to discuss the importance of physical propaganda in the form of Emergency Leaflets in helping the government to rally support from the Chinese as well as to look into the government's stands towards the communist movement. This study clearly shows that the Emergency Leaflets have been used by the government as propaganda and an instrument of communication to explain to the Chinese about the situation in Malaya including the danger of communist threats and efforts taken in the fights against the communists. Their cooperation was also called in combating the communist movement. Thus, the leaflets played an important role as a medium of propaganda for the government to restrain the communists' influences during the emergency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dayaks, despite being the majority population in Sarawak, were unable to avoid involvement in the communist movement in the 1960s in East Malaysia. Faced with difficulties in obtaining aid and support in the First Division of Sarawak, Kuching, the communists moved to the Third Division of Sarawak (Rajang) which was inhabited by many Dayaks, with the objective of obtaining help for their activities. The current study, based on a qualitative method of collecting and analysing primary and secondary archival sources, found that the communists realised the Dayaks were important in mobilising their activities in Sarawak. The Dayak settlements, concentrated in the rural areas, were not easily detected by the authorities. And it was difficult for the government and security forces to be in contact with the Dayaks due to communication system problems. The study also found that the communists used various strategies to attract Dayaks' attention and participation in their movement. They befriended the Dayak people by learning their language and culture, by establishing family ties with them, by championing their interests and by promoting their integration with other races. Despite this, the communist movement was not well-received by the Dayaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Communist Party of Malaya (CPM), also known colloquially among Thais as “the Chinese Communists” or “the Chinese Communist of Malaya,” was an antigovernment paramilitary group that was active during the Cold War. In the context of the Cold War, successive Thai governments saw the CPM as an opposition group, but lesser in importance than the other threats it faced, such as the Communist Party of Thailand (CPT) and the separatist movements operating in the same area of operation as the CPM. At the same time, the CPM was the last communist group to disband (around 1989), despite the Thai government’s policy of amnesty, which began in 1981 under Order 66/23. This article argues that the Thai authorities viewed the CPM as a “marginal enemy” in terms of its geographical remoteness on the Thai-Malaysian border and security priority. As a result of this lower security priority, the Thai government approached the CPM as a threat that could be dealt with through negotiations and political means rather than military suppression. It was arguably this different perspective that led to the divergent strategies between the central governments of Thailand and Malaysia vis-à-vis the CPM threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Successful employment outcomes for pregnant women result from a complex interplay between the woman, her employer, her prenatal care provider, laws and other influences. Methods: A mail survey about management of employment during pregnancy was sent to directors of US residency programs that train prenatal care providers. Each physician was randomly assigned one of 4 vignette patients whose job involved prolonged standing, rotating shifts and lifting 40 lbs. Half the vignette patients had risk factors for preterm birth and half would have financial difficulty if placed on an unpaid antenatal leave. Results: The 301 respondents estimated that they provide a written job restriction for 20% of their employed pregnant patients, although in 6 clinics the job restriction rate was 100%. For vignettes with preterm birth risk factors, 62.5% of physicians would always recommend a job restriction, 35.6% would do so sometimes, and 2.2% would rarely do so. When the vignette did not have risk factors for preterm birth, 21.5% of the physicians would always recommend a job restriction, 51.3% would do so sometimes, 25.9% would do so rarely and 1.3% would never do so. Economic factors were not associated with prescribing job restrictions. One in 5 of the residency programs provides no teaching on occupational health issues in pregnancy, and 65.1% provide 2 hours or less. Conclusions: Variability in employment recommendations suggests that some women may not obtain the job modifications that they need, whereas others may be restricted unnecessarily. The limited curriculum time devoted to this topic may make it difficult to train physicians about complex employment issues during pregnancy. KEYWORDS. Pregnancy, occupational health, sick leave, curriculum, internship and residency

