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AMF have been found to benefit plant growth. However, it still lacks available evidence that AMF inoculation affects endophytic bacteria of lettuce. To complement this knowledge, a pot experiment was carried out to determine the effect of AMF inoculation on growth and the endophytic bacterial community of lettuce. This study investigated the characteristics of the endophytic bacterial community of lettuce roots using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that AMF increased the plant height (+30%), root length (+64%), root weight (+72%), and stem weight (+68%) of lettuce. The phylogenetic tree showed differences in the community composition of endophytic bacteria in lettuce. LEfSe analysis showed that the endophytic bacterial communities of lettuce inoculated with AMF exhibited more biomarkers than those of lettuce not inoculated with AMF. According to molecular ecological networks, lettuce that had been inoculated with AMF had more stable and complex endophytic bacterial communities than those of lettuce not inoculated with AMF. The functional composition profiles indicated that many functions were enhanced, including environmental adaptation and cell motility. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that inoculation with AMF had a significant effect on lettuce endophytic bacterial network structure and community function, the bacterial network structure being the largest positive contributor to bacterial diversity (P < 0.05). Overall, our findings provide new information on the effects of AMF on the endophytic bacterial communities in the lettuce. • Miseq sequencing was used to investigate the characteristics of microbial communities. • The inoculation of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alters the endophytic bacterial community of lettuce. • The multifunctionality of microorganisms was consistent with their diversity. • The inoculation of lettuce with Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can stimulate its growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, hollow carbon nanospheres (HCNS) were prepared, followed by the introduction of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the HCNS surface, and then functionalization with per-6-thio-β-cyclodextrin (CD) based on the formation of "Au-S" bond, resulting in a novel cyclodextrin/carbon-based nanohybrid (CD-AuNPs/HCNS), which possesses the unique properties of HCNS (excellent electrochemical properties and large surface area), CD (high host-guest recognition and water-solubility) and AuNPs (excellent electrocatalytic activity). The obtained CD-AuNPs/HCNS nanohybrids were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and electrochemical methods. Furthermore, CD-AuNPs/HCNS were applied in the simultaneous electrochemical sensing of o-dihydroxybenzene (o-DHB) and p-dihydroxybenzene (p-DHB) (both o- and p-DHB have similar structures and coexist in environment; moreover, they are toxic to humans and difficult to degrade). Under the optimum conditions, the detection limits of o- and p-DHB obtained in this work are 0.01 and 0.02 μM , respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, two compounds ( 1 a and 1 b) were rationally constructed as novel reaction-based fluorescent probes for CN− by making use of the electron-withdrawing ability of the cyano group that was formed from the sensing reaction. Notably, this design strategy was first employed for the development of fluorescent CN− probes. The experimental details showed that probe 1 a exhibited a fluorescence turn-on response to CN−, whereas other anions, biological thiols, and hydrogen sulfide gave almost no interference. The detection limit of probe 1 a for CN− was found to be 0.12 μ M. The sensing reaction product of 1 a with CN− was characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. TD-DFT calculations demonstrated that the formed cyano group drives the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) process from coumarin dye to the cyano group and thus the original strong ICT from the coumarin dye to the 3-position pyridyl vinyl ketone substituent is weakened, which results in recovery of coumarin fluorescence. The practical utility of 1 a was also examined. By fabricating paper strips, probe 1 a can be used as a simple tool to detect CN− in field measurements. Moreover, probe 1 a has been successfully applied for quantitative detection of endogenous CN− from cassava root. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanotubes have been intensively studied for their diverse applications but are insoluble in water. In this paper, 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic acid noncovalently modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes were prepared by a facile approach and applied successfully for electrochemical determination of 2-aminonaphthalene. Infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and electrochemical methods were used to characterize the hybridized nanotubes. The results reveal that the hybrids exhibit high dispersibility in water, and a glassy carbon electrode modified by the hybrids displayed a higher electrochemical response toward 2-aminonaphthalene than bare glassy carbon and multiwalled carbon nanotube–glassy carbon electrodes with a linear dynamic range of 15.0–500.0 nM and a detection limit of 4.5 nM. The modified hybrid electrode was successfully applied for the determination of 2-aminonaphthalene in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of an efficient fluorescent probe for sensing hypochlorite in water samples and biological samples is highly demanded. However, the currently reported fluorescent probes for hypochlorite frequently suffered from the problem of high background fluorescence. Herein, based on the combined effect of two different fluorescence quenching groups, we rationally developed a novel fluorescent probe for hypochlorite with extremely low background fluorescence. Notably, due to the doubly quenching groups, the probe could even keep low background fluorescence in a solution with high viscosity. Furthermore, the probe displayed highly sensitive and selective response to hypochlorite, with the detection limits calculated to be 10.5 nM. Practical application demonstrated that the probe was able to quantitatively detect hypochlorite in various water samples with good recovery. Significantly, the probe showed extremely low background fluorescence in living cells and was capable of detecting minor variation of endogenous hypochlorite in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, the fluorescence imaging different concentration of hypochlorite in zebrafish has been successfully conducted. The probe developed herein will be widely used as a reliable tool to accurately monitor the variation of hypochlorite in living organism. Image 1 • The fluorescent probe displayed extremely low background fluorescence by a novel doubly-quenching strategy. • The fluorescent probe showed highly sensitive and selective response to hypochlorite even with no perturbation by viscosity. • The fluorescent probe has been applied for fluorescence imaging of hypochlorite in living cells and zebrafish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sensitive and artful colorimetric immunosensor based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was designed by labelling metal–organic frameworks (Cu-MOFs) on the second antibody (Cu-MOFs@Ab 2 ) as signal amplification for the detection of trace dibutyl phthalate (DBP). In this system, when Cu-MOFs@Ab 2 was captured by antigen- primary antibody (Ab 1 ) complex, tremendous Cu(II) will be released from Cu-MOFs in the presence of nitric acid (HNO 3 ), and Cu(II) will be further reduced to Cu(I) after the addition of sodium ascorbate (SA), consequently, inhibiting the HRP to catalyse the colorless 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) into blue oxidized TMB (ox TMB). Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) was 1 μg L −1 , which was almost 60 times lower than that using a conventional ELISA with the same antibody. In addition, our method showed good accuracy and reproducibility (recoveries of 87.73–103.4%; CV values of 1.46–5.95%) through a spike-recovery analysis. The proposed immunosensor indicated great potential for trace DBP determination from environmental and food samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A ratiometric NIR fluorescent probe for cyanide was developed. • The probe showed selective, sensitive, and reversible response to cyanide. • The probe was applied for sensing cyanide in various foods. • The method was validated. Cyanide is a highly toxic anion. Nonetheless, many food plants could produce endogenous cyanide, which causes great danger to human health. Thus, monitoring cyanide in food samples is critically significant. Herein, we rationally developed the first ratiometric near-infrared fluorescent probe for sensing cyanide in food samples. The probe displayed noticeable fluorescence in near-infrared region. Moreover, upon treatment with cyanide, the probe exhibited highly selective and sensitive ratiometric fluorescence response, with limit of detection determined to be 0.075 μM and limit of quantification determined to be 0.25 μM. The ratios of fluorescent intensities at 519 and 688 nm (I 519 /I 688) was linear with added cyanide concentrations from 0 to 80 μM. The relative standard deviations for repeatability and reproducibility varied from 0.55 to 8.94 and from 1.17 to 9.46, respectively. Significantly, probe Hy has been successfully applied for monitoring cyanide in various food samples, such as almonds, sprouting potatoes, and bamboo shoots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypochlorite (ClO - ) and singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) commonly coexist in living systems and exert important interplaying roles in many diseases. To dissect their complex inter-relationship, it is urgently required to construct a fluorescent probe that can discriminate ClO - and 1 O 2 in living organisms. Herein, by taking the 3-(aliphaticthio)-propan-1-one group as the unique recognition unit for both ClO - and 1 O 2 , we proposed the first fluorescent probe, Hy-2 , to simultaneously discriminate ClO - and 1 O 2 with high sensitivity and selectivity. Probe Hy-2 itself showed fluorescence in blue channel. After treatment with ClO - and 1 O 2 , respectively, pronounced fluorescence enhancements were observed in the green channel and red channel correspondingly. Moreover, upon development of the probe with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics, the probe could work well in a solution with high water volume fraction. Probe Hy-2 was also able to accumulate into mitochondria and was utilized as an effective tool to image exogenous and endogenous ClO - and 1 O 2 in mitochondria. Significantly, as the first trial, probe Hy-2 was employed to simultaneously monitor the variation of ClO - and 1 O 2 level in cecal tissues of rat in the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced polymicrobial sepsis model. The results demonstrated that the expressed ClO - and 1 O 2 levels were tightly correlated with the severity of sepsis, inferring that the overproduction of ClO - and 1 O 2 is an important factor in the pathogenesis of sepsis. The probe illustrated herein may provide a guide for further exploring the functions of ClO - and 1 O 2 in various diseases.

Monitoring cyanide levels in water and food samples is crucial. Herein, we rationally developed a simple and efficient fluorescent probe for cyanide determination. The probe displayed selective ratiometric fluorescent response to cyanide. In addition, after treatment with cyanide, the fluorescence ratios ( I 509 / I 466 ) exhibited a good linearity with cyanide concentration in the range of 0-60 μM, and the detection limit was determined to be 0.23 μM ( S / N = 3). Significantly, the practical application demonstrated that the probe was able to quantitatively detect cyanide concentration in natural water samples. Monitoring of endogenous cyanide in cherry nut by the probe was also successfully conducted. Notably, upon fabrication of test strips, the probe could be conveniently utilized for field measurement of cyanide in bitter almond without relying on sophistical instruments. Furthermore, the cyanide in potato tissues was determined for the first time by means of fluorescence imaging., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Herein, two compounds (1 a and 1 b) were rationally constructed as novel reaction-based fluorescent probes for CN(-) by making use of the electron-withdrawing ability of the cyano group that was formed from the sensing reaction. Notably, this design strategy was first employed for the development of fluorescent CN(-) probes. The experimental details showed that probe 1 a exhibited a fluorescence turn-on response to CN(-), whereas other anions, biological thiols, and hydrogen sulfide gave almost no interference. The detection limit of probe 1 a for CN(-) was found to be 0.12 μM. The sensing reaction product of 1 a with CN(-) was characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. TD-DFT calculations demonstrated that the formed cyano group drives the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) process from coumarin dye to the cyano group and thus the original strong ICT from the coumarin dye to the 3-position pyridyl vinyl ketone substituent is weakened, which results in recovery of coumarin fluorescence. The practical utility of 1 a was also examined. By fabricating paper strips, probe 1 a can be used as a simple tool to detect CN(-) in field measurements. Moreover, probe 1 a has been successfully applied for quantitative detection of endogenous CN(-) from cassava root., (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)