This study aimed to examine the dramatic story of a woman, namely Lee Meng alias Lee Ten (Tian) Tai. The identity of Lee Meng, her involvement in the communist movement, and the arrest and trial of this woman be the focus in the study. The case of Lee Meng was attracted the attention of the local and international leaders and organisations. Lee Meng joined the communist movement since the Japanese Occupation. In 1950s, she was assigned as the head courier for Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) in Malaya. However, the involvement of Lee Meng was known to the Special Branch. Lee Meng was arrested at her rented home at Ipoh, Perak and prosecuted for offences of carrying hand grenade. She did not get justice in the trial court because the British's influence was so strong at that time. The arrest and trial of Lee Meng not only received the mercy of local community but also attracted the attention of international when the Government of Hungary agreed to make the subject interchange with Edgar Sanders. Edgar Sanders, a British citizen arrested on charges of being a spy by the Government of Hungary. Thus, the case of Lee Meng was used by the communists to show their strength and influence to society and the British. This case also became the world's tumultuous' case as it was depressed between two hostile powers namely the communists in Malaya and British. At the same time, the story of Lee Meng also attracted the attention of the leaders, socialist struggles and international women's organisations to defend the fate of this woman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the struggle of the Malays against the British colonial through the anti-cession movement from 1946 to 1949. After the Japanese occupation, the Sarawak's political status changed from a British protectorate to a Crown Colony on 1 July 1946. Situation of Sarawak in the aftermath of the Japanese occupation and the personal problems faced by Vyner Brooke forced the Raja to dissolve the Brooke administration. For the Britain, it was a long-awaited opportunity to exert their control over Sarawak. This transition, however, did not take place smoothly. The people of Sarawak especially the Malays were not prepared to accept the imminent change of political status of Sarawak, thus leading to an anti-cession movement. In this study, the approach used is based on archives and library researah by examining the primary and secondary sources. The findings show that the Malays played an important role in the anti-cession movement. The movement fought against the British attempt to govern Sarawak and, instead, strived for a grant of self-government. The various strategies were undertaken to thwart the plans of Raja Brooke and the British. Although the anti-cession movement eventually failed to achieve its objective of preserving Sarawak's independence, it nevertheless had raised the national consciousness and political awareness among the Malays in Sarawak. Sarawak was colonized by the British until 16th September 1963. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the re-emerged of Malayan Communist Party (MCP) in Peninsular Malaysia on 1 June 1968 to resume their armed struggle. The MCP failed in their first armed struggle that began on 16 June 1948 and lasted until 31 July 1960, during the period of Emergency in Malaya. The re-emergence of the MCP was due to several factors, which were their ability to win support from the populace in southern Thailand, the spread of communist influence in Mainland China, Vietnam, and Sarawak, and the reorganisation of the MCP. These factors led the MCP to the idea that their struggle should be resumed. The objective of MCP's re-emergence was similar to their earlier goal to seize control of the nation and establish a communist republic in the Peninsular. The main targets of the MCP in their latest campaign were the security forces and their highranking officers who were responsible for the main opposition to the communists. The communists attacked civilians, sabotaged public facilities and involved in bank robberies. Furthermore, the communists infiltrated education institutions and labour unions, as well as influencing political leaders and also displayed their flag and distribute communist propaganda tracts in public places. This study found that the acts perpetrated by the communists have caused problems and unrest in the country. However, the MCP failed in their armed struggle and agreed to sign a peace treaty with the government on 2 December 1989. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Let be a sequence (finite or infinite) of integers with and , for all . Let be an alphabet. For , and , with for , there corresponds an th-order -word with label derived from the pair . These -words are defined recursively as follows: Many interesting combinatorial properties of -words have been studied by Chuan. In this paper, we obtain some new methods of generating the distinct -words of the same order in lexicographic order. Among other results, we consider another function from the set of labels of -words to the set of -words. The string is called a new label of the -word . Using any new label of an th-order -word , we can compute the number of the th-order -words that are less than in the lexicographic order. With the radix orders on (regarding as an alphabet) and with , we prove that there exists a subset of the set of all labels such that whenever and . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA screening for LDL receptor mutations was performed in 170 unrelated hyperlipidemic Chinese patients and two clinically diagnosed familial hypercholesterolemia patients. Two deletions (Del e3-5 and Del e6-8), eight point mutations (W-18X, D69N, R94H, E207K, C308Y, I402T, A410T, and A696G), and two polymorphisms (A370T and I602V) were identified. Of these mutations, C308Y and Del e6-8 were found in homozygosity, and D69N and C308Y were seen in unrelated patients. The effects of mutations on LDL receptor function were characterized in COS-7 cells. The LDL receptor level and activity were close to those of wild type in A696G transfected cells. A novel intermediate protein and reduction of LDL receptor activity were seen in D69N transfected cells. For R94H, E207K, C308Y, I402T, and A410T mutations, only approximately 20-64% of normal receptor activities were seen. Conversely, Del e3-5 and Del e6-8 lead to defective proteins with approximately 0-13% activity. Most of the mutant receptors were localized intracellularly, with a staining pattern resembling that of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus (D69N, R94H, E207K, C308Y, and I402T) or endosome/lysosome (A410T and Del e6-8). Molecular analysis of the LDL receptor gene will clearly identify the cause of the patient's hyperlipidemia and allow appropriate early treatment as well as antenatal and family studies.